Prusa i3

Last updated

Prusa i3
A Prusa i3 MK2 print farm producing parts for new printers
Classification Fused deposition modeling 3D printer
InventorJosef Průša
ManufacturerPrusa Research

The Prusa i3 is a family of fused deposition modeling 3D printers, manufactured by Czech company Prusa Research under the trademarked name Original Prusa i3. Part of the RepRap project, Prusa i3 printers were called the most used 3D printer in the world in 2016. [1] The first Prusa i3 was designed by Josef Průša in 2012, and was released as a commercial kit product in 2015. The latest model (Prusa MK4 on sale as of March 2023) is available in both kit and factory assembled versions. The Prusa i3's comparable low cost and ease of construction and modification made it popular in education and with hobbyists and professionals, with the Prusa i3 model MK2 printer receiving several awards in 2016. [2]

Contents

The i3 series is released under an open source license, so many other companies and individuals have made variants of the printer. The i3 moniker refers to the printer being the third iteration of the design. [3] It was used up until the Prusa i3 MK3 and its variants and was then dropped from the successor's name which is simply called Prusa MK4.

Models

RepRap Mendel

First conceived in 2009, RepRap Mendel 3D printers were designed to be assembled from 3D printed parts and commonly available off-the-shelf components (referred to as "vitamins," as they cannot be produced by the printer itself). [4] [5] These parts include threaded rods, leadscrews, smooth rods and bearings, screws, nuts, stepper motors, control circuit boards, and a "hot end" to melt and place thermoplastic materials. [6] A Cartesian mechanism permits placement of material anywhere in a cubic volume; this design has continued throughout development of the i3 series. The flat "print bed" (the surface on which parts are printed) is movable in one axis (Y), while two horizontal and two vertical rods permit tool motion in two axes, designated X and Z.

Prusa Mendel

Josef Průša was a core developer of the RepRap project who had previously developed a PCB heated "print bed". He adapted and simplified the RepRap Mendel design, reducing the time to print 3D plastic parts from 20 to 10 hours, and including 3D printed bushings in place of regular bearings. [7] [8] First announced in September 2010, the printer was dubbed Prusa Mendel by Průša himself. [9] According to the RepRap wiki, "Prusa Mendel is the Ford Model T of 3D printers." [10] [11]

Prusa Mendel (Iteration 2)

Průša streamlined his Mendel design, releasing "Prusa Iteration 2" in November 2011. Parts changes allowed for snap-fit assembly (no glue required); fewer tools were needed to construct and maintain this version. Although not required, fine-pitch manufactured pulleys and LM8UU linear bearings were recommended over printed equivalents for "professional" results. [12] [13]

Prusa i3

In May 2012, Průša released a major redesign, focused on ease of construction and use, and no longer structured around the simplest available common hardware as previous RepRap printers were. [14] The Prusa i3 design replaced the threaded-rod, triangular Z axis frame construction with a rigid, single-piece water jet cut aluminium vertical frame. This improved printing speed and accuracy by eliminating the need to erect, align and tighten the upper supports on the Mendel, which were easily skewed or twisted out of alignment from the base. M10 threaded rods were still used to support the heated bed Y axis. It used a single piece, food safe stainless steel hot end called the Prusa Nozzle which printed with 3 mm filament, and used M5 threaded rods as lead screws instead of M8. [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]

In 2015, Průša released an i3 full kit under the brand name "Original Prusa i3". [1] For about three months, the Prusa i3 was delivered set up for a proprietary 3 mm filament diameter (which retrospectively has been dubbed the MK0, or "mark zero"), before the MK1 update when it was switched to the more common filament diameter of 1.75 mm. [20]

Prusa i3 MK2 and MK2S

Průša released the Prusa i3 MK2 in May 2016. It was the first hobby 3D printer with mesh bed leveling and automatic geometry skew correction for all three axes. Features included a larger build volume, custom stepper motors with integrated lead screws, a non-contact inductive sensor for auto-leveling, and a rewritten version of the Marlin firmware. [21] [22] [23] Other new features include a polyetherimide print surface, Rambo controller board and an E3D V6 Full hotend. [24] [25] The Prusa MK2 became the first RepRap printer to be supported by Windows 10 Plug-and-Play USB ID. [26]

In March 2017, Průša announced on his blog that the revised Prusa i3 MK2S would ship in place of the Prusa i3 MK2. [27] Enhancements cited include U-bolts to hold the LM8UU bearings where cable ties had been used, higher quality bearings and rods, an improved mount for the inductance sensor, improved cable management, and a new electronics cover. An upgrade kit was offered to owners of the MK2 to add these improvements.

Prusa i3 MK3 and MK2.5

In September 2017, Prusa i3 MK3 was released, marketed as "bloody smart." [28] Starting with this model, the base and Y axis were assembled with aluminum extrusion, eliminating the last of the structural threaded rods from the Mendel design. Included were a new extruder with dual Bondtech drive-gears, quieter fans with RPM monitoring, faster print speeds, an updated bed leveling sensor, a new electronics board named "Einsy", quieter stepper motors with 128 step microstepping drivers and a magnetic heatbed with interchangeable PEI-coated steel sheets. [29] Electrical components were updated to work with the new 24 volt power supply. The printer also offers dedicated sockets to connect Raspberry Pi Zero W running a fork of the open source OctoPrint software for wireless printing.

Ease-of-use features included a filament detector, allowing the printer to load filament when it is inserted, and to pause printing if the filament is jammed or runs out; error-correcting stepper motor drivers preventing layer shifts due to skipped steps; and recovery after power outages. The ambient temperature sensor both confirms suitable environment temperature and detects overheated electrical connections on the main board.

Existing MK2 and MK2S users were offered a $199 partial upgrade named MK2.5, limited to features which are cheaper to upgrade. [30] After negative feedback from the community, Prusa made available a more expensive $500 MK2S to MK3 full upgrade. [28] [31]

Prusa i3 MK3S and MK3S+

In February 2019, Prusa i3 MK3S was released, along with the Multi Material Upgrade 2S (MMU2S), which allows selecting any of 5 different materials for printing together automatically. [32] MK3S changes include a simplified opto-mechanical filament sensor, improved print cooling, and easier access to service the extruder. [33]

Prusa made a running change starting November, 2020 to the Prusa i3 MK3S+. [34] This model has a revised bed leveling sensor and minor parts changes.

Prusa MK4

Original Prusa MK4 Prusa MK4.jpg
Original Prusa MK4

In March 2023, Prusa announced the MK4 and the Multi Material Unit version 3 (MMU3). [35] This model features a new i3 version of their "Nextruder" extruder system first seen on the Prusa XL, no-adjustment load cell bed leveling, a modular replaceable all-metal hot end, a color touchscreen, and die-cast [36] aluminum frame, Y-carriage (heat bed support), and extruder frame. [37] The 32-bit main processor board includes additional safety and monitoring circuits, a network connector, a port for the MMU3, and a Wi-fi module. This is Prusa's first Mendel-based design to include support for local and cloud monitoring and support.

Switching to 0.9 degree stepping motors, and the addition of input shaping and pressure advance, allow the Mendel-style design to print faster while avoiding ringing artifacts and other undesirable patterns imposed on the object being made, even though it does not have the advantages of the box-like structure of CoreXY printers. [38] However, Průša has stated that print quality, not maximum speed, is their design goal. There is a provision for an accelerometer, often used in 3D printing for self-tuning of input shaping, but that component is not included in the final design.

When announced, software for input shaping, touch screen operation, and sensor data collection were not finished, and the Multi Material Unit was not ready for release. Upgrade kits for earlier models likewise were not available for shipping.

Other Prusa models

Following the MK3S, Prusa introduced unrelated models such as the Prusa SL1 (SLA printer), the Prusa Mini (with a cantilever arm) and Prusa XL (using a Core XY method inside a full-frame structure). These printers are not iterations of the Mendel frame design.

Variants

With all aspects of the design freely available under open source and open hardware terms, companies and individuals around the world have produced Prusa i3 copies, variants, and upgrades in assembled and kit form, with thousands offered for sale as early as 2015. [39] [40] [41] Rather than compete directly with these, Prusa Research's strategy is to pursue continual refinement of its designs. [42]

Recognition

Components and materials

Josef Prusa inside an early Prusa i3 MK2 print farm producing 3D printed parts at Prusa Research in Prague, Czech Republic. Josef Prusa in Prusa Research offices inside MK2 printfarm.jpg
Josef Průša inside an early Prusa i3 MK2 print farm producing 3D printed parts at Prusa Research in Prague, Czech Republic.

Plastic parts

All Prusa i3 models use 3D printing filament as feedstock to make parts.

Like other RepRap printers the Prusa i3 is capable of creating many of its own parts, with the designs freely available for repairs, replication, and redesign. Formerly these were printed in ABS plastic; Prusa Research now uses mostly PETG instead. [56] Prusa Research maintains a "print farm" of 600 3D printers (as of October 2021) to manufacture the plastic parts for Original Prusa branded products. [57] [58]

Control system

When the Prusa i3 design was first introduced in 2012, RepRap printers frequently used Open Hardware controllers such as an Arduino Mega combined with an Arduino shield providing the remaining circuitry, such as the RAMPS board. [59] All-in-one versions such as the RAMBo board were becoming available. [60] As a commercial product, Original Prusa i3 up to MK2 used Mini-Rambo. MK3 versions switched to Einsy Rambo boards to provide desired features such as quieter operation. [61] The MK4 uses xBuddy, the first 32-bit board used in the i3 series. [62]

All Original Prusa products use Marlin 3D printing firmware. [63] [64] [65]

First layer control and bed leveling

When extruding the first layer, the print head must be a precise distance away from the print bed for proper adhesion. Many 3D printers rely on the user to complete this process by adjusting the height of the bed at several locations ("bed leveling"). To automate this process, Prusa i3 models from the MK2 in 2016 have a sensor to detect the height of the printbed at different locations, and then adjust for it when printing ("auto-leveling"). [66]

The PINDA series requires an electronic Z-height adjustment which may vary for different heat bed surfaces or different nozzles. The load cell sensor automatically compensates for variations in nozzle size, and thickness and expansion of the heated bed surface, eliminating stored settings for the purpose.

Frames


The distinguishing feature of the i3 from its predecessors is the vertical frame, which can take many forms. These include single sheet frames cut from steel or acrylic, box frames from plywood or medium-density fibreboard, and Lego. [68] [69] [70] [71] Inexpensive aluminum extrusion is commonly used, both by printer enthusiasts and by manufacturers of "clone" i3 printers. [72] [73] Some mass market i3 variants, such as many Shenzhen Creality products, use rollers against the extruded frame itself instead of precision rods and bearings to reduce cost and complexity.

Extruders

Beyond the standard Prusa i3 filament extruders, others have created aftermarket extruders and enthusiast tool heads, including a MIG welder and a laser cutter. [74] [75] [76] Průša offered a collection of functional cooking tools and programs under the name "MK3 Master Chef Upgrade" as an April Fools' Day gag in 2018. [77]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RepRap</span> Self-replicating 3D printer initiative

RepRap is a project to develop low-cost 3D printers that can print most of their own components. As open designs, all of the designs produced by the project are released under a free software license, the GNU General Public License.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MakerBot</span> American desktop 3D printer manufacturer company

MakerBot Industries, LLC was an American desktop 3D printer manufacturer company headquartered in New York City. It was founded in January 2009 by Bre Pettis, Adam Mayer, and Zach "Hoeken" Smith to build on the early progress of the RepRap Project. It was acquired by Stratasys in June 2013. As of April 2016, MakerBot had sold over 100,000 desktop 3D printers worldwide. Between 2009 and 2019, the company released 7 generations of 3D printers, ending with the METHOD and METHOD X. It was at one point the leader of the desktop market with an important presence in the media, but its market share declined over the late 2010s. MakerBot also founded and operated Thingiverse, the largest online 3D printing community and file repository. In August 2022, the company completed a merger with its long-time competitor Ultimaker. The combined company is known as UltiMaker, but retains the MakerBot name for its Sketch line of education-focused 3D printers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thingiverse</span> Design-sharing website

Thingiverse is a website dedicated to the sharing of user-created digital design files. Providing primarily free, open-source hardware designs licensed under the GNU General Public License or Creative Commons licenses, the site allows contributors to select a user license type for the designs that they share. 3D printers, laser cutters, milling machines and many other technologies can be used to physically create the files shared by the users on Thingiverse.

Printrbot is a 3D printer company created by Brook Drumm in 2011 and originally funded through Kickstarter. Printrbot printers use fused deposition modelling to manufacture 3-dimensional artifacts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyman filament extruder</span>

The Lyman filament extruder is a device for making 3-D printer filament suitable for use in 3-D printers like the RepRap. It is named after its developer Hugh Lyman and was the winner of the Desktop Factory Competition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ultimaker</span> Dutch 3D printer manufacturer

Ultimaker is a 3D printer-manufacturing company based in the Netherlands, with offices and assembly lines in the US. They make fused filament fabrication 3D printers, develop 3D printing software, and sell branded 3D printing materials. Their product line includes the Ultimaker S5 and S3, Ultimaker 3 series, Ultimaker 2+ series and Ultimaker Original+. These products are used by industries such as automotive, architecture, healthcare, education, and small scale manufacturing.

A recyclebot is an open-source hardware device for converting waste plastic into filament for open-source 3D printers like the RepRap. Making DIY 3D printer filament at home is both less costly and better for the environment than purchasing conventional 3D printer filament. In following the RepRap tradition there are recyclebot designs that use mostly 3-D printable parts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Airwolf 3D</span>

Airwolf 3D is a company related to 3D printers.

Zortrax is a Polish manufacturer of 3D printers and filaments for SMB market and rapid prototyping for industries, including robotics and automation, architecture, industrial design, engineering, aviation, industrial automation. Zortrax machines work with dedicated software, firmware and filaments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fused filament fabrication</span> 3D printing process

Fused filament fabrication (FFF), also known as fused deposition modeling, or filament freeform fabrication, is a 3D printing process that uses a continuous filament of a thermoplastic material. Filament is fed from a large spool through a moving, heated printer extruder head, and is deposited on the growing work. The print head is moved under computer control to define the printed shape. Usually the head moves in two dimensions to deposit one horizontal plane, or layer, at a time; the work or the print head is then moved vertically by a small amount to begin a new layer. The speed of the extruder head may also be controlled to stop and start deposition and form an interrupted plane without stringing or dribbling between sections. "Fused filament fabrication" was coined by the members of the RepRap project to give an acronym (FFF) that would be legally unconstrained in its use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aleph Objects</span>

Aleph Objects, Inc. was a small manufacturing company based in Loveland, Colorado. Their business model focused around the development of Open-source hardware for 3D printing with full support for Free and open-source software.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RepRap Ormerod</span>

The RepRap Ormerod is an open-source fused deposition modeling 3D printer and is part of the RepRap project. The RepRap Ormerod is named after the English entomologist Eleanor Anne Ormerod, it was designed by RepRapPro. There have been two versions of the Ormerod, the Ormerod 1 was released in December 2013 and the Ormerod 2 released in December 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">3D printing processes</span> List of 3D printing processes

A variety of processes, equipment, and materials are used in the production of a three-dimensional object via additive manufacturing. 3D printing is also known as additive manufacturing, because the numerous available 3D printing process tend to be additive in nature, with a few key differences in the technologies and the materials used in this process.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hangprinter</span> 3D printer

Hangprinter is an open-source fused deposition modeling delta 3D printer notable for its unique frameless design. It was created by Torbjørn Ludvigsen. The Hangprinter uses relatively low cost parts and can be constructed for around US$250. The printer is part of the RepRap project, meaning many of the parts of the printer are able to be produced on the printer itself. The design files for the printer are available on GitHub for download, modification and redistribution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">3D printing filament</span> Thermoplastic feedstock for 3D printers

3D printing filament is the thermoplastic feedstock for fused deposition modeling 3D printers. There are many types of filament available with different properties.

3D makeR Technologies (makeR) is a 3D printer manufacturer. The company started out as an open-source printer company. It was founded between Barcelona and Santa Marta by Carlos Camargo, who currently acts as the CEO of the company. Following the traditional RepRap model, the makeR's first products were as do it yourself kits with an alternative version based on open-source FDM 3D printer Prusa i3, called Prusa Tairona. Current makeR 3D printers are designed with a closed frame and selected build sizes.

Marlin is open source firmware originally designed for RepRap project FDM 3D printers using the Arduino platform.

A slicer is a toolpath generation software used in 3D printing. It facilitates the conversion of a 3D object model to specific instructions for the printer. The slicer converts a model in STL (stereolithography) format into printer commands in G-code format. This is particularly usable in fused filament fabrication and other related 3D printing processes.

Multi-material 3D printing is the additive manufacturing procedure of using multiple materials at the same time to fabricate an object. Similar to single material additive manufacturing it can be realised through methods such as FFF, SLA and Inkjet 3D printing. By expanding the design space to different materials, it establishes the possibilities of creating 3D printed objects of different color or with different material properties like elasticity or solubility. The first multi-material 3D printer Fab@Home became publicly available in 2006. The concept was quickly adopted by the industry followed by many consumer ready multi-material 3D printers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prusa Mini</span> Czech open-source fused deposition modelling 3D printer

The Prusa Mini, sometimes stylized as the Original Prusa MINI, is an open-source fused deposition modeling 3D printer that is manufactured by the Czech company Prusa Research. The printer is the lowest cost machine produced by Prusa Research and is designed as a first printer or as part of a 'print farm'.

References

  1. 1 2 "What's up with Original Prusa i3? – Prusa Printers". Prusa Printers. March 2, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  2. ↑ Ertischek, David (February 3, 2016). "Prusa I3 is a DIY 3D printer you can actually afford". Boy Genius Report . Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  3. ↑ Průša, Josef. "Prusa i3 3D printer". Original Prusa 3D printers.
  4. ↑ "Mendel - RepRap". reprap.org. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  5. ↑ "Distributing 3DP Parts — and Vitamins — With Passion". 3D Printing Industry. August 12, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  6. ↑ "Hot End Design Theory - RepRap". reprap.org. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  7. ↑ Thingiverse.com. "PCB heated print bed by josefprusa". www.thingiverse.com. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
  8. ↑ "first commit · josefprusa/PrusaMendel@6ed4480". GitHub. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  9. ↑ {https://www.reprap.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Prusa_Mendel&oldid=19530}
  10. ↑ Prusa, Josef (October 4, 2010). "RepRap: Blog: Story of simpler Mendel: PLA bushings and X-axis" . Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  11. ↑ User "Scwimbush"; User "Prusajr" (April 12, 2011). "Prusa Mendel - RepRap". reprap.org. Retrieved October 9, 2020.{{cite web}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  12. ↑ "Hobbyist Weekend – With Prusa Mendel 3D Printer". 3D Printing Industry. November 3, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  13. ↑ Průša, Joseph (November 11, 2011). "RepRap: Blog: Prusa Iteration 2" . Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  14. ↑ "initial commit · josefprusa/Prusa3@d3618a6". GitHub. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  15. ↑ "Open Source 3D printing: an Interview with Josef Prusa". Open Electronics. February 5, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  16. ↑ By (November 19, 2014). "Interview With A Printer". Hackaday. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
  17. ↑ "Prusa Nozzle: All metal food safe RepRap hot-end". 3ders.org. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
  18. ↑ By (April 29, 2016). "Fail Of The Week: My 3D Printer Upgrade". Hackaday. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  19. ↑ Research, Josef Prusa / Prusa. "Prusa Nozzle". prusanozzle.org. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  20. ↑ "About Josef Prusa and Prusa Research". Prusa3D - 3D Printers from Josef Průša. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  21. ↑ Gerrit Coetzee (June 15, 2016). "Prusa Shows Us the New i3 MK2 3D Printer and Where the Community is Headed". Hackaday . Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  22. ↑ "Josef Prusa unveils $699 Original Prusa i3 MK2 3D printer". 3ders.org. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  23. ↑ "The first printer to correct its geometry in all axes - Prusa Printers". August 11, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
  24. ↑ "The All New Original Prusa i3 MK2 Kit Has a Ton of New Features". 3DPrint.com. May 18, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
  25. ↑ "Interview with Josef Prusa, CEO and Founder of Prusa Research". 3D Printing Industry. June 9, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  26. ↑ "Microsoft adds network 3D printing support with Windows 10 IoT Core app for Raspberry Pi 3". 3ders.org. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  27. ↑ "Original Prusa I3 MK2S Release". Official Prusa 3D printers community. March 10, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  28. 1 2 "Original Prusa i3 MK3 is out! And it's bloody smart!". Prusa Printers. September 22, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
  29. ↑ "New Original Prusa i3 MK3: Review the Facts Here! | All3DP". All3DP. September 25, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
  30. ↑ "Upgrade Your Prusa i3 MK2 with the "MK2S" Kit". All3DP. March 27, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
  31. ↑ "Prusa Research Offers MK3 Upgrade Kit for Older MK2/S Models". All3DP. October 19, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
  32. ↑ "Original Prusa i3 MK3S and MMU2S release, SL1 and powder-coated sheets update". Prusa Printers. February 12, 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  33. ↑ May 2019, Ali Jennings (May 31, 2019). "Original Prusa i3 MK3S review". TechRadar. Retrieved March 27, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  34. ↑ Průša, Josef (November 24, 2020). "November 2020 Update: Original Prusa i3 MK3S+ and MINI+ now shipping, MINI+ kit in the works, new steel sheet available". Prusa Printers. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
  35. ↑ Les Pounder (March 29, 2023). "Prusa Announces Next-Gen, MK4 3D Printer". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
  36. ↑ Prusa, Josef (March 29, 2023). "Original Prusa MK4 is here: Always perfect first layer, high-speed printing with Input shaper, 32-bit platform, Nextruder, MMU3. SHIPPING NOW!". prusa3d.com.
  37. ↑ Everything you need to know about the new Prusa MK4! , retrieved April 2, 2023
  38. ↑ Harter, Kevin (March 5, 2021). "What is a CoreXY 3D Printer? Find the Advantages & Disadvantages (2023)" . Retrieved April 2, 2023.
  39. ↑ By (December 30, 2012). "[Prusa] interviews a whole bunch of RepRappers". Hackaday. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
  40. ↑ "cheap chinese 3d printers ebay". reprap.org. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
  41. ↑ Prusa, Josef (March 18, 2015). "RepRap Prusa i3 as a 3D Printer benchmark". Prusa Printers. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  42. ↑ "What's up with Original Prusa i3?". March 2, 2016.
  43. ↑ "Jihlavské listy | Aktuality | Noviny Kraje Vysočina". www.jihlavske-listy.cz. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  44. ↑ "Forbes Česko". www.facebook.com. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  45. ↑ "Prusa i3 MK2S". Make: DIY Projects and Ideas for Makers. November 6, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  46. ↑ "Deloitte Technology Fast 50 | Deloitte Central Europe". Deloitte Macedonia. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  47. ↑ "Deloitte Fast 500 EMEA: Two Czech companies in Top 5". Deloitte Czech Republic. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  48. ↑ "3D Printing Trends Q3 2018" (PDF). 3D Hubs. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  49. ↑ "2019 3D Printing Industry Awards winners announced". 3D Printing Industry. June 11, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  50. ↑ "3D punk". Forbes (in Czech). Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  51. ↑ "Original Prusa i3 MK3 Review: Best 3D Printer of 2018". All3DP. May 5, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  52. ↑ "Original Prusa i3 MK3S Review: Best 3D Printer 2020". All3DP. June 18, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  53. ↑ "Best 3D Printer 2020 | Reviews by Wirecutter". The New York Times . July 19, 2020. Archived from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
  54. ↑ "The 4 Best 3D Printers for 2023 | Reviews by Wirecutter". The New York Times . March 30, 2023. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
  55. ↑ "The Best 3D Printer". The New York Times. November 2, 2023. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved November 26, 2023.
  56. ↑ "Original Prusa i3 Mk3 after 2 months". prusaprinters.org. January 22, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  57. ↑ "The great recap of 2020 in Prusa Research and plans for 2021". Prusa Printers. January 14, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  58. ↑ Sertoglu, Kubi (October 4, 2021). "Prusa showcases its new modular 3D printer farm at Dubai's Expo 2020". 3D Printing Industry. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  59. ↑ "Arduino Mega Pololu Shield - RepRap". reprap.org. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  60. ↑ "Rambo - RepRap". reprap.org. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  61. ↑ "EinsyRambo - RepRap". reprap.org. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  62. ↑ "Prusa MK4 vs MK3S+". 4dfiltration.com. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  63. ↑ jbrazio (May 9, 2023). "What is Marlin?". Marlin Firmware. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  64. ↑ "Introduction | Prusa Knowledge Base". help.prusa3d.com. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  65. ↑ "Release 3.0.12-RC2 firmware for Prusa i3 MK2 · prusa3d/Prusa-Firmware". GitHub. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  66. ↑ "Inductive Sensor (3D Printer): All You Need to Know". All3DP. May 30, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  67. ↑ PINDA/SuperPINDA Sensor testing January 2022
  68. ↑ O'Neal, Bridget (June 6, 2016). "Portugal's Reprapalgarve Team Shows Us How to Make a Steel Framed Color 3D Printer for Around $600". 3DPrint.com. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
  69. ↑ O'Neal, Bridget (December 18, 2014). "RepRap iTopie Emerges as Improvement on Prusa i3". 3DPrint.com. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  70. ↑ Sweatman, Will (June 8, 2015). "Lego Printer Prints Lego". Hackaday. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  71. ↑ Buren, Alec (June 3, 2015). "Build your very own Prusa l3 LEGO 3D printer using (almost) nothing but LEGO bricks". 3ders.org. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  72. ↑ "Creality CR-10 S5 Review". Maker Hacks. September 18, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  73. ↑ "Prusa Bear (Full) Upgrade – Is It Worth it?". All3DP. November 24, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  74. ↑ "Dutch students build DIY metal 3D printer using Prusa i3 printer and a MIG welder". 3ders.org. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
  75. ↑ "Students Combine Prusa i3 Printer with a MIG Welder to Create an Affordable Metal 3D Printer". 3DPrint.com. November 17, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
  76. ↑ "DIY 3D Printing: Laser cutting with Prusa Mendel i2". diy3dprinting.blogspot.co.uk. August 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
  77. ↑ "New upgrade for the Original Prusa i3 MK3 is here to change your life". Prusa Printers. April 1, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.