Orobanchaceae

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Orobanchaceae
OrobancheMinorIreland (2).jpg
Lesser broomrape ( Orobanche minor )
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Orobanchaceae
Vent. [1]
Tribes [2]
Synonyms [3]
  • Cyclocheilaceae Marais (1981)
  • Nesogenaceae Marais (1981)

Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. [4] Many of these genera (e.g., Pedicularis , Rhinanthus , Striga ) were formerly included in the family Scrophulariaceae sensu lato . [5] [6] [7] With its new circumscription, Orobanchaceae forms a distinct, monophyletic family. [7] From a phylogenetic perspective, it is defined as the largest crown clade containing Orobanche major and relatives, but neither Paulownia tomentosa nor Phryma leptostachya nor Mazus japonicus . [8] [9]

Contents

The Orobanchaceae are annual herbs or perennial herbs or shrubs, and most (all except Lindenbergia , Rehmannia and Triaenophora ) are parasitic on the roots of other plants—either holoparasitic or hemiparasitic (fully or partly parasitic). The holoparasitic species lack chlorophyll and therefore cannot perform photosynthesis.

Striga bilabiata Striga bilabiata MS4167.jpg
Striga bilabiata
Cistanche tubulosa Broomrape (Cistanche tubulosa) Negev.jpg
Cistanche tubulosa
Castilleja purpurea Castilleja purpurea.jpg
Castilleja purpurea
Pedicularis zeylanica Pedicularis zeylanica-Silent Valley-2016-08-13-001.jpg
Pedicularis zeylanica

Description

Orobanchaceae is the largest of the 20–28 dicot families that express parasitism. [10] Apart from a few non-parasitic taxa, the family displays all types of plant parasitism: facultative parasite, obligate parasite, hemiparasites, and holoparasites.

Roots and stems

Parasitic plants are attached to their host by means of haustoria, which transfer nutrients from the host to the parasite. Only the hemiparasitic species possess an additional extensive root system referred to as the lateral or side haustoria. In most holoparasitic species there is a swollen mass of short, bulky roots or one big swollen haustorial organ, which may be simple or composite, commonly called the terminal or primary haustorium. [11]

Plants are reduced to short vegetative stems, their alternate leaves are reduced to fleshy, tooth-like scales, and have multicellular hairs interspersed with glandular hairs. [12]

The hemiparasitic species (transferred from Scrophulariaceae) with green leaves are capable of photosynthesis, and may be either facultative or obligate parasites.

Flowers

The hermaphroditic flowers are bilaterally symmetrical and grow either in racemes or spikes or singly at the apex of the slender stem. The tubular calyx is formed by 2–5 united sepals. There are five united, bilabiate petals forming the corolla and they may be yellowish, brownish, purplish, or white. The upper lip is two-lobed, the lower lip is three-lobed. There are two long and two short stamens on slender filaments, inserted below the middle, or at the base of the corolla tube, alternating with the lobes of the tube. A fifth stamen is either sterile or lacking completely. The anthers dehisce via longitudinal slits. The pistil is one-celled. The ovary is superior. The flowers are pollinated by insects or birds (e.g., hummingbirds, as in Castilleja ).

Fruits

The fruit is a dehiscent, non-fleshy, 1-locular capsule with many very minute endospermic seeds. Fruits of Orobanchaceae are small and abundant and can produce between 10,000–1,000,000 seeds per plant. [13] These are dispersed by the wind over long distances, which increases their chances of finding a new host.

Taxonomy

Evolution

Development of the haustoria was a significant evolutionary event that allowed for the advancement of parasitic plants. The holoparasitic clade, Orobanche , delineates the first transition from hemiparasitism to holoparasitism within Orobanchaceae.

Despite the similar morphological traits found in both Scrophulariaceae and Orobanchaceae, the latter is now morphologically and molecularly considered monophyletic, though many of its genera were once considered a part of the family Scrophulariaceae.

Lindenbergia , once treated as a member of the Scrophulariaceae, is the one of the only autotrophic genera within Orobanchaceae. It is believed to be the sister group to the hemiparasitic genera within its family. [14]

Genomics

The parasitism and its different modes have been suggested to have an impact on genome evolution, with increased DNA substitution rates in parasitic organisms compared to non-parasitic taxa. [15] For example, holoparasite taxa of Orobanchaceae exhibit faster molecular evolutionary rates than confamilial hemiparasites in three plastid genes. [16]

In a study comparing the rates of molecular evolution of parasitic versus non parasitic taxa for 12 pairs of angiosperm families — including Apodanthaceae, Cytinaceae, Rafflesiaceae, Cynomoriaceae, Krameriaceae, Mitrastemonaceae, Boraginaceae, Orobanchaceae, Convolvulaceae, Lauraceae, Hydnoraceae, and Santalaceae/Olacaceae —, parasitic taxa evolve on average faster than their close relatives for mitochondrial, plastid, and nuclear genome sequences. [17] Whereas Orobanchaceae fit to this trend for plastid DNA, they appear to evolve slower than their non parasitic counterpart in comparisons involving nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. [17]

Genera

99 genera are accepted. [3]

Genera by life history trait

Orobanchaceae genera listed according to their life history trait.[ citation needed ]

Non-parasitic

Hemiparasitic

Holoparasitic

Distribution

The family Orobanchaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution, found mainly in temperate Eurasia, North America, South America, parts of Australia, New Zealand, and tropical Africa. The only exception to its distribution is Antarctica, though some genera may be found in subarctic regions. [18]

Ecology

This family has tremendous economic importance because of the damage to crops caused by some species in the genera Orobanche and Striga . They often parasitize cereal crops like sugarcane, maize, millet, sorghum, and other major agricultural crops like cowpea, sunflower, hemp, tomatoes, and legumes. Because of the ubiquitous nature of these particular parasites in developing countries, it is estimated to affect the livelihood of over 100 million people, killing 20 to 100 percent of crops depending on infestation. [19]

Some genera, especially Cistanche and Conopholis , are threatened by human activity, including habitat destruction and over-harvesting of both the plants and their hosts.

Research for this plant family can often be difficult due to its permit requirements for collection, travel, and research.

Notes

  1. ↑ Sometimes placed outside of Orobanchaceae as a sister-taxon.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scrophulariaceae</span> Figwort family of flowering plants

The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus Scrophularia L.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gesneriaceae</span> Family of flowering plants including African violets

Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World and the New World, with a very small number extending to temperate areas. Many species have colorful and showy flowers and are cultivated as ornamental plants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paulowniaceae</span> Family of trees

Paulowniaceae are a family of flowering plants within the Lamiales. They are a monophyletic and monogeneric family of trees with currently 7 confirmed species. They were formerly placed within Scrophulariaceae sensu lato, or as a segregate of the Bignoniaceae.

<i>Striga</i> Genus of flowering plants belonging to the broomrape family

Striga, commonly known as witchweed, is a genus of parasitic plants that occur naturally in parts of Africa, Asia, and Australia. It is currently classified in the family Orobanchaceae, although older classifications place it in the Scrophulariaceae. Some species are serious pathogens of cereal crops, with the greatest effects being in savanna agriculture in Africa. It also causes considerable crop losses in other regions, including other tropical and subtropical crops in its native range and in the Americas. The generic name derives from Latin strī̆ga, "witch".

<i>Rehmannia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae

Rehmannia is a genus of seven species of flowering plants in the order Lamiales and family Orobanchaceae, endemic to China. It has been placed as the only member of the monotypic tribe Rehmannieae, but molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that it forms a clade with Triaenophora. Contrary to the immense majority of the taxa of Orobanchaceae, Rehmannia is not parasitic.

<i>Calceolaria</i> Genus of flowering plants

Calceolaria, also called lady's purse, slipper flower and pocketbook flower, or slipperwort, is a genus of plants in the family Calceolariaceae, sometimes classified in Scrophulariaceae by some authors. This genus consists of about 388 species of shrubs, lianas and herbs, and the geographical range extends from Patagonia to central Mexico, with its distribution centre in Andean region. Calceolaria species have usually yellow or orange flowers, which can have red or purple spots. The Calceolaria Herbeohybrida group, also called C. herbeohybrida Voss, is a group of ornamental hybrids known only in cultivation, called florists' slipperwort.

<i>Rhinanthus</i> Genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family

Rhinanthus is a genus of annual hemiparasitic herbaceous plants in the family Orobanchaceae, formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae. Its species are commonly known as rattles. The genus consists of about 30 to 40 species found in Europe, northern Asia, and North America, with the greatest species diversity in Europe.

<i>Torenia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Torenia is a genus of plants now classified in the family Linderniaceae. Torenia has also been classified in the figwort family Scrophulariaceae. Often called wishbone flowers, bluewings; in Hawaii nanioola'a or ola'a beauty, some species are grown as garden plants. Many F1 and F2 Torenia hybrids have been hybridized in the last 30 years. Colors can range from white with yellow throats to violet, blue, cobalt, lavender and purple.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parasitic plant</span> Type of plant that derives some or all of its nutritional requirements from another living plant

A parasitic plant is a plant that derives some or all of its nutritional requirements from another living plant. They make up about 1% of angiosperms and are found in almost every biome. All parasitic plants develop a specialized organ called the haustorium, which penetrates the host plant, connecting them to the host vasculature – either the xylem, phloem, or both. For example, plants like Striga or Rhinanthus connect only to the xylem, via xylem bridges (xylem-feeding). Alternately, plants like Cuscuta and some members of Orobanche connect to both the xylem and phloem of the host. This provides them with the ability to extract resources from the host. These resources can include water, nitrogen, carbon and/or sugars. Parasitic plants are classified depending on the location where the parasitic plant latches onto the host, the amount of nutrients it requires, and their photosynthetic capability. Some parasitic plants can locate their host plants by detecting volatile chemicals in the air or soil given off by host shoots or roots, respectively. About 4,500 species of parasitic plants in approximately 20 families of flowering plants are known.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Linderniaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Linderniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales, which consists of about 25 genera and 265 species occurring worldwide. Vandellia micrantha is eaten in Laos, but tastes bitter. Best known are the wishbone flowers Torenia fournieri and Torenia thouarsii, which are used as bedding plants, especially in the tropics. Micranthemum is sold as an aquarium plant when it is called 'baby tears'.

<i>Lindenbergia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae

Lindenbergia is a genus of herbaceous plants in the order Lamiales and in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae. It is one of the few genera of the family which are not parasitic. It contains about 15 species found from northeast Africa across Asia to the Philippines, and is most abundant in India.

<i>Cistanche</i> Genus of flowering plants belonging to the broomrape family

Cistanche is a worldwide genus of holoparasitic desert plants in the family Orobanchaceae. They lack chlorophyll and obtain nutrients and water from the host plants whose roots they parasitize. They are often known as desert hyacinths.

<i>Orobanche minor</i> Species of flowering plant

Orobanche minor, the hellroot, common broomrape, lesser broomrape, small broomrape or clover broomrape, is a holoparasitic flowering plant belonging to the family Orobanchaceae. It is one of about 150 non-photosynthetic plants in the genus Orobanche that parasitize autotrophic plants.

<i>Rhamphicarpa fistulosa</i>

Rhamphicarpa fistulosa is a flowering plant species in the family Orobanchaceae - and the genus Rhamphicarpa. The plant is pale-green but can turn reddish towards maturity. It has needle-like leaves and white flowers with long corolla tubes. The flowers only open after sunset and are supposedly pollinated by night moths. The plant has a broad distribution in Africa and can also be found in New Guinea and northern Australia.

<i>Boschniakia rossica</i> Species of plant

Boschniakia rossica, commonly known as the northern groundcone, is a holoparasitic plant that lives in the northern latitudes of the northern hemisphere. In the Pacific Northwest Temperate Rainforest, it does not grow south of Prince of Wales Island, beyond that boundary is the Vancouver groundcone habitat. It does not contain chlorophyll, so it must be parasitic to obtain nutrients. It specializes on Alnus species, but can parasitize off of other trees and shrubs such as on Betula (birch), Salix (willow), Vaccinium (blueberry), Picea (spruce), and Chamaedaphne. This organism is likely to be found at mid elevations alongside rivers and streams, where moisture is abundant. This species propagates itself through water flow. In some places bears are known to have eaten the starchy roots, or tubers, of this plant.

<i>Orobanche hederae</i> Species of flowering plant

Orobanche hederae, the ivy broomrape, is, like other members of the genus Orobanche, a parasitic plant without chlorophyll, and thus totally dependent on its host, which is ivy. It grows to 60 cm (2 ft), with stems in shades of brown and purple, sometimes yellow. The flowers are 10–22 mm (0.4–0.9 in) long, cream in colour with reddish-purple veins.

<i>Cycnium tubulosum</i> Genus of flowering plants belonging to the broomrape family

Cycnium tubulosum, also known as the vlei ink-flower and the tissue paper flower, is a slender hemiparasitic perennial plant of the broomrape family. Its range includes much of southern and eastern Africa, from South Africa to Ethiopia, including Madagascar. It has creeping, straggling or upright stems, with few narrow, entire leaves and erect, white or pinkish, slightly zygomorph flowers on a long tube, with five lobes, reminiscent of a Phlox-flower. It may not always be fully dependent on the supply of minerals by other plants, but usually makes connections with the roots of grasses. It can be found in moist, short grasslands, reaching altitudes of about 1,550 m (5,090 ft). Its conservation status in South-Africa is "least concern".

<i>Cycnium</i> Genus of flowering plants belonging to the broomrape family

Cycnium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae. Its native range is tropical and southern Africa and Madagascar.

Triaenophora is a genus of flowering plants native to Temperate Asia. Its family placement is not fully settled, as of March 2022: it may be placed in Orobanchaceae or Plantaginaceae.

References

  1. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x . hdl: 10654/18083 . Retrieved 2013-07-06.
  2. ↑ Stevens, Peter. "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, version 13. Lamiales: Orobanchaceae". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  3. 1 2 Orobanchaceae Vent. Plants of the World Online . Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  4. ↑ McNeal, J. R.; Bennett, J. R.; Wolfe, A. D.; Mathews, S. (2013-05-01). "Phylogeny and origins of holoparasitism in Orobanchaceae". American Journal of Botany. 100 (5): 971–983. doi:10.3732/ajb.1200448. ISSN   0002-9122. PMID   23608647.
  5. ↑ dePamphilis, Claude W.; Young, Nelson D.; Wolfe, Andrea D. (1997-07-08). "Evolution of plastid gene rps2 in a lineage of hemiparasitic and holoparasitic plants: Many losses of photosynthesis and complex patterns of rate variation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 94 (14): 7367–7372. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.7367D. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.14.7367 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   23827 . PMID   9207097.
  6. ↑ Young, Nelson D.; Steiner, Kim E.; dePamphilis, Claude W. (1999). "The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 86 (4): 876. doi:10.2307/2666173. JSTOR   2666173.
  7. 1 2 Olmstead, Richard G.; Pamphilis, Claude W. de; Wolfe, Andrea D.; Young, Nelson D.; Elisons, Wayne J.; Reeves, Patrick A. (2001). "Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". American Journal of Botany. 88 (2): 348–361. doi: 10.2307/2657024 . ISSN   1537-2197. JSTOR   2657024. PMID   11222255.
  8. ↑ Xia, Zhi; Wang, Yin-Zheng; Smith, James F. (2009). "Familial placement and relations of Rehmannia and Triaenophora (Scrophulariaceae s.l.) inferred from five gene regions". American Journal of Botany. 96 (2): 519–530. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800195. ISSN   1537-2197. PMID   21628207.
  9. ↑ Tank, David C.; Wolfe, Andrea; Mathews, Sarah; Olmstead, Richard G. (2020-04-30). "Orobanchaceae E. P. Ventenant 1799:292 [D. C. Tank, A. D. Wolfe, S. Mathews, and R. G. Olmstead], converted clade name". In de Queiroz, Kevin; Cantino, Philip D.; Gauthier, Jacques A. (eds.). Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode. CRC Press. pp. 1749–1751. ISBN   978-0-429-82120-2.
  10. ↑ editors, Daniel M. Joel, Jonathan Gressel, Lytton J. Musselman; Kebab, E. (2013). Parasitic orobanchaceae parasitic mechanisms and control strategies. Berlin: Springer. ISBN   978-3-642-38146-1.{{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ Westwood, James H.; Yoder, John I.; Timko, Michael P.; dePamphilis, Claude W. (1 April 2010). "The evolution of parasitism in plants". Trends in Plant Science. 15 (4): 227–235. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2010.01.004. ISSN   1878-4372. PMID   20153240.
  12. ↑ Young, N.D.; Steiner, K.E.; Claude, W. (1999). "The Evolution of Parasitism in Schrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid gene sequences refute an evolutionary transition series" (PDF). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 86 (4): 876–893. doi:10.2307/2666173. JSTOR   2666173.
  13. ↑ Molau, U. (1995). Parasitic Plants: Reproductive ecology and biology. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 141–176.
  14. ↑ Judd, Walter S.; et al. (2008). Plant systematics : a phylogenetic approach (3rd ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. ISBN   978-0-87893-407-2.
  15. ↑ Haraguchi, Yoshihiro; Sasaki, Akira (1996-11-21). "Host–Parasite Arms Race in Mutation Modifications: Indefinite Escalation Despite a Heavy Load?". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 183 (2): 121–137. Bibcode:1996JThBi.183..121H. doi:10.1006/jtbi.1996.9999. ISSN   0022-5193. PMID   8977873.
  16. ↑ Young, Nelson D.; dePamphilis, Claude W. (2005-02-15). "Rate variation in parasitic plants: correlated and uncorrelated patterns among plastid genes of different function". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 5 (1): 16. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-5-16 . ISSN   1471-2148. PMC   554776 . PMID   15713237.
  17. 1 2 Bromham, Lindell; Cowman, Peter F.; Lanfear, Robert (1 January 2013). "Parasitic plants have increased rates of molecular evolution across all three genomes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 126. Bibcode:2013BMCEE..13..126B. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-126 . ISSN   1471-2148. PMC   3694452 . PMID   23782527.
  18. ↑ Watson, David M. (October 13, 2009). "Parasitic plants as facilitators: more Dryad than Dracula?". Journal of Ecology. 97 (6): 1151–1159. Bibcode:2009JEcol..97.1151W. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01576.x . S2CID   84242604.
  19. ↑ Westwood, James H.; dePamphilis, Claude W.; Das, Malay; Fernández-Aparicio, Mónica; Honaas, Loren A.; Timko, Michael P.; Wafula, Eric K.; Wickett, Norman J.; Yoder, John I. (April–June 2012). "The Parasitic Plant Genome Project: New Tools for Understanding the Biology of Orobanche and Striga". Weed Science. 60 (2): 295–306. doi:10.1614/WS-D-11-00113.1. ISSN   0043-1745. S2CID   26435162.
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