Nymphaeaceae

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Nymphaeaceae
Temporal range: 130–0  Ma
Nymphaea nouchali5.JPG
Nymphaea nouchali
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Order: Nymphaeales
Family: Nymphaeaceae
Salisb. [1]
Genera

Extant genera [2]

Fossil genera

Synonyms [3]
  • Barclayaceae
  • Euryalaceae
  • Nupharaceae
  • Nympheaceae
Flowering Barclaya longifolia specimen, Thailand Barclaya longifolia in Thailand crooped.jpg
Flowering Barclaya longifolia specimen, Thailand
Flower of Victoria cruziana, Santa Cruz water lily Victoria cruziana flower.jpg
Flower of Victoria cruziana , Santa Cruz water lily
Flowering Euryale ferox specimen cultivated in the Botanischer Garten Berlin-Dahlem, Germany Euryale ferox kz06.jpg
Flowering Euryale ferox specimen cultivated in the Botanischer Garten Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
Flowering and fruiting Nuphar variegata specimen Nuphar variegata 15-p.bot-nuphar.vari-002.jpg
Flowering and fruiting Nuphar variegata specimen

Nymphaeaceae ( /ˌnɪmfiˈeɪsi.iː,-ˌaɪ/ ) is a family of flowering plants, commonly called water lilies. They live as rhizomatous aquatic herbs in temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains five genera [4] with about 70 known species. [5] Water lilies are rooted in soil in bodies of water, with leaves and flowers floating on or emergent from the surface. Leaves are round, with a radial notch in Nymphaea and Nuphar , but fully circular in Victoria and Euryale .

Water lilies are a well-studied clade of plants because their large flowers with multiple unspecialized parts were initially considered to represent the floral pattern of the earliest flowering plants, and later genetic studies confirmed their evolutionary position as basal angiosperms. Analyses of floral morphology and molecular characteristics and comparisons with a sister taxon, the family Cabombaceae, indicate, however, that the flowers of extant water lilies with the most floral parts are more derived than the genera with fewer floral parts.[ clarification needed ] Genera with more floral parts, Nuphar, Nymphaea, Victoria, have a beetle pollination syndrome, while genera with fewer parts are pollinated by flies or bees, or are self- or wind-pollinated. [6] Thus, the large number of relatively unspecialized floral organs in the Nymphaeaceae is not an ancestral condition for the clade.

Description

The Nymphaeaceae are aquatic, rhizomatous herbs. [7] The family is further characterized by scattered vascular bundles in the stems, and frequent presence of latex, usually with distinct, stellate-branched sclereids projecting into the air canals. Hairs are simple, usually producing mucilage (slime).

Leaves are alternate and spiral, opposite or occasionally whorled, simple, peltate or nearly so, entire to toothed or dissected, short to long petiolate, with blade submerged, floating or emergent, with palmate to pinnate venation. [7] Stipules are either present or absent. Surface leaves are absent during winter, and therefore the gases in the rhizome lacunae access equilibrium with the gases of the sediment water.[ citation needed ] The leftover of internal pressure is embodied by the constant streams of bubbles that outbreak when rising leaves are ruptured in the spring.[ citation needed ][ clarification needed ]

Flowers

Flowers are solitary, bisexual, radial, with a long pedicel and usually floating or raised above the surface of the water, with girdling vascular bundles in receptacle. [8] [9] Some species are protogynous and primarily cross-pollinated, but because male and female stages overlap during the second day of flowering, and because it is self-compatible, self-fertilization is possible. [10] Female and male parts of the flower are usually active at different times, to facilitate cross-pollination, although this is just one of several reproductive strategies used by these plants. [11]

There are 4–12 sepals, which are distinct to connate, imbricate, and often petallike. Petals lacking or 8 to numerous, inconspicuous to showy, often intergrading with stamens. Stamens are 3 to numerous, the innermost sometimes represented by staminodes. Filaments are distinct, free or adnate to petaloid staminodes, slender and well differentiated from anthers to laminar and poorly differentiated from anthers; pollen grains usually monosulcate or lacking apertures. Carpels are 3 to numerous, distinct or connate.[ citation needed ]

Fruit

The fruit is an aggregate of nuts, a berry, or an irregularly dehiscent fleshy spongy capsule. [7] Seeds are often arillate, more or less lacking endosperm.

Taxonomy

Water lilies in Ontario, Canada Water Lilies Canada 0517.jpg
Water lilies in Ontario, Canada

Nymphaeaceae has been investigated systematically for decades because botanists considered their floral morphology to represent one of the earliest groups of angiosperms. [6] Modern genetic analyses by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group researchers has confirmed its basal position among flowering plants. [1] [12] [13] [14] In addition, the Nymphaeaceae are more genetically diverse and geographically dispersed than other basal angiosperms. [15] [16] Nymphaeaceae is placed in the order Nymphaeales, which is the second diverging group of angiosperms after Amborella in the most widely accepted flowering plant classification system, APG IV system. [12] [13] [14]

Nymphaeaceae

Nymphaeaceae is a small family of three to six genera: Barclaya , Euryale , Nuphar , Nymphaea , Ondinea , and Victoria . The genus Barclaya is sometimes given rank as its own family, Barclayaceae, on the basis of an extended perianth tube (combined sepals and petals) arising from the top of the ovary and by stamens that are joined in the base. However, molecular phylogenetic work includes it in Nymphaeaceae. [17] The genus Ondinea has recently been shown to be a morphologically aberrant species of Nymphaea, and is now included in this genus. [18] The genera Euryale, of far east Asia, and Victoria, from South America, are closely related despite their geographic distance, but their relationship toward Nymphaea need further studies. [19] [20] [21]

The sacred lotus was once thought to be a water lily, but is now recognized to be a highly modified eudicot in its own family Nelumbonaceae of the order Proteales.

Fossils

Several fossil species are known, including Cretaceous representatives of Nymphaea, as well as fossil genera such as Jaguariba from the Cretaceous of Brazil, Allenbya from the Ypresian of British Columbia, [22] Notonuphar from the Eocene of Antarctica, [23] [24] Nuphaea from the Eocene of Germany, [25] and Susiea from the Late Paleocene Almont Flora of North Dakota, USA. [26]

As an invasive species

The beautiful nature of water lilies has led to their widespread use as ornamental plants. The Mexican waterlily, native to the Gulf Coast of North America, is planted throughout the continent. It has escaped from cultivation and become invasive in some areas, such as California's San Joaquin Valley. It can infest slow-moving bodies of water and is difficult to eradicate. Populations can be controlled by cutting top growth. Herbicides can also be used to control populations using glyphosate and fluridone. [27]

Culture

The water lily is the national flower of Iran, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. The Emblem of Bangladesh contains a lily floating on water. It is also the birth flower for the month of July.

The Nymphaeaceae, which is also called (Nilufar Abi in Persian), can be seen in many reliefs of the Achaemenid period (552 BC) such as the statue of Anahita in the Persepolis. Lotus flower was included in Kaveh the blacksmith's Derafsh and later as the flag of the Sasanian Empire Derafsh Kaviani. Today, it is known as the symbol of Iranians Solar Hijri Calendar.

Lily pads, also known as Seeblätter , are a charge in Northern European heraldry, often coloured red (gules), and appear on the flag of Friesland and the coat of arms of Denmark (in the latter case often replaced by red hearts).

The water lily has a special place in Sangam literature and Tamil poetics, where it is considered symbolic of the grief of separation; it is considered to evoke imagery of the sunset, the seashore, and the shark.

Heraldry

In visual arts

Water lilies were depicted by the French artist Claude Monet (1840–1926) in a series of paintings.

The Maya

Maya iconography with Water lilies Ancient civilizations of Mexico and Central America (1917) (17572484174).jpg
Maya iconography with Water lilies

The main job of the Maya rulers during pre-Columbian Mesoamerica was to obtain clean and drinkable water for their citizens during both the wet and dry seasons. Their success in accomplishing this is what allowed them to grow their polity by attracting dry-season laborers. They did this by constructing water systems such as reservoirs, wetland reclamation, and dams and channels to capture and store rainwater. With their knowledge of the wetland biosphere, they transformed artificial reservoirs into wetland biospheres. One way that they tested whether the water systems were working properly was if the Nymphaeaceae were thriving. Water lilies became a visual sign of water cleanliness, so the Maya elite began to associate themselves with the flowers. [28]

The Maya began to use water lily iconography depicted on stelae, monumental architecture, murals, and in hieroglyphic writing. [29] Even in Maya settlements like Palenque, where the main water supplies were springs and flowing streams (places water lilies can not grow), the flowers were prevalent in their iconographic records. Aristocrats and religious figures wore masks and/or headdresses during celebratory events that had water lilies and/or water lily symbols to appear like gods. [30] There is also evidence that water lilies were used as cultural entheogenic. Some interpretations of ritual scenes drawn out by the Maya have been blood being extracted from perforated body parts. However, more close examinations show that this is instead a liquid flowing directly from water lily flowers that were on the heads of certain gods. [30] It is likely that the Maya ingested these plants to create a non-ordinary state of consciousness, which makes sense because there is a class of opiate alkaloids in Nymphaeaceae. [30] Overall, these examples show just how important this specific form of water symbolism was throughout the Maya region. [31]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nymphaeales</span> Order of flowering plants

The Nymphaeales are an order of flowering plants, consisting of three families of aquatic plants, the Hydatellaceae, the Cabombaceae, and the Nymphaeaceae. It is one of the three orders of basal angiosperms, an early-diverging grade of flowering plants. At least 10 morphological characters unite the Nymphaeales. One of the traits is the absence of a vascular cambium, which is required to produce both xylem (wood) and phloem, which therefore are missing. Molecular synapomorphies are also known.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geraniaceae</span> Family of plants

Geraniaceae is a family of flowering plants placed in the order Geraniales. The family name is derived from the genus Geranium. The family includes both the genus Geranium and the garden plants called geraniums, which modern botany classifies as genus Pelargonium, along with other related genera.

<i>Amborella</i> Species of shrub

Amborella is a monotypic genus of understory shrubs or small trees endemic to the main island, Grande Terre, of New Caledonia in the southwest Pacific Ocean. The genus is the only member of the family Amborellaceae and the order Amborellales and contains a single species, Amborella trichopoda. Amborella is of great interest to plant systematists because molecular phylogenetic analyses consistently place it as the sister group to all other flowering plants, meaning it was the earliest group to evolve separately from all other flowering plants.

<i>Nymphaea</i> Genus of aquatic plants

Nymphaea is a genus of hardy and tender aquatic plants in the family Nymphaeaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution. Many species are cultivated as ornamental plants, and many cultivars have been bred. Some taxa occur as introduced species where they are not native, and some are weeds. Plants of the genus are known commonly as water lilies, or waterlilies in the United Kingdom. The genus name is from the Greek νυμφαία, nymphaia and the Latin nymphaea, which mean "water lily" and were inspired by the nymphs of Greek and Latin mythology.

<i>Nelumbo</i> Genus of aquatic flowering plants known as "lotus."

Nelumbo is a genus of aquatic plants with large, showy flowers. Members are commonly called lotus, though the name is also applied to various other plants and plant groups, including the unrelated genus Lotus. Members outwardly resemble those in the family Nymphaeaceae, but Nelumbo is actually very distant from that family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nelumbonaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Nelumbonaceae is a family of aquatic flowering plants. Nelumbo is the sole extant genus, containing Nelumbo lutea, native to North America, and Nelumbo nucifera, widespread in Asia. At least five other genera, Nelumbites, Exnelumbites, Paleonelumbo, Nelumbago, and Notocyamus are known from fossils.

<i>Nuphar</i> Genus of aquatic plants

Nuphar is a genus of aquatic plants in the family Nymphaeaceae, with a temperate to subarctic Northern Hemisphere distribution. Common names include water-lily, pond-lily, alligator-bonnet or bonnet lily, and spatterdock.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cabombaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Cabombaceae are a family of aquatic, herbaceous flowering plants. A common name for its species is water shield. The family is recognised as distinct in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV system (2016). The family consists of two genera of aquatic plants, Brasenia and Cabomba, totalling six species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydatellaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Hydatellaceae are a family of small, aquatic flowering plants. The family consists of tiny, relatively simple plants occurring in Australasia and India. It was formerly considered to be related to the grasses and sedges, but has been reassigned to the order Nymphaeales as a result of DNA and morphological analyses showing that it represents one of the earliest groups to split off in flowering-plant phylogeny, rather than having a close relationship to monocots, which it bears a superficial resemblance to due to convergent evolution. The family includes only the genus Trithuria, which has at least 13 species, although species diversity in the family has probably been substantially underestimated.

<i>Nuphar lutea</i> Species of flowering plant

Nuphar lutea, the yellow water-lily, brandy-bottle, or spadderdock, is an aquatic plant of the family Nymphaeaceae, native to northern temperate and some subtropical regions of Europe, northwest Africa, and western Asia. This species was used as a food source and in medicinal practices from prehistoric times with potential research and medical applications going forward.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Basal angiosperms</span> Descendants of most extant flowering plants

The basal angiosperms are the flowering plants which diverged from the lineage leading to most flowering plants. In particular, the most basal angiosperms were called the ANITA grade, which is made up of Amborella, Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales.

<i>Nymphaea ondinea</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea ondinea is a flowering aquatic plant in the family Nymphaeaceae native to northwestern Australia.

<i>Nymphaea oxypetala</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea oxypetala is a species of waterlily native to Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Venezuela. It is a remarkable species with excessively acuminate and acute sepals and petals.

<i>Nymphaea rudgeana</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea rudgeana is a species of waterlily native to the region spanning from Mexico to tropical South America.

<i>Nymphaea atrans</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea atrans is a species of waterlily is endemic to Queensland, Australia.

<i>Nymphaea elleniae</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea elleniae is a species of waterlily native to Papua New Guinea, and North Queensland, Australia.

<i>Nymphaea gracilis</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea gracilis is a species of waterlily endemic to Mexico. It is the only species of its genus, which is endemic to Mexico.

<i>Nymphaea loriana</i> Species of water lily

Nymphaea loriana is a species of waterlily endemic to Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, Canada.

<i>Nymphaea <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Anecphya</i> Subgenus of flowering plants

Nymphaea subg. Anecphya is a subgenus of the genus Nymphaea.

<i>Nymphaea <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Confluentes</i> Subgenus of flowering plants

Nymphaea subg. Confluentes is a subgenus of the genus Nymphaea.

References

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  6. 1 2 Phylogeny, Classification and Floral Evolution of Water Lilies (Nymphaeaceae; Nymphaeales): A Synthesis of Non-molecular, rbcL, matK, and 18S rDNA Data, Donald H. Les, Edward L. Schneider, Donald J. Padgett, Pamela S. Soltis, Douglas E. Soltis and Michael Zanis, Systematic Botany, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1999, pp. 28-46
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  10. ↑ Ervik, F.; Renner, S.S.; Johanson, K.A. (1995). "Breeding system and pollination of Nuphar luteum (L.) Smith (Nymphaeaceae) in Norway". Flora. 190 (2): 109–113. doi:10.1016/s0367-2530(17)30639-4. ISSN   0367-2530.
  11. ↑ Wiersema, John H. (1988). "Reproductive Biology of Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae)". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 75 (3): 795–804. doi:10.2307/2399367. JSTOR   2399367.
  12. 1 2 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 181 (1): 1–20. doi: 10.1111/boj.12385 . ISSN   0024-4074.
  13. 1 2 As easy as APG III - Scientists revise the system of classifying flowering plants, The Linnean Society of London, 2009-10-08, retrieved 2009-10-29
  14. 1 2 APG III tidies up plant family tree, Horticulture Week, 2009-10-08, retrieved 2009-10-29
  15. ↑ Mario Coiro & Maria Rosaria Barone Lumaga (2013): Aperture evolution in Nymphaeaceae: insights from a micromorphological and ultrastructural investigation, Grana, DOI:10.1080/00173134.2013.769626
  16. ↑ Insights into the dynamics of genome size and chromosome evolution in the early diverging angiosperm lineage Nymphaeales (water lilies), Jaume Pellicer, Laura J Kelly, Carlos Magdalena, Ilia Leitch, 2013, Genome, 10.1139/gen-2013-0039
  17. ↑ Les DH, Schneider EL, Padgett DJ, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Zanis M (1999) Phylogeny, classification and floral evolution of water lilies (Nymphaeaceae; Nymphaeales): a synthesis of non-molecular, rbcL, matK, and 18S rDNA data. Systematic Botany 24: 28–46.
  18. ↑ Löhne C, Wiersema JH, Borsch T (2009) The unusual Ondinea, actually just another Australian water-lily of Nymphaea subg. Anecphya (Nymphaeaceae). Willdenowia 39: 55–58.
  19. ↑ Löhne C, Borsch T, Wiersema JH (2007) Phylogenetic analysis of Nymphaeales using fast-evolving and noncoding chloroplast markers. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 154: 141–163.
  20. ↑ Borsch T, Löhne C, Wiersema J (2008) Phylogeny and evolutionary patterns in Nymphaeales: integrating genes, genomes and morphology. Taxon 57: 1052–1081.
  21. ↑ Dkhar J, Kumaria S, Rama Rao S, Tandon P (2012) Sequence characteristics and phylogenetic implications of the nrDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) in the genus Nymphaea with focus on some Indian representatives. Plant Systematics and Evolution 298: 93–108.
  22. ↑ Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R.; Stockey, R. A. (1989). "Permineralized fruits and seeds from the Princeton chert (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia: Nymphaeaceae". Botanical Gazette. 150 (2): 207–217. doi:10.1086/337765. S2CID   86651676.
  23. ↑ Taylor, David Winship; Gee, Carole T. (1 October 2014). "Phylogenetic Analysis of Fossil Water Lilies Based on Leaf Architecture and Vegetative Characters: Testing Phylogenetic Hypotheses from Molecular Studies". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 55 (2): 89–110. doi:10.3374/014.055.0208. ISSN   0079-032X. S2CID   84253809.
  24. ↑ Friis, Else M.; Iglesias, Ari; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Mörs, Thomas (2017-08-01). "Notonuphar antarctica, an extinct water lily (Nymphaeales) from the Eocene of Antarctica". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 303 (7): 969–980. Bibcode:2017PSyEv.303..969F. doi: 10.1007/s00606-017-1422-y . ISSN   2199-6881. S2CID   23846066.
  25. ↑ Gee, C. T., & Taylor, D. W. (2019). "An Extinct Transitional Leaf Genus of Nymphaeaceae from the Eocene Lake at Messel, Germany: Nuphaea engelhardtii Gee et David W. Taylor gen. et sp. nov." International Journal of Plant Sciences, 180(7), 724-736.
  26. ↑ Taylor, W., DeVore, M. L., & Pigg, K. B. (2006). "Susiea newsalemae gen. et sp. nov.(Nymphaeaceae): Euryale-like seeds from the Late Paleocene Almont Flora, North Dakota, USA." International Journal of Plant Sciences, 167(6), 1271-1278.
  27. ↑ "Nyphaea genus". www.cdfa.ca.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  28. ↑ Lucero, Lisa J.; Gunn, Joel D.; Scarborough, Vernon L. (1 April 2011). "Climate Change and Classic Maya Water Management". Water. 3 (2): 479–94. doi: 10.3390/w3020479 .
  29. ↑ Puleston, Dennis E. (1977). "The art and archaeology of hydraulic agriculture in the Maya lowlands". Social Process in Maya Prehistory: Studies in Honor of Sir Eric Thompson. New York: Academic Press. pp. 449–467. ISBN   978-0-12-322050-9.
  30. 1 2 3 McDonald, Andrew (2012). "Water Lily and Cosmic Serpent: Equivalent Conduits of the Maya Spirit Realm". Journal of Ethnobiology. 32 (1): 74–107. doi:10.2993/0278-0771-32.1.74. S2CID   55165881.
  31. ↑ Lucero, Lisa J. (September 2002). "The collapse of the Classic Maya: A case for the role of water control" (PDF). American Anthropologist. 104 (3): 814–826. doi:10.1525/aa.2002.104.3.814 . Retrieved 28 April 2023.

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