Taxane

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Taxane
Taxane numbering.svg
Names
IUPAC name
Taxane [1]
Systematic IUPAC name
(4R,4aR,6S,9R,10S,12aS)-4,9,12a,13,13-Pentamethyltetradecahydro-6,10-methanobenzo[10]annulene
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
PubChem CID
  • InChI=1S/C20H36/c1-14-7-6-11-20(5)12-10-17-15(2)8-9-16(13-18(14)20)19(17,3)4/h14-18H,6-13H2,1-5H3/t14-,15-,16+,17+,18-,20+/m1/s1
    Key: DKPFODGZWDEEBT-QFIAKTPHSA-N
  • InChI=1S/C20H36/c1-14-7-6-11-20(5)12-10-17-15(2)8-9-16(13-18(14)20)19(17,3)4/h14-18H,6-13H2,1-5H3/t14-,15-,16+,17+,18-,20+/m1/s1
    Key: DKPFODGZWDEEBT-QFIAKTPHSA-N
  • C[C@@H]1CCC[C@@]2([C@@H]1C[C@@H]3CC[C@H]([C@@H](C3(C)C)CC2)C)C
Properties
C20H36
Molar mass 276.508 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Taxanes are a class of diterpenes. They were originally identified from plants of the genus Taxus (yews), and feature a taxadiene core. Paclitaxel (Taxol) and docetaxel (Taxotere) are widely used as chemotherapy agents. [2] [3] Cabazitaxel was FDA approved to treat hormone-refractory prostate cancer.

Contents

Taxanes present difficulties in formulation as medicines because they are poorly soluble in water.

Production

As their name suggests, taxanes were first derived from natural sources, but some have been semisynthesized. Paclitaxel was originally derived from the Pacific yew tree. [4] [5] Taxanes are difficult to synthesize because of their numerous chiral centres—taxol has 11 of these.

Recently, the presence of taxanes in the shells and leaves of Corylus avellana (the common hazel plant) has been reported. [6] [7]

Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action of taxanes Fphar-12-770663-g001-Photoroom.png
Mechanism of action of taxanes

The principal mechanism of action of the taxane class of drugs is the disruption of microtubule function. Microtubules are essential to cell division, and taxanes stabilize GDP-bound tubulin in the microtubule, thereby inhibiting the process of cell division as depolymerization is prevented. Thus, in essence, taxanes are mitotic inhibitors. In contrast to the taxanes, the vinca alkaloids prevent mitotic spindle formation through inhibition of tubulin polymerization. Both taxanes and vinca alkaloids are, therefore, named spindle poisons or mitosis poisons, but they act in different ways. Taxanes are also thought to be radiosensitizing.

Substances

Hongdoushans A–C are oxygenated taxane diterpenes, isolated from the wood of Taxus wallichiana . Hongdoushan A (C29H44O7), hongdoushan B (C27H40O7), and hongdoushan C (C27H42O6) are reported to have anticancer activity in vitro. [8] Taxuspines A–D have been isolated from Taxus. [9] [10] [11] [12]

Baccatin III.svg
Taxol.svg
Baccatin III (left) Paclitaxel (right)
Taxuspine A.svg
Taxuspine A
Taxuspine B.svg
Taxuspine B
Hongdoushan A.svg
Hongdoushan A

Names

Taxanes are usually treated as synonymous with taxoids. The name "taxol" began as a common noun (analogous with other terms in which a genus name root was suffixed with -ol or -in ), but it was later capitalized as a trade name, and the international nonproprietary name of the compound is paclitaxel.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microtubule</span> Polymer of tubulin that forms part of the cytoskeleton

Microtubules are polymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton and provide structure and shape to eukaryotic cells. Microtubules can be as long as 50 micrometres, as wide as 23 to 27 nm and have an inner diameter between 11 and 15 nm. They are formed by the polymerization of a dimer of two globular proteins, alpha and beta tubulin into protofilaments that can then associate laterally to form a hollow tube, the microtubule. The most common form of a microtubule consists of 13 protofilaments in the tubular arrangement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paclitaxel</span> Medication used for cancer

Paclitaxel, sold under the brand name Taxol among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, cervical cancer, and pancreatic cancer. It is administered by intravenous injection. There is also an albumin-bound formulation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tubulin</span> Superfamily of proteins that make up microtubules

Tubulin in molecular biology can refer either to the tubulin protein superfamily of globular proteins, or one of the member proteins of that superfamily. α- and β-tubulins polymerize into microtubules, a major component of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Microtubules function in many essential cellular processes, including mitosis. Tubulin-binding drugs kill cancerous cells by inhibiting microtubule dynamics, which are required for DNA segregation and therefore cell division.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Docetaxel</span> Chemotherapy medication

Docetaxel, sold under the brand name Taxotere among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat a number of types of cancer. This includes breast cancer, head and neck cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer. It may be used by itself or along with other chemotherapy medication. It is given by slow injection into a vein.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vinblastine</span> Chemotherapy medication

Vinblastine (VBL), sold under the brand name Velban among others, is a chemotherapy medication, typically used with other medications, to treat a number of types of cancer. This includes Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-small-cell lung cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer, melanoma, and testicular cancer. It is given by injection into a vein.

A spindle poison, also known as a spindle toxin, is a poison that disrupts cell division by affecting the protein threads that connect the centromere regions of chromosomes, known as spindles. Spindle poisons effectively cease the production of new cells by interrupting the mitosis phase of cell division at the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). However, as numerous and varied as they are, spindle poisons are not yet 100% effective at ending the formation of tumors (neoplasms). Although not 100% effective, substantive therapeutic efficacy has been found in these types of chemotherapeutic treatments. The mitotic spindle is composed of microtubules that aid, along with regulatory proteins, each other in the activity of appropriately segregating replicated chromosomes. Certain compounds affecting the mitotic spindle have proven highly effective against solid tumors and hematological malignancies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stathmin</span> Protein in Eukaryotes

Stathmin, also known as metablastin and oncoprotein 18 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STMN1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paclitaxel total synthesis</span>

Paclitaxel total synthesis in organic chemistry is a major ongoing research effort in the total synthesis of paclitaxel (Taxol). This diterpenoid is an important drug in the treatment of cancer but, also expensive because the compound is harvested from a scarce resource, namely the Pacific yew. Not only is the synthetic reproduction of the compound itself of great commercial and scientific importance, but it also opens the way to paclitaxel derivatives not found in nature but with greater potential.

<i>Vinca</i> alkaloid

Vinca alkaloids are a set of anti-mitotic and anti-microtubule alkaloid agents originally derived from the periwinkle plant Catharanthus roseus and other vinca plants. They block beta-tubulin polymerization in a dividing cell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Epothilone</span> Class of chemical compounds

Epothilones are a class of potential cancer drugs. Like taxanes, they prevent cancer cells from dividing by interfering with tubulin, but in early trials, epothilones have better efficacy and milder adverse effects than taxanes.

<i>Taxus globosa</i> Species of conifer

Taxus globosa, the Mexican yew, is an evergreen shrub and one of the eight species of yew. The Mexican yew is a rare species, only known to be found in a small number of locations in eastern Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras, and is listed as an endangered species. The Mexican yew is a shrub that grows to an average height of 4.6m. It has large, sharp light green needles growing in ranks on either side of its branches.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhizoxin</span> Chemical compound

Rhizoxin is an antimitotic agent with anti-tumor activity. It is isolated from a pathogenic plant fungus which causes rice seedling blight.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mitotic inhibitor</span> Cell division inhibitor

A mitotic inhibitor, microtubule inhibitor, or tubulin inhibitor, is a drug that inhibits mitosis, or cell division, and is used in treating cancer, gout, and nail fungus. These drugs disrupt microtubules, which are structures that pull the chromosomes apart when a cell divides. Mitotic inhibitors are used in cancer treatment, because cancer cells are able to grow through continuous division that eventually spread through the body (metastasize). Thus, cancer cells are more sensitive to inhibition of mitosis than normal cells. Mitotic inhibitors are also used in cytogenetics, where they stop cell division at a stage where chromosomes can be easily examined.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plant sources of anti-cancer agents</span>

Plant sources of anti-cancer agents are plants, the derivatives of which have been shown to be usable for the treatment or prevention of cancer in humans.

Taxoids are a class of derivatives from taxol, that is, paclitaxel. They were developed for their anticancer chemotherapeutic properties. Taxoids are usually treated as synonymous with taxanes; for example, a major medical dictionary defines the two terms with the same definition phrasing, and in another the phrasing varies slightly but conveys nearly identical meaning.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abeotaxane</span>

Abeotaxanes are a class of taxoid molecules with a core 5/7/6 type ring structure. This structure varies from the 6/8/6 or 6/10/6-membered core ring found in conventional taxoids such as paclitaxel or docetaxel. The core carbon skeleton of a normal natural product taxane has a 6-membered A ring, 8-membered B ring and a 6-membered C ring, combined with conventional side chains. It is the side chains that provide most of the activity for regular taxanes. Abeotaxanes are compounds containing 3 altered ring structures, where ring A is 5 members, ring B is 7 members and ring C is 6 members, combined with conventional side chains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taccalonolide</span>

Taccalonolides are a class of microtubule-stabilizing agents isolated from Tacca chantrieri that has been shown to have selective cancer-fighting properties. Other examples of microtubule-stabilizing agents include taxanes and epothilones, both of which prevent cancer cells from dividing by interfering with tubulin. While taxanes like Paclitaxel and docetaxel have been used successfully against breast, ovarian, prostate, and non–small-cell lung cancers, intrinsic and acquired drug resistance limit their anticancer properties. Unlike taxanes, taccalonolides appear to work through a different mechanism of action that does not involve tubulin, although recently isolated taccalonolides AF and AJ have shown tubulin-interaction activity. The discovery of taccalonolides opens up new possibilities to treat cancer cells, especially ones that are taxane- or epithilone-resistant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taxine alkaloids</span> Chemical compound

Taxine alkaloids, which are often named under the collective title of taxines, are the toxic chemicals that can be isolated from the yew tree. The amount of taxine alkaloids depends on the species of yew, with Taxus baccata and Taxus cuspidata containing the most. The major taxine alkaloids are taxine A and taxine B although there are at least 10 different alkaloids. Until 1956, it was believed that all the taxine alkaloids were one single compound named taxine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sabizabulin</span> Chemical compound

Sabizabulin is a chemical compound from the group of indole and imidazole derivatives that was first reported in 2012 by Dalton, Li, and Miller. It is being studied as a mitotic inhibitor and chemotherapeutic agent in castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer and in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taxuspines</span> Class of taxanes

Taxuspines is a class of taxanes, which are encountered in several species of the genus Taxus.

References

  1. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2014). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013. The Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 1540. doi:10.1039/9781849733069. ISBN   978-0-85404-182-4.
  2. Hagiwara, H.; Sunada, Y. (2004). "Mechanism of taxane neurotoxicity". Breast Cancer (Tokyo, Japan). 11 (1): 82–85. doi:10.1007/BF02968008. PMID   14718798. S2CID   22096988.
  3. Rowinsky, MD, Eric K. (February 1997). "The Development and Clinical Utility of the Taxane Class of Antimicrotubule Chemotherapy Agents". Annual Review of Medicine. 48 (1): 353–374. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.48.1.353. PMID   9046968.
  4. Hacker, Miles (2009). "Adverse Drug Reactions". Pharmacology. pp. 327–352. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-369521-5.00013-0. ISBN   9780123695215.
  5. Weaver, Beth A.; Bement, William (2014). "How Taxol/paclitaxel kills cancer cells". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 25 (18): 2677–2681. doi: 10.1091/mbc.e14-04-0916 . ISSN   1059-1524. PMC   4161504 . PMID   25213191.
  6. Ottaggio, Laura; Bestoso, Federica; Armirotti, Andrea; Balbi, Alessandro; Damonte, Gianluca; Mazzei, Mauro; Sancandi, Monica; Miele, Mariangela (2008). "Taxanes from Shells and Leaves of Corylus avellana". Journal of Natural Products. 71 (1): 58–60. doi:10.1021/np0704046. PMID   18163585.
  7. Hoffman, Angela M; Shahidi, Fereidoon (January 2009). "Paclitaxel and other taxanes in hazel". Journal of Functional Foods. 1 (1): 33–37. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2008.09.004 .
  8. Banskota AH, Usia T, Tezuka Y, Kouda K, Nguyen NT, Kadota S (2002). "Three new C-14 oxygenated taxanes from the wood of Taxus yunnanensis". J Nat Prod. 65 (11): 1700–2. doi:10.1021/np020235j. PMID   12444707.
  9. CID 10417482 from PubChem
  10. CID 5321744 from PubChem
  11. CID 100991639 from PubChem
  12. CID 5321746 from PubChem