Stuart Parkin

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Stuart Parkin
Stuart Parkin 2023 2.jpg
Stuart S. P. Parkin at the Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics
Born
Stuart Stephen Papworth Parkin

(1955-12-09) 9 December 1955 (age 68)
Watford, England
NationalityBritish
Alma mater University of Cambridge
Known forDiscoveries on spintronic materials, that allowed a 1000-fold increase in hard disk data density.
Awards Europhysics Prize (1997)
Humboldt Research Award (2004)
Dresden Barkhausen Award (2009)
IUPAP Magnetism Award and Néel Medal (2009)
David Adler Lectureship Award (2012)
Von Hippel Award (2012)
Swan Medal and Prize (2013)
Millennium Technology Prize (2014)
King Faisal Prize (2021)
Clarivate Citation Laureate (2023)
APS Medal (2024)
Draper Prize (2024)
Scientific career
Fields Material Sciences Spintronics
Institutions Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics
University of Halle-Wittenberg
Stanford University
IBM Research

Stuart Stephen Papworth Parkin (born 9 December 1955 [1] ) is an experimental physicist, Managing Director at the Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics in Halle and an Alexander von Humboldt Professor at the Institute of Physics of the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg. [2]

Contents

He is a pioneer in the science and application of spintronic materials, and has made discoveries into the behaviour of thin-film magnetic structures that were critical in enabling recent increases in the data density and capacity of computer hard-disk drives. For these discoveries, he was awarded the 2014 Millennium Technology Prize. [3] [4]

Before his current position, Parkin was an IBM Fellow and manager of the magnetoelectronics group at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California. He was also a consulting professor in the department of applied physics at Stanford University and director of the IBM-Stanford Spintronic Science and Applications Center, which was formed in 2004. [5]

Education and early life

A native of Watford, England, [6] Parkin received his B.A. (1977) and was elected a research fellow (1979) at Trinity College, Cambridge, England, and was awarded his PhD (1980) at the Cavendish Laboratory, also in Cambridge. He joined IBM in 1982 as a World Trade Post-doctoral Fellow, becoming a permanent member of the staff the following year. In 1999 he was named an IBM Fellow, IBM's highest technical honour. [7]

Research and career

In 2007 Parkin was named a distinguished visiting professor at the National University of Singapore, a visiting chair professor at the National Taiwan University, and an honorary visiting professor at University College London, The United Kingdom. In 2008, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. [8] The Materials Research Network Dresden granted him the Dresden Barkhausen Award in 2009. [9] Parkin has been awarded honorary doctorates by the University of Aachen, Germany and the Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands. [7]

In 1989 Stuart Parkin discovered the phenomenon of oscillatory interlayer coupling in magnetic multilayers, by which magnetic layers are magnetically coupled via an intervening non-magnetic metallic spacer layer. Parkin found that the sign of the exchange coupling oscillates from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic with an oscillation period of just a few atomic layers. Remarkably, Parkin discovered this phenomenon in thin film magnetic heterostructures that he prepared in a simple home-made sputtering system. Parkin, moreover, showed that this phenomenon is displayed by almost all metallic transition elements. In what is often referred to as "Parkin's Periodic Table", Parkin showed that the strength of this oscillatory interlayer exchange interaction varied systematically across the Periodic Table of the elements. Parkin made numerous other fundamental discoveries which continued the development of the field of "spintronics" of which he is recognised as a prolific scientist.

Later Parkin improved magnetic tunnelling junctions, a device invented in the 1970s by Julliere, and revolutionized by Jagadeesh Moodera of MIT. This element can create a high performance magnetic random access memory in 1995. [6] Magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) promises unique attributes of high speed, high density and non-volatility. The development by Parkin in 2001 of giant tunnelling magnetoresistance in magnetic tunnel junctions using highly textured MgO tunnel barriers has made MRAM even more promising. IBM developed the first MRAM prototype in 1999 and is currently developing a 16 Mbit chip.

Parkin's research interests include organic superconductors, high-temperature superconductors, and, most recently, magnetic thin film structures and spintronic materials and devices for advanced sensor, memory, and logic applications. Most recently, Parkin has proposed and is working on a novel storage class memory device, The Magnetic Racetrack memory, which could replace both hard disk drives and many forms of conventional solid state memory. [10] [11] His research interests also include spin transistors and spin-logic devices that may enable a new generation of low-power electronics.

Parkin has received two ERC Advanced Grants: The first was awarded in 2014 and focused on spin-orbitronics for electronic technologies ("SORBET"). The second was awarded in 2022, focusing on the interplay between chirality, spin textures and superconductivity at manufactured interfaces ("SUPERMINT"). [12]

Parkin has authored over 670 papers and has more than 123 issued patents. [2] Clarivate has named Parkin a "Highly Cited Researcher in the field of Physics" for the years 2018–2022. [13] He is also the chief editor of Spin, one of World Scientific's newest journals, which publishes articles in spin electronics. [14]

Awards

Parkin is the recipient of numerous honours, including the Gutenberg Research Award (2008), a Humboldt Research Award (2004), the 1999–2000 American Institute of Physics Prize for Industrial Applications of Physics, [15] the European Physical Society's Europhysics Prize (1997), the American Physical Society's International New Materials Prize (1994), the MRS Outstanding Young Investigator Award (1991) and the Charles Vernon Boys Prize from the Institute of Physics, London (1991). In 2001, he was named the first "Innovator of the Year" by R&D Magazine and in October 2007 was received the "No Boundaries" Award for Innovation from The Economist . In 2009, Parkin received the IUPAP Magnetism Award and Néel Medal  [ de ] of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. [16] In 2012, Parkin was awarded the Von Hippel Award of the Materials Research Society. [17] In April 2014, Parkin was awarded the Millennium Technology Prize for his work on spintronic materials, "leading to a prodigious growth in the capacity to store digital information". [3] [4] In 2021 he received the King Faisal Prize in Science. [18] In 2023, Parkin was named a Clarivate Citation Laureate in Physics, an award given out to scientists considered likely to receive a Nobel Prize in the future. [19] Parkin received the 2024 APS Medal for contributions to spintronics and data storage. [20] Parkin was awarded the Charles Stark Draper Prize in 2024 for his "inventions in the field of spintronics". [21]

Memberships

Parkin is a Fellow of the Royal Society, the American Physical Society, the Materials Research Society, the Institute of Physics (London), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Gutenberg Research College (GRC).

In 2008, Parkin was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences. [22] In 2009, he was elected into the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to development of spin-engineered magnetic heterostructures for magnetic sensors and memory devices. [23] In 2012, he was elected into The World Academy of Sciences. [24] The same year, he received an Honorary fellowship of the Indian Academy of Sciences. [25] In 2015, he became a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. [26] In March 2016, Parkin was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland's national academy of science and letters. [27] In 2019, he became a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering. [28]

Related Research Articles

Spintronics, also known as spin electronics, is the study of the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in solid-state devices. The field of spintronics concerns spin-charge coupling in metallic systems; the analogous effects in insulators fall into the field of multiferroics.

Magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) is a type of non-volatile random-access memory which stores data in magnetic domains. Developed in the mid-1980s, proponents have argued that magnetoresistive RAM will eventually surpass competing technologies to become a dominant or even universal memory. Currently, memory technologies in use such as flash RAM and DRAM have practical advantages that have so far kept MRAM in a niche role in the market.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spin valve</span>

A spin valve is a device, consisting of two or more conducting magnetic materials, whose electrical resistance can change between two values depending on the relative alignment of the magnetization in the layers. The resistance change is a result of the giant magnetoresistive effect. The magnetic layers of the device align "up" or "down" depending on an external magnetic field. In the simplest case, a spin valve consists of a non-magnetic material sandwiched between two ferromagnets, one of which is fixed (pinned) by an antiferromagnet which acts to raise its magnetic coercivity and behaves as a "hard" layer, while the other is free (unpinned) and behaves as a "soft" layer. Due to the difference in coercivity, the soft layer changes polarity at lower applied magnetic field strength than the hard one. Upon application of a magnetic field of appropriate strength, the soft layer switches polarity, producing two distinct states: a parallel, low-resistance state, and an antiparallel, high-resistance state. The invention of spin valves is credited to Dr. Stuart Parkin and his team at IBM Almaden Research Centre. Dr. Parkin is now serving as the Managing Director of the Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics in Halle, Germany.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spin-transfer torque</span> Physical magnetic effect

Spin-transfer torque (STT) is an effect in which the orientation of a magnetic layer in a magnetic tunnel junction or spin valve can be modified using a spin-polarized current.

John Michael David Coey, known as Michael Coey, is a Belfast-born experimental physicist working in the fields of magnetism and spintronics. He is an Emeritus professor at the Trinity College Dublin (TCD).

Racetrack memory or domain-wall memory (DWM) is an experimental non-volatile memory device under development at IBM's Almaden Research Center by a team led by physicist Stuart Parkin. In early 2008, a 3-bit version was successfully demonstrated. If it were to be developed successfully, racetrack memory would offer storage density higher than comparable solid-state memory devices like flash memory.

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References

  1. ↑ "Curriculum Vitae Professor Dr. Stuart Parkin" (PDF). German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  2. 1 2 "Prof. Dr. Stuart Parkin: Curriculum Vitae". Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  3. 1 2 "Physicist Stuart Parkin wins 2014 Millennium Technology Prize for opening big data era". Technology Academy Finland. Archived from the original on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  4. 1 2 Davis, Nicola (9 April 2014). "Stuart Parkin awarded prestigious Millennium Technology Prize". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  5. ↑ IBM-Stanford Spintronic Science and Applications Center Archived 12 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  6. 1 2 Solon, Olivia (9 April 2014). "Data storage pioneer wins €1m Millennium Technology Prize". Wired. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  7. 1 2 "Alexander von Humboldt Professorship – The Award Winners 2014". Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  8. ↑ "Election to U.S. National Academy of Sciences". Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 27 May 2008.
  9. ↑ "List of the Barkhausen Awardees". Materials Research Network Dresden. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  10. ↑ "Stuart S.P. Parkin". IBM Research. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  11. ↑ "Hard disk pioneer Stuart Parkin wins Millennium Prize". BBC News. 9 April 2014. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  12. ↑ "Prof. Dr. Stuart Parkin wins his second ERC Advanced Grant". Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  13. ↑ "Stuart Parkin". Web of Science. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  14. ↑ "Stuart Parkin, Chief Editor of Spin". World Scientific. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  15. ↑ "Stuart Parkin". American Institute of Physics. 14 January 2014. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  16. ↑ "C9: Awards". IUPAP: The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. 10 March 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  17. ↑ "Materials Research Society". MRS Awards: Von Hippel Award. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  18. ↑ "King Faisal Prize 2021". Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  19. ↑ "Prof. Dr. Stuart Parkin recognized as Clarivate Citation Laureate". Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  20. ↑ "Stuart Parkin to Receive American Physical Society's Highest Award for Contributions to Spintronics and Data Storage". www.aps.org. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  21. ↑ "'Spintronics' Pioneer Receives Draper Prize, Engineering's Top Honor". www.draper.com. 3 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  22. ↑ "Stuart S. P. Parkin". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  23. ↑ "Prof. Dr. Stuart S. P. Parkin". NAE Website. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  24. ↑ "Parkin, Stuart Stephen Papworth". The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS). Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  25. ↑ "Prof. S S P Parkin". Indian Academy of Sciences, Bengaluru: Fellows' portal. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  26. ↑ "Stuart Parkin". German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  27. ↑ "2016 Elected Fellows". Royal Society of Edinburgh . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  28. ↑ "Stuart Parkin". Royal Academy of Engineering. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
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