Richmond 34

Last updated March 14, 2024

The Richmond 34 refers to a group of Virginia Union University students who participated in a nonviolent sit-in at the lunch counter of Thalhimers department store in downtown Richmond, Virginia. The event was one of many sit-ins to occur throughout the civil rights movement in the 1960s and was essential to helping desegregate the city of Richmond.

Background

Like many cities in the early 1960s, downtown Richmond, Virginia was segregated. In department stores, African Americans were allowed to buy clothes but were not allowed to try them on or return them. The lunch counters at these department stores were either segregated or they simply did not serve African Americans at all.

Inspired by the Greensboro sit-ins and Martin Luther King Jr. (who had given a talk at Virginia Union University on January 1, 1960), students at VUU planned to hold nonviolent sit-in at department stores in downtown Richmond, Virginia.^[1]

Actions at Thalhimers department store

On the morning of February 22, 1960, 34 students from Virginia Union University went to Thalhimers Department Store located in the heart of downtown Richmond, Virginia. They walked into the department store and sat down at the whites-only lunch counter and demanded to be served. The students were then asked to leave and when they failed to do so were arrested and charged with trespassing.^[2] They were taken to jail but then shortly released on bail.^[3]

Legal issues

The Richmond 34 all saw court sometime in March 1960 and were all convicted of trespassing and were fined $20 each. All 34 members later appealed this decision.^[4] The case soon made it to the Virginia Supreme court where the Richmond 34's original conviction was upheld. The court judged that it was the shop owners' constitutional right to forgo service to someone. The 34 members then decided to appeal to the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court's attitude towards sit-ins was uncertain before the 34s' appeal but decided in 1963 to grant a GVR, in essence repealing the 34s' convictions.^[5] The protestors were found innocent of their crimes, in another major victory for Civil Rights in the United States.

Overall impact

For nearly a year after African Americans set up boycotts of stores with segregated facilities and picket lines to encourage people to not buy from stores with segregation.^[2]

The economic impact on downtown business was difficult to manage for the store owners so, very quietly, they decided to integrate all of the main floor lunch counters.^[6] By the end of 1960, Thalhimers had integrated its facilities.^[7] Almost a year after the Richmond 34 were arrested, the Richmond Room was desegregated. A group of the original protestors went, to see if they would receive service. One of the protestors, Leroy Bray, recalled, "We were served, and it was over."^[8]

In 1963, William Thalhimer Jr., was asked by President John F. Kennedy to come to Washington to consult with him before he sent his civil rights bill to congress.

Legacy

The Richmond 34 sit-in at Thalhimers Department store went largely unremembered until 2010 despite its important impact on the desegregation of Richmond, VA and the overall civil rights movement.

In February 2010, Virginia Union University played host to a celebration for the Richmond 34. This was held in honor of the group's 50th anniversary of the sit-in and it was the first celebration of its kind for the group.

In addition to the 50th anniversary celebration, a memorial mile marker honoring the 34 was placed where Thalhimers once stood.

Members of the Richmond 34

Alphabetically, the following were the sit-in members who became known collectively as the Richmond 34: Leroy M. Bray Jr., Gordon Coleman, Gloria C. Collins, Robert B. Dalton, Joseph E. Ellison, Marise L. Ellison, Wendell T. Foster Jr., Anderson J. Franklin, Woodrow B. Grant, Albert Van Graves Jr., George Wendall Harris Jr., Thalma Y. Hickman, Joanna Hinton, Carolyn Ann Horne, Richard C. Jackson, Elizabeth Patricia Johnson, Ford Tucker Johnson Jr., Milton Johnson, Celia E. Jones, Clarence A. Jones, John J. McCall, Frank George Pinkston, Larry Pridgen, Leotis L. Pryor, Raymond B. Randolph Jr., Samuel T. Shaw, Charles Melvin Sherrod, Virginia G. Simms, Ronald B. Smith, Barbara A. Thornton, Randolph A. Tobias, Donald Vincent-Goode, Patricia A. Washington, and Lois B. White.

Related Research Articles

A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change. The protestors gather conspicuously in a space or building, refusing to move unless their demands are met. The often clearly visible demonstrations are intended to spread awareness among the public, or disrupt the goings-on of the protested organisation. Lunch counter sit-ins were a nonviolent form of protest used to oppose segregation during the civil rights movement, and often provoked heckling and violence from those opposed to their message.

Thalhimers was a department store chain in the Southern United States. Based in Richmond, Virginia, the chain at its peak operated dozens of stores in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and one store in Memphis, Tennessee. Thalhimer's traditions were most notable during the holiday season with visits from the sticker-distributing Snow Bear and, in later years, the arrival of Lego Land at the downtown Richmond store.

The Greensboro sit-ins were a series of nonviolent protests in February to July 1960, primarily in the Woolworth store—now the International Civil Rights Center and Museum—in Greensboro, North Carolina, which led to the F. W. Woolworth Company department store chain removing its policy of racial segregation in the Southern United States. While not the first sit-in of the civil rights movement, the Greensboro sit-ins were an instrumental action, and also the best-known sit-ins of the civil rights movement. They are considered a catalyst to the subsequent sit-in movement, in which 70,000 people participated. This sit-in was a contributing factor in the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

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References

↑ Hylton, Raymond Pierre (November 5, 2008). "The Barriers They Broke". Style Weekly . Retrieved June 14, 2020.
1 2 Wallenstein, Peter (February 21, 2010). "Remembering a Day That Began to Change Everything". Richmond Times-Dispatch . Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
↑ Squire, Sabrina (February 22, 2010). "'Richmond 34' commemorate anniversary, get together for first time since sit-in". NBC 12 . Retrieved June 14, 2020.
↑ "'They knew what was right': A restaurant sit-in and the story of the Richmond 34". Virginia Commonwealth University. February 19, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
↑ Randolph v. Virginia, 374U.S.97 (1963).
↑ Autry, Curt (February 22, 2010). "Civil rights movement hits 'Richmond Room' at Thalhimer's". NBC 12 . Retrieved June 14, 2020.
↑ Langan-Egan, Maureen; Winiecki, Susan J. (2017). Richmond's Culinary History: Seeds of Change. p. 136. ISBN 9781467138154 . Retrieved June 14, 2020.
↑ Kapsidelis, Karin (February 14, 2010). "1960 sit-in put Richmond on road to change". Richmond Times-Dispatch . Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.