Portuguese vocabulary

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Most of the Portuguese vocabulary comes from Latin because Portuguese is a Romance language.

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Historical map of the Portuguese language (Galaico-portugues) since the year 1,000 Linguistic map Southwestern Europe-en.gif
Historical map of the Portuguese language (Galaico-português) since the year 1,000

However, other languages that came into contact with it have also left their mark. In the thirteenth century, the lexicon of Portuguese had about 80% words of Latin origin and 20% of pre-Roman Gallaecian and Celtiberian, Germanic, Greek and Arabic origin. [1]

Pre-Roman languages of Portugal

Pre-Roman languages of Iberia circa 300 BC Iberia 300BC-en.svg
Pre-Roman languages of Iberia circa 300 BC

Traces of the languages from native peoples of western Iberia (Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici or Conii) persist in Portuguese, as shown below. Most of the pre-Roman placenames or rivers in Portugal originate from the Hispano-Celtic Gallaecian and Celtiberian languages. There are also a few Iberian, Basque and Tartessian components in Portuguese.

List of Portuguese words of Iberian and Basque origin

Iberian-Basque

  • manteiga "butter" ***Uncertain origin, possibly Lat. mantica [2]

Projections on Iberian vocabulary, toponyms and derivations in Portuguese, indicate just a few dozen words in total.[ citation needed ]

Basque

The Basque influence in Portuguese is believed to have entered mainly through Spanish, because many of those who took part in the Reconquista and later repopulation campaigns in Portugal, were of Basque lineage.[ citation needed ]

  • carrasco "executioner" or "Portuguese oak", from Basque karraska "thunder, crash of falling tree" [3]
  • sarna "scabies" from Medieval Latin (7th century, Isidore of Seville, Origines, 4.8.68), but as serna attested in Theodorus Priscianus (Constantinople, 4th century). Trumper (2004) however, after studying the variants of the word in the Latin medical treatises, proposes a Hispano-Celtic origin; cf. Middle Welsh sarn "mess" and sarnaf "to wreck". [4]
Names of Basque origin
Forenames
  • Inácio variant of Ignatius. ***Of uncertain origin. Often claimed an Etruscan-Latinised derivation but probably Pre-Roman Iberian, Celtiberian or Basque see* Íñigo, Íñaki
    Variants: Egnatius (Ancient Roman), Iñaki (Basque), Ignasi (Catalan), Ignác (Czech), Ignaas (Dutch), Iggy (English), Ignace (French), Ignatz (German), Ignác (Hungarian), Ignazio (Italian), Ignas (Lithuanian), Ignacy (Polish), Ignatiy (Russian), Ignac, Ignacij, Nace (Slovene), Ignacio, Nacho, Nacio (Spanish)[ citation needed ]
  • Vasco derived from Basque "belasko", 'small raven' [5] [ better source needed ]
  • Xavier, from Basque Xabier, from etxe berri , meaning 'new house' or 'new home' [6] [ better source needed ]
  • Ximeno, [7] a variant of the medieval Basque given name Semen, root seme < senbe 'son' as found in the ancient Aquitanian name Sembetten, attested form "sehi" as 'child', hypothetical ancient root *seni (cf. Koldo Mitxelena and modern form "senide" = 'brother or sister', 'relative')
Surnames
  • Velasco derived from Basque "belasko", 'small raven' [5]

Celtic

Overview of the Hallstatt and La Tene cultures Hallstatt LaTene.png
Overview of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures

Although there is not a comprehensive study or wordcount on how much Celtic, (particularly Gallaecian [8] and words from the Hispano-Celtic group) survived in Portuguese (and Galician); [9] it is fair to say that after Latin, this is the second largest component in the Portuguese culture and language. [10] Projections on Celtic vocabulary (some words may have come via French borrowings starting in the 12th century), toponyms and derivations in Portuguese, indicate over 3,000 words. [11] The Celtic substratum is often overlooked, [12] due to the strong Latinisation of Celtic-derived [13] words in Portuguese and the ancient linguistic threads of pre-Roman origin.

List of Portuguese words of Celtic origin

Placenames

Celtic nameModern location/town name
Anobra Anobra *Likely derived from ānniyobris "hill,"ring" (Cf. old Irish ainne "ring"), [14]
Aritium oppidum vetusCasal da Várzea
Aritium Vetus Alvega
Ardila Ardila
Armona Ilha de Armona
Arauca Arouca [15]
Equabonna/Aquabona Coina
Axabrica/Axabrix Xabregas
Boidobr(ig)a Boidobra, a combination of two elements: 1. *boudi [16] or *boudo- 'victory' (Welsh budd 'gain, benefit') and 2. "briga".
Bracara Braga
Brigantia Bragança
Budens Budens
Caetobriga/Caetobrix/Kaitobrix Setúbal
Calabria > Caliabriga Castelo Calabre
Cambra<Calambriga Vale de Cambra (Aveiro), Casal de Cambra (Sintra)
Cale Vila Nova de Gaia; Portucale; Portugal [17]
Castralbo(a) Penalva do Castelo [18] [12]
Caxarias from the Celtic root *cax, oak-tree [19]
Colobre Alcolobre *(Colobre, 935 C.E.): the first element derives from *kʷolu- 'wheel' [20]
Conímbriga Conímbriga *Coimbra, [21]
Corucho* Coruche,* [22] [23]
Civitas Aravorum <Aravi> Marialva
Collippo Leiria [17]
Ebora Évora
Eburobrittium Óbidos
Jurumegna Juromenha
Lacobriga Lagos
Lamecum Lamego
Lemos Lemos, Lemenar, Lemenhe [24]
Londobris Berlengas
Longobriga Longroiva
Civitas Aravorum <Aravi> Marialva (Mêda)
Malaceca/Malateca Marateca
Mirobriga Miróbriga
Moron Castelo de Almorol
Pendraganum Pedrógão Grande
Terena Terena

Names

Forenames

Portuguese nameOrigin and meaning
Artur Arthur * The meaning of this name is unknown. It could be derived from the Celtic elements artos "bear" combined with viros "man" or rigos "king". Alternatively it could be related to an obscure Roman family name Artorius. [25]
Brandão Brendanus * Latinized form of the Irish name Bréanainn, which was derived from a Welsh word meaning "prince". Saint Brendan was a 6th-century Irish abbot who, according to legend, crossed the Atlantic and reached North America with 17 other monks. [26]
Breno Brennus * Latinized form of a Celtic name (or title) that possibly meant either "king, prince" or "raven". Brennus was a Gallic leader of the 4th century BC who attacked and sacked Rome. [27]
Brígida Brighid * Irish, meaning "exalted one". In Irish mythology this was the name of the goddess of fire, poetry and wisdom, the daughter of the god Dagda. [28]
Tristão Drust * Pictish name probably derived from Celtic drest meaning "riot" or "tumult". This name was borne by several kings of the Picts, including their last king Drust X, who ruled in the 9th century. [29]
Viriato Viriathus * From the Latinised name Viriathus or Viriatus, derived from Celtic viriae ("bracelets"). Viriathus was a leader of the Lusitani (a tribe of Portugal) who rebelled against Roman rule in the 2nd century BC. [30]

Surnames

A considerable number of the Portuguese surnames (spread in all Portuguese-speaking countries and ex-colonies today) is Celtic or of Latinised, Celtic-borrowings. This is not a comprehensive list of those.

A – L
  • Abrunheiro, Abrunho, Abrunhosa, from Protoceltic *agrīnio, [31] [32] [33] [34]
  • Arouca, Aroucas, Arouquela Latinised from Celtic *arauca [15]
  • Bacelar, Bacelo, from *baccos- 'young man, lad' akin to Gaulish and Breton bach [35]
  • Bico, Bicudo, also Bica, Bicalho, from Proto-Celtic *bekko 'beak, kiss', [36] [37] [38] cognate of Italian becco, French bec.
  • Carqueijo, Carquejo, Carqueja 'gorse', from Celtic *carcasia, *querquesia, or similar. [39] [40] < Indo-European *pérkus|*pérkus ~ *pr̥kʷéu-|t=oak. Compare pre-Roman tribal name Mla Querquerni
  • Caxaria, Caxarias, Caxigo, from the Celtic root *cax < CASSĪCOS ‘oak-tree’ [19]
  • Cerveja also Cervejaria from Vulgar Latin *cerevisia derived from Gaulish [41] Cognates: Old French cervoise, Provençal, Spanish cerveza; akin to Old Irish coirm, Welsh cwrw, Breton korev.
  • Coelho, Coelhos, Coelhoso also Coelha, Coelhas, from Irish coinân, Cornish conyn, Manx coneeyn, Gaelic coineanach, Welsh cwningen, alternatively from Celtiberian *cun-icos 'little dog' [42]
  • Colmeia, from a Celtic form *kolmēnā 'made of straw', [43] from *kolmos 'straw', which gave Leonese cuelmo; cf. Welsh calaf "reed, stalk", Cornish kalav "straw", Breton kolo "stalk").
  • Lage, Lages, Laginha also Laginhas from the medieval form lagena, from proto-Celtic *ɸlāgenā, [44] cognate of Old Irish lágan, láigean, Welsh llain 'broad spearhead, blade'; akin to Irish láighe 'mattock, spade'.
  • Lemos, from Celtic lemo, elm-tree. [19]
  • Lotsa, Louza, Lousão, Lousã, Lousado, Louzado, Loisa, Lousano, also Lousan, Lousada from Proto-Celtic *laws [45]
M – Z
  • Magalhães, also Magalhaes and Magalhã from Celtic magal [46] 'great, grandiose'. Toponymic of towns with the same name.
  • Menino, from medieval mennino, from proto-Celtic *menno-, [36] akin to Old Irish menn 'kid (goat)', Irish meannán, Welsh myn, Breton menn.
  • Minhoca, from medieval form *milocca, from Proto-Celtic *mîlo-, [36] [47] akin to Asturian milu, merucu 'earthworm', Irish míol 'worm, maggot', Welsh, Breton mil 'animal'
  • Rego, also Rêgo from proto-Celtic *ɸrikā 'furrow, ditch', [48] [49] [50] akin to Welsh rhych, Breton reg, Scottish/Irish riach 'trace left from something'; cognate of French raie, Occitan, Catalan rega, Basque erreka, Italian riga 'wrinkle'.
  • Seara, also Seareiro, Senra, from medieval senara, a Celtic compound of *seni- 'apart, separated' (cf. Old Irish sain 'alone', Welsh han 'other') and *aro- 'ploughed field'. [51] [52] (cf. Welsh âr, Irish ár 'ploughed field').
  • Truta, from Celtic *tructa- freshwater fish of the salmon family. [53] Cognate of French truite, English trout, Catalan truita, Spanish trucha, Italian trota.
  • Vassalo Latinised 'vassalum' from proto-Celtic *wasto-, [36] [54] cognate of French vassal, Spanish vasallo, Middle Irish foss 'servant', Welsh gwas 'servant; lad', Breton gwaz

General vocabulary

Germanic languages

The main Germanic influence in Portuguese were the Suebi and Visigoths (also Buri and Vandals).[ citation needed ]

Their vocabulary in Portuguese is often related to warfare/military topics, animals texugo (badger), natural world orvalho (dew), Human qualities like franqueza (frankness, candour), orgulho (pride), some verbs like ganhar (to gain), town and placenames such as Aldão, [145] Alderete, Albergaria-a-Velha, Albergaria-a-Nova (from Gothic 'haribergo'), Ermesinde and Esposende, where sinde and sende for instance; are derived from the Germanic "sinths" (military expedition), numerous Suebi [146] derivations like, Freamunde (from 'Fredemundus'), Vermunde, Amonde (Onomondi), Samonde, Gimonde, Aldão,[ citation needed ] Guadramil, Gondomil, Samil, Gosende, Guilhofrei (from Geodefredis), Esmoriz, Esmeriz (toponymics of Hermeric, king of the Suebians), Alhariz (toponymic of Aliaricus), Oriz, Touriz, Roriz, Gavieira, Gondoriz, Gondizalves, Gondar, Gondomar (from Gundomarus), Gondarém, Gudim, Guimarães (from Vimara), Torres Vedras (from Turres Veteras, 'old tower' [147] ), Sousa, Terras de Sousa and Terras de Bouro (land of the Buri), Serra do Bouro, Bouro, are found mainly in the Minho (Braga) and Douro (Porto) regions- these two provinces present the highest concentration of Germanic toponyms in the Iberian Peninsula, as they historically correspond to old the Suebic Kingdom in the middle-ages. [148]

Maps about the King Rechila of the Suebi conquests (438-448). Rechila.gif
Maps about the King Rechila of the Suebi conquests (438-448).

Many of the Germanic words entered the language during the late antiquity, either as words introduced into Vulgar Latin elsewhere, or as words brought along by the Suebi who settled in Gallaecia (Northern Portugal and Galicia) in the 5th century, and also by the Visigoths who annexed the Suebic Kingdom in 585 and ruled until the 8th century AD. It is very difficult to establish how the Suebi and Visigoth dialects differed from each other during that period, how much linguistic assimilation occurred, and therefore almost impossible to classify words with etymological certainty. [149]

List of Portuguese words of Germanic origin

Because they have different Germanic origins, this list is divided into words that come from English, Frankish, Langobardic, Middle Dutch, Middle High German, Middle Low German, Old English, Old High German, Old Norse, Old Swedish, and Visigothic and finally, words which come from a Germanic root, where the specific source is unknown or uncertain. Projections indicate over 600 Germanic words in Portuguese,[ citation needed ] with a tendency to increase due to English, German and other modern influences. Some of these words existed in Latin as loanwords from other languages. Some of these words have alternate etymologies and may also appear on a list of Galician words from a different language. Some words contain non-Germanic elements. Any form with an asterisk (*) is unattested and therefore hypothetical.

from Frankish

  • estandarte= a military standard: from Old French estandart, probably from Frankish (*)standhard "standard that marks a meeting place", (implicit sense: "that which stands firmly"), from (*)standan "to stand", (from Germanic (*)standan, from the IE root (*)sta- "to stand" [150] ) + (*)hard "hard, firm", see ardid below in Germanic section.
  • forro= lining(garment), liner, ceiling(house) from Frankish fôdare [151]
  • forrar(v)= to cover, to insulate, to wallpaper, to line, to sheathe [151]
  • desforra= vindication, revenge, revanche [151]
  • ginja= sweet cherry from Frankish *wihsila- [152]
  • guante= glove, gauntlet: from Frankish (*)want "gauntlet." [153]
  • megengra(o), muzengro, majangro= titmouse (bird), from Frankish meisinga, this in turn related to Celtic meann, menn(small). [154]
  • tasca= tavern, inn: from Frankish *taska [155]

from Norwegian

  • slalom= slalom (from the Morgedal/Seljord dialect of Norwegian 'slalåm': "sla," meaning slightly inclining hillside, and "låm," meaning track after skis [156]

Langobardic:

  • rufia, rufião= ruffian, thug, bully: from Langobardic *hruf [157]

from Middle Dutch

from Middle High German

  • estroina= fast liver, bohemian, spend-thrifty, reveller, vagabond: from Mid. High Ger. *striunen- [159] or Old Eng. *strēon- [160]
  • estroinice= pleasure seeker's, bohemian conduct or behaviour: from Mid. High Ger. *striunen- [159] or Old Eng. *strēon- [160]
  • estroinar (v)= living the high-life, to live beyond one's means: from Mid. High Ger. *striunen- [159] or Old Eng. *strēon- [160]

from Middle Low German

from Old English

  • arlequim= harlequin: from Italian arlecchino, from Old French Herlequin "mythic chief of a tribe", probably from Middle English Herle king, from Old English Herla cyning, Herla Kyning literally King Herla, a king of Germanic mythology identified with Odin/Woden. Cyning "king" is from Germanic (*)kunjan "family" (hence, by extension royal family), from the IE root (*)gen- "to birth, regenerate". [161]
  • bote= a small, uncovered boat: from Old French bot, from Middle English bot, boot, from Old English bāt, from Germanic (*)bait-, from the IE root (*)bheid- "to split". [162]
  • caneco= jug: from Old English *canne < from Proto-Germanic kunnan/kanna [163]
  • caneca= mug: *see above
  • este= east: from French est, from Middle English est, from Old English ēast, from Germanic (*)aust-, from the IE root (*)awes-, aus "to shine". [164]
  • norte= north: from Old French nord, from Old English north, from Germanic (*)north-, from the IE root (*)nr-to "north", from (*)nr- "wikt:under, to the left" [165]
  • oeste= west: from Middle English west, from Old English west, from Germanic (*)west-, from (*)wes-to-, from (*)wes-, from (*)wespero- "evening, dusk" [166]
  • sul= south (combining form): from Old French sud "south", from Old English sūth, from Germanic (*)sunthaz, from the IE root (*)sun-, swen-, variants of (*)sāwel- "sun" [167]

from Old Norse

  • bife= steak, beefsteak: from English beefsteak, from beef (ultimately from Latin bōs, bovis "cow", from the IE root (*)gwou- "ox, bull, cow" [168] ) + steak , from Middle English steyke, from Old Norse steik "piece of meat cooked on a spit", from Germanic (*)stik-, see estaca below in the Germanic section.
  • guindar [v]= to lift, to be pretentious from (Old) French guinder from Old Norse vinda 'to toss' [169]
  • guinda= hoisting rope from Old Norse vinda
  • guindaste= crane, winch via French guindeau < Old French guindas, from Old Norse vindáss [170]
  • vaga= wave possibly from Old Norse vagr or Gothic vega from Germanic vigan[ citation needed ] [171] akin to French 'vague'

from Old Swedish

from Gothic, Suebian

  • Aguerridamente (fiercely, bravely) from Gothic wirro [175]
  • Aguerrido (fierce, courageous, fighter) from Gothic wirro [175]
  • Aguerrir [v], Aguerreirar [v] (to fight, to combat, to challenge without fear) from Gothic wirro [175]
  • albergar[v] (to host or shelter someone) from Gothic haribergo [175]
  • albergue (hostel, youth hostel) from Gothic haribergo [175]
  • aleive (treason, traitor) from Gothic lavjan [175]
  • aleivosia (treason, deception) from Gothic lavjan [175]
  • aleivoso (person/act of a treacherous nature, traitor) from Gothic lavjan [175]
  • ardil= (trap, trick, conspiracy) from Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (hardus) 'hard' or Frankish ardjan [176]
  • ardiloso= (cunning, deceptive, tricky) from Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (hardus) 'hard' or Frankish ardjan [176]
  • aringa (military camp) from Gothic hrings [175]
  • Atreguar[v] (to discuss/negotiate conditions of a truce) from Gothic trigivo [175]
  • Banca (banks, banking system, bench) from Gothic banka [175]
  • Bancário (bank, banker)from Gothic banka [175]
  • Banco (bank, bench) from Gothic banka [175]
  • Banqueiro (banker, financier) from Gothic banka [175]
  • Brasa from Gothic *bras, brasa [177]
  • Brasalisco from Gothic *bras, brasa [177]
  • Brasão from Gothic *bras, brasa [177]
  • Braseiro from Gothic *bras, brasa [177]
  • Brasido from Gothic *bras, brasa [177]
  • Brasil (Brazil) from Gothic *bras, brasa [177]
  • Brasonado from Gothic *bras, brasa [177]
  • Destacar[v] (to assign troops, to stand out, to surpass) from Gothic stakka [175]
  • Destaque (surpass, highlight) from Gothic stakka [175]
  • duende= elf, gnome, from *tomt [178] akin to Swedish 'tomten'
  • Elmo from Gothic hilms [175]
  • Escanção (sommelier) from Gothic skankja [175]
  • Escançar[v], Escancear[v], Escanchar[v] (to measure and serve wine) from Gothic skankja [175]
  • Espora (spur) from Gothic spaúra [175]
  • Esporão (spur) from Gothic spaúra [175]
  • Estaca (stake) from Gothic stakka [175]
  • Estacada (stockade) from Gothic stakka [175]
  • Estacar[v] (to stake) from Gothic stakka [175]
  • Fona from Gothic fon [175]
  • Fornir[v] from Gothic frumjan [175]
  • Godo/Gótico from Gothic guthans [175]
  • Guerra, Guerreio (war, conflict) from Gothic wirro [175]
  • Guerreão (troublemaker, ruffian) from Gothic wirro [175]
  • Guerrear[v] (to fight) from Gothic wirro [175]
  • Guerreiro (warrior, fighter) from Gothic wirro [175]
  • Guerrilha (guerrilla) from Gothic wirro [175]
  • Guia (guide) from Gothic wida [175]
  • Guiar[v] (to guide, to lead, to drive a vehicle) from Gothic wida [175]
  • Intrabancário (interbanking (system), interbank) from Gothic banka [175]
  • Lasca (chip, splinter) from Gothic laska [175]
  • Lascar[v] (to cleave, to flake smthg off, to chip smthg) from Gothic laska [175]
  • Lascarino or Lascarinho (joker, troublemaker, petty thief) from Gothic laska [175]
  • Marta from Gothic marthus [175]
  • Multibanco (Cash dispenser, ATM) from Gothic banka [175]
  • Roca from Gothic ruka [175]
  • Tampa from Gothic tappa [175]
  • Tascar[v] from Gothic taskon [175]
  • Texugo or Teixugo (badger) from Gothic *thahsuks, shortening of *thahsus- [179]
  • Trégua (truce) from Gothic trigivo [175]
  • Triscar[v] from Gothic thriskan [175]
  • Ufa from Gothic ufjo [175]
  • Ufanear[v] or Ufanar[v] (to glorify, to praise) from Gothic ufjo [175]
  • Ufano (glorious, vain) from Gothic ufjo [175]
  • Vaga (wave) from Gothic vega < vigan [171]

from Germanic languages

  • abandonar (v)= to abandon: from Old French a bandon, from a + bandon "control" from ban "proclamation, jurisdiction, power", from Germanic (*)banwan, (*)bannan "to proclaim, speak publicly" [180] [181]
  • Aguardar[v] (to wait i.e. at a queue) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan Gothic wer [175]
  • alemão= of Germany (adjective), the German language: from Late Latin Alemanni, an ancient Germanic tribe, from Germanic (*)alamanniz (represented in Gothic alamans), from ala- "all" + mannis, plural of manna-/ mannaz "man" (Gothic manna) from the IE root (*)man- "man" [182]
  • Barão, Baronesa (baron, baroness) from Germanic baro [175]
  • bóia= a buoy: probably from Old French boie, from Germanic, possibly from Old High German bouhhan, from Germanic (*)baukna- "signal", from the IE root (*)bha- "to shine" [183]
  • Branca (female name, white female) from Germanic blanka [175]
  • Branco (common Portuguese surname) from Germanic blank [175]
  • Branco (white, pale) from Germanic blank [175]
  • branco= white, white person, blank: from Vulgar Latin (*)blancus, from Germanic (*)blank- "to shine", from the IE root. [184]
  • Brancura (whiteness) from Germanic blank [175]
  • Branqueio (to bleach, to whiten or launder smthg i.e. money laundering) from Germanic blank [175]
  • Branquela (pejorative for White person) from Germanic blank [175]
  • Branquicento (of faded, pale appearance) from Germanic blank [175]
  • brincadeira= joyful play, joke, prank from Proto-Germanic *blīkaną/blinkaną. [185] [186]
  • brincar= to play from Proto-Germanic *blīkaną/blinkaną. [185] [186]
  • brinquedo= toy from Proto-Germanic *blīkaną/blinkaną. [185] [186]
  • churrasco, churrasqueira, churrascaria, churrascar[v]= from Suebian/Gothic SAURUS [187] [ better source needed ]
  • Escarnecedor, from Germanic skernjan [188]
  • Escarnicação, from Germanic skernjan [188]
  • Escarniçador, etc. from Germanic skernjan [188]
  • Escarniçar[v] (to mock, to show contempt for someone or a situation) from Germanic skernjan [188]
  • Escarninhamente, from Germanic skernjan [188]
  • Escarninho, from Germanic skernjan [188]
  • Escárnio, from Germanic skernjan [188]
  • Escarnir[v] *Escarniçar[v] (to mock, to show contempt for someone or a situation) from Germanic skernjan [188]
  • estaca= a stake: from Germanic (*)stak-, from the IE root (*)steg- "pale, post pointed stick". [189]
  • Ganhar[v] (to gain) from Germanic waidanjan [175]
  • Ganho (gain, profit) from Germanic waidanjan [175]
  • Gavião (hawk) from Germanic gabilans [175]
  • Guarda (guard, warden, police) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan, Suebian wardon Gothic wer [175]
  • Guardar[v] (to guard, to safekeep, to protect) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan Gothic wer [175]
  • guardar= to guard, watch over, keep, observe (a custom): from Germanic (*)wardōn "to look after, take care of", from the IE root (*)wor-to-, "to watch", from (*)wor-, (*)wer- "to see, watch, perceive" [190]
  • Guardião (guard, legal guardian) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan Gothic wer [175]
  • Resguardar[v] (to shelter, to cover, to protect smthg or someone i.e. from the elements) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan, Suebian wardon Gothic wer [175]
  • Roubador (robber, thief) from Germanic raubon [175]
  • Roubalheira (robbery, theft) from Germanic raubon [175]
  • Roubar[v] (to rob) from Germanic raubon [175]
  • Roubo (robbery) from Germanic raubon [175]
  • sopa = soup, [191] [192]
  • venda= blindfold: from Proto-Germanic * bǐnda- [193]

Others

A

Germanic Names

Ancient Roman-derived names are the most numerous in Portugal and Portuguese-speaking countries. Together with Germanic-derived names they constitute the majority of those (and similarly to most European/Western countries inherited also a number of ancient Greek and Hebrew names) today. With globalisation, a number of new Germanic names (and other origins) exist in Portuguese. Because they stem from the same root, Portuguese and Galician share common Germanic names, inherited from the Suevi (who settled in northern Portugal and Galicia in 409 AD), Visigoths, Vandals, Buri and other Germanic peoples, were often the most common Portuguese-Galician names during the early and high Middle Ages. This article deals with Germanic personal names recorded and used in northern Portugal, Galicia and its adjoining regions: territories of the kingdom of the Suebi during the early Middle Ages from its 409 settlement to the 12th century.

"(...) Igitur dum inter nos intemptio uertitur ad diuidendum mancipia de parentorum nostrorum Guntine et Rosule de neptos senatoris Siserici et Esmorice et de suos iermanos. Ideo que euenit in portione de filios Gunterodis, id est: Argiuitus, Gentibus, Tratiuigia, Recedrudi, Gaudiosus, Tequelo, Iulia, filios Stanildi, Sitiuidis, Gluscudilum, Framildi, Ruderigus, Sonobrida, Sabarigis, Argeleuba, Ostosia, Guntedrudia, Uitiza et Leuba, Guntildi, Iulia, Ragesindus, Sanildi cum sua filia Ermegundia, Seniorina, Uisteuerga, Sisulfus, Branderigus, Astruildi (...)"

Germanic and Latin names in a 10th-century Galician document. [194]

Germanic names

Germanic personal names in a 961 Galician document: Mirellus, Viliefredus, Sedeges, Evenandus, Adolinus, Sedoni, Victimirus, Ermoygus and others, with some Latin and Christian names Tumbo de Sobrado.jpg
Germanic personal names in a 961 Galician document: Mirellus, Viliefredus, Sedeges, Evenandus, Adolinus, Sedoni, Victimirus, Ermoygus and others, with some Latin and Christian names

Germanic names were the most common personal names in Portugal-Galicia (Gallaecia) during the early and high Middle Ages, surpassing Christian and Roman names in number and popularity. [195] The names, primarily of East Germanic origin, were used by the Suebi, Goths, Vandals and Burgundians. With the names, the Galicians-Portuguese inherited the Germanic onomastic system; a person used one name (sometimes a nickname or alias), with no surname, occasionally adding a patronymic. More than 1,000 such names have been preserved in local records. [196] and in local toponyms. [197]

Many of the Germanic names were composite, with the second element usually a noun with the same gender of the bearer. Others were hypocorisms formed from a composite name or deriving from it. [198] Less frequently, a name was a noun or an adjective.

These names were transmitted to the Suevi with the usual Germanic rules of inheritance, [199] which were variations (passing one element of the name; Rechiar was the son of Rechila, who was the son of Hermeric) and alliteration (names beginning with the same sound; Maldras was the son of the nobleman Masila). Full names were later transmitted from grandfather to grandson (commemoration), following a trend common until the present in most of western Europe.

Adaptations

In addition to the conversion of many Germanic endings into Romance or Latin endings, the names had phonetic adaptations [200] such as the change of word stress from the first to the penultimate syllable, the conversion of most [þ] into [t] or [d] and the conversion of [h] into [k] before a consonant. [W] was initially preserved, although noted as [u] or [oy] before becoming [gw] (or, less commonly, [b]). These early inherited names underwent Western Romance and Galician changes from Latin, such as consonant lenition and palatalization. This contributed to a large number of variants in recorded names; Ostrofredus was recorded in Portugal-Galicia as Ortofredus, Ostofredo, Ostouredus, Ostrofedone, Stobredo and Strofredo. [201]

Names used by the Suevi

The following names, used by the Suevi of Gallaecia during the fifth and sixth centuries, were recorded in chronicles, inscriptions and acts of local ecclesiastical councils: Hermericus, Heremigarius, Rechila, Rechiarius, Agriulfum, Maldras, Massila, Framta, Frumarius, Rechimundus, Remismundus, Veremundus, Chararici, Ariamirus, Ildericus, Theudomirus, Miro, Nitigisius, Uittimer, Anila, Remisol, Adoric, Eboricus, Siseguntia f, Audeca, Malaricus, Pantardus, Neufila, Hildemirus, Commundus, Ermaricus, Sunila, Becilla, Gardingus, Argiovitus, Gomedei, Rodomiro, Ermengontia f, Remisiwera f, Thuresmuda f, Suinthiliuba f.

Many of the names, used by kings such as Miro, Reckila and Theudemirus, were used for local toponyms: Mirón, [202] Requián, Requiás, Requiás and Receá, [203] Tuimil and Toimil. [204]

Roots

The following is a list of the roots used to form Germanic personal names in Galicia-Portugal and northwestern Iberia. Many are related to war, victory, fame, boldness, strength and warlike qualities (bald-, funs-, hild-, gund-, nand-, rod-, seg-, send-), totemic animals (ar-, wulf-, ber-, ebur-) and weapons (brand-, bruni-, rand-, saru-); many others refer to knowledge, love and other peaceful qualities (fred-, leob-, mun-, ragi-, rad-, uin-). Some refer to the condition of ruler or master (fro-, ric-, vald-, Froya, Theodinus, Tructinus, Hendinus). Another group refers to the tribe, nation or country (conia-, fulc-, teod-, leod-, man-, truct-, gavi-, gogi-, kend-), and another appears to refer to Huns (Hun-), Suevi (Sav-), Goths (Gut-), Vandals (Vandal-), Celts (Vala-), Vendians/Slavs (Venet-), Galindians/Balths (Galind-), Franks (Frank-), Saxons (Sax-), Angles (Engl-), Danes (Dan-) and other peoples. Although some elements are identical to others found in Celtic anthroponymy (And-, Dag-, -mar, -riks), others appear to be adaptations of Latin words and names incorporated in the Danube region: Florens, Fortis, Crescens.

Forms marked with an asterisk are unrecorded and hypothetical. PGmc is an abbreviation for Proto-Germanic.

Feminine roots

Elements common as the second syllable of feminine names include:

Suffixes used to derive hypocoristic feminine names include:

Masculine roots

Elements common as the second syllable of masculine names include:

Suffixes used to derive hypocoristic masculine names are:

Superlative and comparative suffixes were also used in forming personal names: -iza: Boniza, Wittiza -istaz: Ariastre, Belestrio, Fromesta, Remestro, Segestro

Other suffixes imply origin or relationship:

Toponyms

Many of these names are also toponyms (towns, parishes, villages, hamlets and fields), usually in the form of a Latin or Germanic genitive of the owner's name and sometimes preceded by the type of property (a Portuguese-Galician word of Latin, Germanic or pre-Latin origin) such as vila (villa, palace, estate), vilar (hamlet) castro (castle), casa (house), porta (pass, ford), agro (field), sa (Germanic sala; hall, house), busto (dairy), cabana (cabin), lama (pastures), fonte (well, spring), pena (fort), pomar (orchard) and vale (valley). This kind of name is present all over Northern Portugal:

b) Sigefredo (Siegfried = victorious peace), Gondomar (the first element means «sword»), Arganil (from hargis, army), Adães e Adufe (from hathus = fight); hildis (= fight) and Tagilde, etc.; Tresmonde, Trasmil, etc. from thras (= dispute); for Ermesinde and Esposende comes sinths (= military expedition). Also citing Antenor Nascentes pg. XXI of his "Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa":

Several thousand such toponyms are known in northern and central Portugal, Galicia, western Asturias and other territories which were part of the Suebi kingdom.

Notes

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  5. 1 2 Mike Campbell (2017-07-02). "Vasco". Behind the name. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
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  7. ↑ Omaechevarria 1949.
  8. ↑ "List" (PDF). academiagalega.org. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
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  11. ↑ [Filppula, Markku, and Juhani Klemola. “Celtic Influences in English: A Re-Evaluation.” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, vol. 115, no. 1, 2014, pp. 33–53. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43344757. Accessed 20 Jan. 2024. Filppula, Markku, and Juhani Klemola. “Celtic Influences in English: A Re-Evaluation.” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, vol. 115, no. 1, 2014, pp. 33–53. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43344757. Accessed 20 Jan. 2024.]{{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
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  49. 1 2 Ward 1996, s.v. RIKS.
  50. 1 2 Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 7299.
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  64. ↑ Rivas Quintas 1991, p. 17.
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ward 1996.
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  75. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1252.
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  78. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1480.
  79. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1542.
  80. 1 2 Meyer-Lübke 2387
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  82. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1550.
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  89. ↑ Matasović 2008, s.v.*casso-.
  90. ↑ DCECH s.v. centollo
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  92. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1988.
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  175. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 "Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (DPLP)". Priberam.pt. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  176. 1 2 "ardido - Wikcionario" (in Spanish). Es.wiktionary.org. 26 April 2017. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  177. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "CNRTL s.v. braise". Cnrtl.fr. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  178. ↑ "988 (Svensk etymologisk ordbok)". Runeberg.org. 2016-01-17. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  179. ↑ "Língua Portuguesa s.v. texugo". Infopedia.pt. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  180. ↑ "abandon. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2006-08-10. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  181. ↑ "bh-2. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2007-02-02. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  182. ↑ "man-1. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2006-05-19. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  183. ↑ "Bh-1. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2006-10-18. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
  184. ↑ "Bhel-1. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2006-08-13. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
  185. 1 2 3 Kroonen, Guus (2013). "*blanka-". Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series. Vol. 11. Leiden, Boston: Brill. p. 67. ISBN   978-90-04-18340 7.
  186. 1 2 3 "blink | Origin and meaning of blink by Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  187. ↑ "Germanismos Pouco Estudados Do Galego-português" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  188. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Consulte o significado / definição de escarnir no Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, o dicionário online de português contemporâneo". Priberam.pt. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  189. ↑ "steig- The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2007-02-04. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  190. ↑ "wer-3. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2007-02-10. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  191. ↑ "Duden | Suppe | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Synonyme, Herkunft" (in German). Duden.de. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  192. ↑ Émile Littré ; François Gannaz (mise en forme). "Littré - soupe - définition, citations, étymologie". Littre.org. Retrieved 2018-12-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  193. ↑ S.A, Priberam Informática. "Consulte o significado / definição de venda no Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, o dicionário online de português contemporâneo". dicionario.priberam.org.
  194. ↑ In Colección Diplomática de Galicia Histórica. Santiago (1901), p. 225-226.
  195. ↑ Boullón Agrelo (1999) p. 81-83.
  196. ↑ Cf. Boullón Agrelo (1999) p. 98-101.
  197. ↑ A few thousand Galician and Portuguese toponyms derive from the genitive form of a Germanic anthroponym. Cf. Sachs (1932).
  198. ↑ Cf. Searle (1897). p. xii-xiv.
  199. ↑ Flom, George T. (1917). "Alliteration and Variation in Old Germanic Name-Giving". Modern Language Notes. 32 (1): 7–17. doi:10.2307/2915654. hdl: 2027/uiuo.ark:/13960/t1xd76f4g . JSTOR   2915654. S2CID   166110632.
  200. ↑ Cf. Sachs (1932) p. 14-23.
  201. ↑ Cf. Boullón Agrelo (1999) p. 342; and Rivas Quintas (1991) p. 242.
  202. ↑ Piel (1937) p. 48.
  203. ↑ Piel (1939) p. 79.
  204. ↑ Sachs (1932) p. 95-96.
  205. ↑ For this and other Proto-Germanic reconstructions: V. Orel (2003) A Handbook of Germanic Etymology; and G. Köbler (2007) Germanisches Wörterbuch.
  206. ↑ Boullón Agrelo (1999) s.v. Ganildi.
  207. ↑ Piel (1933) p. 225.
  208. ↑ Sachs (1932) p. 40-41.
  209. ↑ Moralejo Laso, Abelardo (1977). Sobre grafía y pronunciación de los topónimos gallegos (Thesis). hdl:10347/3119.
  210. 1 2 3 Azevedo, Maria Luísa Seabra Marques de (9 March 2006). Toponímia moçárabe no antigo Condado Conimbricense (Thesis). hdl:10316/716.
  211. ↑ Sachs (1932) p. 58.
  212. ↑ Sachs (1932) p. 60-61.
  213. ↑ Sachs (1932) p. 59-61.
  214. ↑ "Sobre o antropónimo Vímara".
  215. ↑ "CVC. Rinconete. Lengua. Tópica. Galicia y sus topónimos (II), por Jairo J. García Sánchez".
  216. ↑ Sachs (1932) p. 78.
  217. 1 2 Lima, Adriana Tavares (11 December 2012). De Bracara Augusta a Braga: análise toponímica de um concelho português (Thesis). doi: 10.11606/D.8.2012.tde-01032013-125451 .

Literature

Proto-Germanic reconstruction

Germanic personal names

Galician-Portuguese Medieval onomastics

Germanic toponymy in Galicia and Portugal

Forenames

  • Rodrigo= from Germanic Hrodric/Hrēðrīc/Rørik/Hrœrekr (Roderick, Rodrick, Roderich; a compound of hrod 'renown' + ric 'power(ful)'), from the Proto-Germanic *Hrōþirīk(i)az; it was borne by the last of the Visigoth kings and is one of the most common Lusophone personal names of Germanic origin.[ [1] ]

Surnames

  • Araújo, Araujo= toponymic, from Gothic 'Ruderic' [2]
  • (van) Zeller, VanZeller= Originally Flemish "Zellaer", in Portugal since the 13th century. From Germanic 'kellā̌ri', [3] < Lat. 'cellārium' (cellar)

Arabic

Between the 8th and mid 13th centuries, Portugal was occupied and under the influence of the Islamic Emirate of Cordoba known as (Al-Andalus). During that period, although the local populations continued to speak Western Romance, and further south Mozarabic dialects; Arabic being the elite language, lent many new words to Portuguese, thanks to a rich cultural and scientific legacy left in the Iberian Peninsula [4] and the Western world in the Middle Ages.

List of Portuguese words of Arabic origin

Influences from outside Europe

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Dictionary of American Family Names, Oxford University Press, ISBN   0-19-508137-4
  2. ↑ "Apelido Araújo Toponímia, Etimoloxía, Heráldica e Distribución do Apelido Araújo en Apelidos de Galicia". Apelidosgalicia.org. 11 May 2009. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  3. ↑ "DWDS – Keller". Dwds.de. 2005-10-15. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  4. ↑ "The Legacy of Al-Andalus: Muslim Spain". Hispanicmuslims.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-16. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  5. ↑ FERREIRA, A. B. H. Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa. 2ª edição. Rio de Janeiro. Nova Fronteira. 1986. p. 96,95.

Sources

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