Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force

The People's Liberation Army (PLA) has not always used ranks or insignia. In common with the practice of the Red Army at the time of its founding in 1927, neither were used until 1955 when a system of ranks was established. As a result of the Cultural Revolution, ranks were abolished in May 1965 (this led to a similar reform in Albania in the midst of the Albanian Cultural and Ideological Revolution). After the Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979, reforms in the PLA began to be made to professionalize the armed forces once more. The 1984 Military Service Law provided for the resumption of rank, but disagreements on what ranks were to be used and who would receive them caused the revival of rank to be delayed until 1988. The following ranks and their respective insignia shown are those used by the People's Liberation Army Ground Force.

Current ranking system

PLAGF officers

The current system of officer ranks and insignia, a revision of the ranks and insignia established in 1955, began usage in 1988. The 1955 to 1965 marshal officer ranks of yuánshuài (5-star Marshal) and dà yuánshuài (6-star grand marshal) were not revived. The general officer ranks (jiang) were revised by the addition of semi-circular wreath at the bottom of the insignia and by a change in the name of the highest general officer rank from da jiang (4-star General) to yi ji shang jiang (4-star first class colonel general). This highest rank in the new system was never held and was abolished in 1994. The field officer (Xiao) and company officer (Wei) ranks were the same in title and insignia except that highest company-level officer rank of Da Wei in the 1955 to 1965 system was not included in the revived ranks. The final difference between the two systems is that in 1955 to 1965 there existed a warrant officer rank, Zhun Wei, which was not incorporated in the revived rank system, while new system had a rank for officer cadets, Xue Yuan. Despite being the rank below Shao Wei in both systems, the insignia have no similarities.

Officer rank names are usually not translated literally, but rather to a corresponding rank system. This can lead to different translations being used depending on the system chosen for the correspondences. The 1955–1965 system, with its greater number of officer ranks, is usually translated using the Soviet rank system of that era, while the modern officer ranks are usually given a NATO rank correspondence. For example, the non-literal translation used for the rank of Shang Jiang (literally "senior general") depends on whether one is comparing it to Soviet or Russian ranks (colonel general) or to British or U.S. ranks (general).

Title	上将 Shang jiang	中将 Zhong jiang	少将 Shao jiang	大校 Da xiao	上校 Shang xiao	中校 Zhong xiao	少校 Shao xiao	上尉 Shang wei	中尉 Zhong wei	少尉 Shao wei	学员 Xue yuan
Equivalent translation	General	Lieutenant general	Major general	Senior colonel	Colonel	Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	First lieutenant	Second lieutenant	Officer cadet
Shoulder insignia
Collar insignia

PLAGF other ranks personnel

The current system of other ranks and insignia dates from 2009. ^[1]

Unlike NATO countries, new recruits of the People's Liberation Army have no military ranks before the boot camp is completed, and they will be awarded the rank of Private/Seaman Apprentice/Airman (All collectively called "Private" or "Lie Bing" in the Chinese Language) after they have graduated from the boot camp. ^[2] According to Article 16 of Chapter 3 of the "Regulations on the Service of Active Soldiers of the Chinese People's Liberation Army" (Chinese :中国人民解放军现役士兵服役条例), "The lowest enlisted rank is Private". ^[2]

Title	一级军士长 Yi ji jun shi zhang	二级军士长 Er ji jun shi zhang	三级军士长 San ji jun shi zhang	四级军士长 Si ji jun shi zhang	上士 Shang shi	中士 Zhong shi	下士 Xia shi	上等兵 Shang deng bing	列兵 Lie bing
Equivalent translation	Master sergeant first class	Master sergeant second class	Master sergeant third class	Master sergeant fourth class	Staff sergeant	Sergeant	Corporal	Lance Corporal	Private
Shoulder insignia
Collar insignia

Other military branches

The ranks of the People's Liberation Army Air Force generally has the same names, position and ranks as the People's Liberation Army Ground Force, and their insignia correspond except Air Force ranks are on a light blue background instead of green.

Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Navy also have corresponding insignia with a black background, but are only worn with the dress white uniforms, as only sleeve insignia are used in the dress blue uniform for officers, with other ranks retaining the shoulder board insignia.

Historic ranks

1955–65 rank system

The PLA adopted ranks in 1955. ^[3] The insignia used by officers from 1955 to 1965 by the PLA Ground Force were modelled on those used by the Soviet Army at the time and similar to the earlier Imperial Japanese Army on collar insignia, with the primary differences being the existence of an additional field officer rank, and the insignia of the highest general officer rank being four stars unlike the one large star used by the Soviet Armed Forces starting in 1963. The NCO insignia of that period showed Japanese influence with the use of stars on the collars with the specialty badge on the side. While general duties officers wore the shoulder board pattern shown below (gold and red), technical service officers sported white and red shoulder boards with their rank insignia. Ranks were abolished during the Cultural Revolution. ^[3]

Timeline of change

Officer ranks

Rank group	General/flag officers										Senior officers						Junior officers								Officer cadet
PLA Ground Force [4] (1955–1965) v t e
	大元帥 Da yuan shuai	元帥 Yuan shuai	大将 Dà jiàng	上将 Shàngjiàng	中将 Zhōngjiàng		少将 Shàojiàng				大校 Dàxiào	上校 Shàngxiào	中校 Zhōngxiào		少校 Shàoxiào		大尉 Dàwèi	上尉 Shàngwèi	中尉 Zhōngwèi			少尉 Shàowèi			准尉 Zhǔnwèi
No ranks (1965–1985)
No ranks (1985–1988)
PLA Ground Force [5] (1988–1994) v t e
			一级上将 Yī jí shàng jiàng	上将 Shàngjiàng	中将 Zhōngjiàng		少将 Shàojiàng				大校 Dàxiào	上校 Shàngxiào	中校 Zhōngxiào		少校 Shàoxiào		上尉 Shàngwèi		中尉 Zhōngwèi			少尉 Shàowèi			准尉 Zhǔnwèi

Other ranks

Rank group	Senior NCOs																						Junior NCOs						Enlisted
PLA Ground Force (1955–1965) v t e
											上士 Shàng shì						中士 Zhōng shì						下士 Xià shì						上等兵 Shàngděngbīng						列兵 Lièbīng
No ranks (1965–1985)
No ranks (1985–1988)
PLA Ground Force (1988–1994) v t e
							Jūn shì zhǎng		Zhuān yè jūn shì		上士 Shàng shì						中士 Zhōng shì						下士 Xià shì						上等兵 Shàngděngbīng						列兵 Lièbīng
PLA Ground Force (1995–1999) v t e
	四级军士长 Sì jí jūn shì zhǎng		Sì jí zhuān yè jūn shì		三级军士长 Sān jí jūn shì zhǎng	Sān jí zhuān yè jūn shì	二级军士长 Èr jí jūn shì zhǎng	Èr jí zhuān yè jūn shì	一级军士长 Yī jí jūn shì zhǎng	Yī jí zhuān yè jūn shì	上士 Shàng shì						中士 Zhōng shì						下士 Xià shì						上等兵 Shàngděngbīng						列兵 Lièbīng
PLA Ground Force (2000–2007) v t e
	Liu ji shi guan						Wu ji shi guan		Si ji shi guan		San ji shi guan						Er ji shi guan						Yi ji shi guan						上等兵 Shàngděngbīng						列兵 Lièbīng

See also

• Republic of China Army rank insignia
• Ranks and insignia of space forces

References

1. 全军和武警部队年底前将全面施行新的士官制度
2. "中国人民解放军现役士兵服役条例(Regulations on the Service of Active Soldiers of the Chinese People's Liberation Army)" (in Chinese). Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China. March 2, 2016.
3. "China's People's Liberation Army, the world's second largest conventional..." UPI. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
4. Ping, Xu (7 August 2017). "我军建军九十年军衔制度沿革" [The evolution of our military rank system over the ninety years of its establishment]. mod.gov.cn (in Chinese). Ministry of National Defense. p. 5. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
5. Ping, Xu (7 August 2017). "我军建军九十年军衔制度沿革" [The evolution of our military rank system over the ninety years of its establishment]. mod.gov.cn (in Chinese). Ministry of National Defense. p. 6. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2021.

External links

• PLA Uniforms and Insignia
• Military ranks of the People's Liberation Army, on pre-2007 uniforms