Quantum technology

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Quantum technology is an emerging field of physics and engineering, encompassing technologies that rely on the properties of quantum mechanics, [1] especially quantum entanglement, quantum superposition, and quantum tunneling. Quantum computing, sensors, cryptography, simulation, measurement, imaging, quantum energy generators and space navigation are all examples of emerging quantum technologies. The development of quantum technologies also heavily impacts established fields such as space exploration, [2] the sustainable energy & cleantech sector, nanomanufacturing, semiconductors and laser technology.

Contents

Furthermore, some scientists are researching possible interconnections between quantum biology and quantum technology, for example to better understand immunology [3] and improve healthcare. Apart from its main roots in physics, some types of quantum technology may even involve chemistry or microbiology.

Colloidal quantum dots irradiated with a UV light. Different sized quantum dots emit different colour light due to quantum confinement. QD S.jpg
Colloidal quantum dots irradiated with a UV light. Different sized quantum dots emit different colour light due to quantum confinement.

Secure communications

Quantum secure communication is a method that is expected to be 'quantum safe' in the advent of quantum computing systems that could break current cryptography systems using methods such as Shor's algorithm. These methods include quantum key distribution (QKD), a method of transmitting information using entangled light in a way that makes any interception of the transmission obvious to the user. Another method is the quantum random number generator, which is capable of producing truly random numbers unlike non-quantum algorithms that merely imitate randomness. [4]

Computing

Quantum computers are expected to have a number of important uses in computing fields such as optimization and machine learning. They are perhaps best known for their expected ability to carry out Shor's algorithm, which can be used to factorize large numbers and is an important process in the securing of data transmissions.

Quantum simulators

Quantum simulators are types of quantum computers used to simulate a real world system and can be used to simulate chemical compounds or solve high energy physics problems. [5] [6] Quantum simulators are simpler to build as opposed to general purpose quantum computers because complete control over every component is not necessary. [5] Current quantum simulators under development include ultracold atoms in optical lattices, trapped ions, arrays of superconducting qubits, and others. [5]

Sensors

Quantum sensors are expected to have a number of applications in a wide variety of fields including positioning systems, communication technology, electric and magnetic field sensors, gravimetry [7] as well as geophysical areas of research such as civil engineering [8] and seismology.

History

The field of quantum technology was first outlined in a 1997 book by Gerard J. Milburn, [9] which was then followed by a 2003 article by Jonathan P. Dowling and Gerard J. Milburn, [10] [11] as well as a 2003 article by David Deutsch. [12]

Many devices already available are fundamentally reliant on the effects of quantum mechanics. These include laser systems, transistors and semiconductor devices, as well as other devices such as MRI imagers. The UK Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) grouped these devices as 'quantum 1.0' to differentiate them from what it dubbed 'quantum 2.0', which it defined as a class of devices that actively create, manipulate, and read out quantum states of matter using the effects of superposition and entanglement. [13]

Research programmes

From 2010 onwards, multiple governments have established programmes to explore quantum technologies, [14] such as the UK National Quantum Technologies Programme, [15] which created four quantum 'hubs', the Centre for Quantum Technologies in Singapore, and QuTech, a Dutch center to develop a topological quantum computer. [16] In 2016, the European Union introduced the Quantum Technology Flagship, [17] [18] a €1 Billion, 10-year-long megaproject, similar in size to earlier European Future and Emerging Technologies Flagship projects. [19] [20] In December 2018, the United States passed the National Quantum Initiative Act, which provides a US$1 billion annual budget for quantum research. [21] China is building the world's largest quantum research facility with a planned investment of 76 billion Yuan (approx. €10 Billion). [22] [23] Indian government has also invested 8000 crore Rupees (approx. US$1.02 Billion) over 5-years to boost quantum technologies under its National Quantum Mission. [24]

In the private sector, large companies have made multiple investments in quantum technologies. Organizations such as Google, D-wave systems, and University of California Santa Barbara [25] have formed partnerships and investments to develop quantum technology.

Country/GroupName of Center/ ProjectGovernment control (yes/no/partial)Type of Quantum Technology ResearchEstablished dateFunding
AustraliaAustralian Research Council Centres of ExcellenceYesComputing2017US$94 million
Department of Defence's Next Generation Technologies FundYesIntegrated intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance

Space capabilities

Enhanced human performance

Medical countermeasure products

Multi-disciplinary material sciences

Quantum technologies

Trusted autonomous systems

Cyber

Advanced sensors

Hypersonics

Directed energy capabilities [26]

2016 [27] US$4.5M
Sydney Quantum AcademyPartial Quantum economy December 7, 2020 [28] US$15.0M [29]
Silicon Quantum ComputingPartial Quantum computing May 2017US$83M [30]
CanadaCanadian Space Agency Quantum Encryption and Science SatellitePartial Quantum key distribution(QKD) [31] December 2017
National Research Council of Canada's Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre: Quantum Sensors and Security programPartialLonger-range emerging and disruptive technologies2012US$23M
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council/UK Research and Innovation PartialQuantum technology developmentUS$3.4M
Canada’s National Quantum Strategy PartialThe Strategy will guide investments along three pillars − quantum research, talent and commercialization − toward achieving three key missions, in quantum computers and software, communications and sensors.2023US$267M
ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum PhysicsYesGeneralMay 2015US$10.0B
Quantum Experiments at Space Scale (QUESS) project (the Micius satellite)Yes Quantum key distribution May 2015
Beijing–Shanghai Quantum Secure Communication BackboneYes Quantum Communications May 2015
National Quantum LaboratoryYes Quantum metrology and building a quantum computerMay 2015 (opened in 2020)
European UnionQuantum Technologies Flagship programYes Quantum computing

Quantum simulation

Quantum communication

Quantum metrology and sensing [32]

2018Expected budget of €1 billion [32]
Coordination and support action for Quantum Technology Education (QTEdu)YesEducation [33] 2020
QuantERAYesQuantum technologies2016 [34] €89 million [35]
Open European Quantum Key Distribution (OpenQKD)Yes Quantum-based cryptography [36] Sept. 2, 2019 (ended Sept. 1, 2022) [37] €17 974 246,25 [37]
European Quantum Communication Infrastructure (EuroQCI)Yes Quantum communication infrastructure [38] June 2019 [38] €90,000,000 [39]
FranceNational Strategy for Quantum TechnologiesYes Quantum computing, quantum communications and quantum sensors [40] January 21, 2021 [40] US$1.8B [40]
GermanyQuantum Technologies — From Basic Research to MarketYesQuantum technologiesSeptember 26, 2018€650M [41]
Agenda Quantensysteme 2030Yes quantum computing, quantum simulation, quantum communication, quantum sensors, supporting technologies, public outreachMarch 23, 2021. [42]
Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft-IBM collaborationYes Quantum computing [43] September, 2019 [43] €40M [43]
QuNETYes Quantum communication [44] 2018 [44] €165M [44]
IndiaNational Mission on Quantum Technologies & ApplicationsYes Quantum communication, quantum simulation, quantum computation, Quantum sensing, and quantum metrology [45] 2020 [45] Rs 8000 Crore [45]
IsraelNational Program for Quantum Science and TechnologyYesNational quantum development [46] 2019 [46] US$360 [46]
JapanQuantum Technology Innovation StrategyYesQuantum technology2020US$470
Quantum Strategic Industry Alliance for Revolution (Q-STAR)YesAn industry council to promote quantum technologiesSeptember 1, 2021
Quantum Leap Flagship ProgramYesSuperconducting quantum computer, quantum simulation, quantum computing, solid state quantum sensors, lasers [47] 2018 [47] US$200M [47]
The Moonshot Research and Development Program (Goal 6)Yes Quantum computing 2019 [48] US$963M for total program not just quantum [48]
NetherlandsNational Agenda for Quantum Technology: Quantum Delta NLYes Quantum computing, quantum communication, and quantum sensing [49] 2020 [50] €615M [50]
Russia Rosatom YesQuantum technologies and research infrastructure [51] 2021 [51] 23 billion rubles [51]
RZD (Russian Railways)Yes Quantum Communications [52] October 2021 [52] 138M Russian rubles [52]
SingaporeQuantum Engineering ProgramYesQuantum technology [53] 2018 [53] US$121.6M [53]
Centre for Quantum Technologies (CQT)YesQuantum Technologies [54] 2007 [54] US$194.9M [54]
SGInnovate- Quantum Technologies [55] YesDigital financing2015 [56]
South KoreaQuantum Computing Technology Development ProjectYesQuantum technologies [57] 2019 [57] US$39.8M [57]
United KingdomNational Quantum Technologies ProgrammeYesFunding UK quantum technologies [58] 2013 [59] US$1B [58]
National Quantum Computing Centre Yes Quantum computing [60] Set to open in 2023 [60] £93m [60]
Rigetti Computing Partial Quantum computing [61] 2013 [62] US$268m [62]
United StatesQuantum Industry ConsortiumYesGeneral "quantum ecosystem" (quantum industry supply chain, federal R&D investment priorities, standards and regulation, industry interactions, etc.) [63] 2018US$1.25B [64]
National Quantum Coordination Office YesQuantum technology research and development [65] 2019 [65]
The Department of Energy Office of Science [66] Yes Quantum computing, quantum algorithms, quantum sensors, quantum processors, quantum networks and quantum simulation [66] [67] 2019US$900M (US$300M in FY 2023) [68] [69]
The National Science Foundation (Five Quantum Leap Challenges Institutes)Yes Quantum computing, quantum sensors, quantum processors, quantum biological sensing, and quantum simulation [70] [71] 2020 [71] US$125M [70] [71]
National Quantum Initiative Act YesQuantum information science and Quantum technology development [72] Dec. 21, 2018 [72] US$1.275B [72]
MonArk Quantum FoundryPartialDevelopment of quantum materials and devices [73] August 17, 2021 [74] US$19,990,000 [74]
Center for Quantum NetworksPartial Quantum computing [75] 2020 [75] US$26 m [75]
National Q-12 Education PartnershipYesEducation [76] 2020 [76] US$1M [76]
Quantum Wellness TechnologiesNoQuantum information science and Quantum technology development [77] 2023 [77]

See also

Related Research Articles

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a secure communication method that implements a cryptographic protocol involving components of quantum mechanics. It enables two parties to produce a shared random secret key known only to them, which then can be used to encrypt and decrypt messages. The process of quantum key distribution is not to be confused with quantum cryptography, as it is the best-known example of a quantum-cryptographic task.

In quantum computing, a quantum algorithm is an algorithm that runs on a realistic model of quantum computation, the most commonly used model being the quantum circuit model of computation. A classical algorithm is a finite sequence of instructions, or a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem, where each step or instruction can be performed on a classical computer. Similarly, a quantum algorithm is a step-by-step procedure, where each of the steps can be performed on a quantum computer. Although all classical algorithms can also be performed on a quantum computer, the term quantum algorithm is generally reserved for algorithms that seem inherently quantum, or use some essential feature of quantum computation such as quantum superposition or quantum entanglement.

Quantum programming is the process of designing or assembling sequences of instructions, called quantum circuits, using gates, switches, and operators to manipulate a quantum system for a desired outcome or results of a given experiment. Quantum circuit algorithms can be implemented on integrated circuits, conducted with instrumentation, or written in a programming language for use with a quantum computer or a quantum processor.

Quantum networks form an important element of quantum computing and quantum communication systems. Quantum networks facilitate the transmission of information in the form of quantum bits, also called qubits, between physically separated quantum processors. A quantum processor is a machine able to perform quantum circuits on a certain number of qubits. Quantum networks work in a similar way to classical networks. The main difference is that quantum networking, like quantum computing, is better at solving certain problems, such as modeling quantum systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jonathan Dowling</span> Irish-American physicist (1955–2020)

Jonathan P. Dowling was an Irish-American researcher and professor in theoretical physics, known for his work on quantum technology, particularly for exploiting quantum entanglement for applications to quantum metrology, quantum sensing, and quantum imaging.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jens Eisert</span> German physicist

Jens Eisert is a German physicist, ERC fellow, and professor at the Free University of Berlin. He is also affiliated with the Helmholtz Association and the Fraunhofer Society.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quantum simulator</span> Simulators of quantum mechanical systems

Quantum simulators permit the study of a quantum system in a programmable fashion. In this instance, simulators are special purpose devices designed to provide insight about specific physics problems. Quantum simulators may be contrasted with generally programmable "digital" quantum computers, which would be capable of solving a wider class of quantum problems.

In quantum mechanics, the cat state, named after Schrödinger's cat, is a quantum state composed of two diametrically opposed conditions at the same time, such as the possibilities that a cat is alive and dead at the same time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christopher Monroe</span> American physicist

Christopher Roy Monroe is an American physicist and engineer in the areas of atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum information science, especially quantum computing. He directs one of the leading research and development efforts in ion trap quantum computing. Monroe is the Gilhuly Family Presidential Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at Duke University and is College Park Professor of Physics at the University of Maryland and Fellow of the Joint Quantum Institute and Joint Center for Quantum Computer Science. He is also co-founder of IonQ, Inc.

Linear optical quantum computing or linear optics quantum computation (LOQC), also photonic quantum computing (PQC), is a paradigm of quantum computation, allowing (under certain conditions, described below) universal quantum computation. LOQC uses photons as information carriers, mainly uses linear optical elements, or optical instruments (including reciprocal mirrors and waveplates) to process quantum information, and uses photon detectors and quantum memories to detect and store quantum information.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UK National Quantum Technologies Programme</span>

The UK National Quantum Technologies Programme (UKNQTP) is a programme set up by the UK government to translate academic work on quantum mechanics, and the effects of quantum superposition and quantum entanglement into new products and services. It brings UK physicists and engineers together with companies and entrepreneurs who have an interest in commercialising the technology.

Quil is a quantum instruction set architecture that first introduced a shared quantum/classical memory model. It was introduced by Robert Smith, Michael Curtis, and William Zeng in A Practical Quantum Instruction Set Architecture. Many quantum algorithms require a shared memory architecture. Quil is being developed for the superconducting quantum processors developed by Rigetti Computing through the Forest quantum programming API. A Python library called pyQuil was introduced to develop Quil programs with higher level constructs. A Quil backend is also supported by other quantum programming environments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Qiskit</span> Open-source software development kit

Qiskit is an open-source software development kit (SDK) for working with quantum computers at the level of circuits, pulses, and algorithms. It provides tools for creating and manipulating quantum programs and running them on prototype quantum devices on IBM Quantum Platform or on simulators on a local computer. It follows the circuit model for universal quantum computation, and can be used for any quantum hardware that follows this model.

Simon John Devitt is an Australian theoretical quantum physicist who has worked on large-scale Quantum computing architectures, Quantum network systems design, Quantum programming development and Quantum error correction. In 2022 he was appointed as a member to Australia's National Quantum Advisory Committee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Quantum Initiative Act</span> 2018 United States law funding quantum computing and technology research

The National Quantum Initiative Act is an Act of Congress passed on December 13, 2018, and signed into law on December 21, 2018. The law gives the United States a plan for advancing quantum technology, particularly quantum computing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Xanadu Quantum Technologies</span> Quantum computing company based in Toronto, Canada

Xanadu Quantum Technologies is a Canadian quantum computing hardware and software company headquartered in Toronto, Ontario. The company develops cloud accessible photonic quantum computers and develops open-source software for quantum machine learning and simulating quantum photonic devices.

In quantum computing, the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is a quantum algorithm for quantum chemistry, quantum simulations and optimization problems. It is a hybrid algorithm that uses both classical computers and quantum computers to find the ground state of a given physical system. Given a guess or ansatz, the quantum processor calculates the expectation value of the system with respect to an observable, often the Hamiltonian, and a classical optimizer is used to improve the guess. The algorithm is based on the variational method of quantum mechanics.

This glossary of quantum computing is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in quantum computing, its sub-disciplines, and related fields.

The Quantum Technologies Flagship is a European Union scientific research initiative. With a budget of €1 billion, it is one of the large scale initiatives organized by the Future and Emerging Technologies program, along with the Human Brain Project and the Graphene Flagship.The Quantum Flagship funds over 5,000 Europeans researchers over ten years. Its long term vision is to develop in Europe a quantum web, where quantum computers, simulators and sensors are interconnected via quantum communication networks. The objective being to develop in Europe a competitive quantum industry making research results available as commercial applications and disruptive technologies.

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