Wenzhou people

Last updated
Wenzhou people
溫州人/溫州漢人
uen tseu nyin
Total population
~8,000,000
Regions with significant populations
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China, Wenzhou (urban + rural areas)~6,000,000 (natives)
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China 1,700,000 (rest of country) [1] [ full citation needed ]
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 288,715 (90% of Chinese population). [2]
Flag of France.svg  France 60,000–100,000 [3]
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain ~116,000 <70% (+ Qingtian) [4]
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan as part of the mainlander population [5]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia part of Chinese Australian population
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 100,000 [6]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands part of Chinese people in the Netherlands [7]
Languages
Wenzhou dialect, Zhenan Min, Standard Mandarin Chinese, etc.
Religion
Mahayana Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Irreligion, Chinese folk religion and a vastly growing Christian community
Related ethnic groups
Wu speaking people, Min speaking people, other Han Chinese

Wenzhou people or Wenzhounese people is a subgroup of Oujiang Wu Chinese speaking peoples, who live primarily in Wenzhou, Zhejiang province. Wenzhou people are known for their business and money-making skills. The area also has a large diaspora population in Europe and the United States, with a reputation for being enterprising natives who start restaurants, retail and wholesale businesses in their adopted countries. About two-thirds of the overseas community is in Europe. Wenzhounese people have also made notable contributions to mathematics and technology.

Contents

History

Wenzhou was the home territory of the Dong'ou Kingdom, which have been conquered by the Minyue Kingdom and later by the Han dynasty.

The majority of people in Wenzhou are descendants of immigrants and about 80% came from Fujian province. From the Tang, Song to Ming and Qing dynasties, a great number of families in Fujian province immigrated to Wenzhou with all their family members. [8]

Culture

Language

Wenzhou natives speak a unique form of Wu Chinese called Wenzhou dialect. However, geographic isolation and an admixture of Southern Min Chinese speakers from nearby Fujian Province, have caused Wenzhou's spoken language to evolve into a dialect that is notable for its highly divergent phonology. As a result, even people from other regions of Zhejiang and Fujian both have trouble understanding Wenzhounese. The Taizhou dialect, located directly to the north, has little to no mutual intelligibility with Wenzhou. Many Wenzhou natives[ quantify ] also speak a Southern Min dialect called Zhenan Min.

The Wenzhou dialect preserves a large amount of vocabulary of classical Chinese lost in most other Chinese dialects, earning itself the nickname "the living fossil", and has distinct grammatical differences from Mandarin. [9] [10]

Due to its high degree of eccentricity and difficulty for non-locals to understand,[ clarification needed ][ citation needed ] the language is reputed to have been used during the Second Sino-Japanese War during wartime communication as code talkers and in Sino-Vietnamese War for programming military code. [11] [12]

Opera

Nanxi is a form of Chinese opera developed in Wenzhou, which is the earliest form of traditional Chinese Opera in the history of China. [13] [ full citation needed ]

Philosophy

Wenzhou was home to the Yongjia School of thought, which emphasized pragmatism and commerce. [14] This philosophy is thought to have been a forerunner to modern capitalism in the region. [15]

People of Excellence and Land of Wisdom

There is a popular saying in China that reflects the status of the city of Wenzhou related to the Fengshui of Wenzhou which is "People of Excellence and Land of Wisdom"(人傑地靈), as the local Wenzhounese people are usually described in China as the people of excellence and the city of Wenzhou is usually praised as the city of wisdom. [16] [17] [18]

Birthplace of China's private economy

In the early days of economic reforms, local Wenzhounese took the lead in China in developing a commodity economy, household industries and specialized markets. Many thousands of people and families were engaged in household manufacturing to develop individual and private economy (private enterprise). Up till now, Wenzhou has a total of 240,000 individually owned commercial and industrial units and 130,000 private enterprises of which 180 are group companies, 4 among China's top 500 enterprises and 36 among national 500 top private enterprises. There are 27 national production bases such as "China’s Shoes Capital" and "China’s Capital of Electrical Equipment", China's 40 famous trademarks and China's famous-brand products and 67 national inspection-exempt products in the city. The development of private economy in Wenzhou has created the "Wenzhou Economic Model", which inspires the modernization drive in China.

Education

As of 2010, 650,300 people in Wenzhou hold a college degree; 1,150,400 people hold a high school degree; 3,344,400 people hold a middle school degree; 2,679,900 people hold an elementary school degree. In every 100,000 people in Wenzhou, 7128 people hold a college degree; 12611 people hold a high school degree; 36663 people hold a middle school degree and 29379 people hold an elementary school degree. The population of illiterate people in Wenzhou is 645,100, which is 7.07% of its whole population. [19] [20]

Regions

Wenzhou

At the time of the 2010 Chinese census, 3,039,500 people lived in Wenzhou's city proper; [21] the area under its jurisdiction (which includes two satellite cities and six counties) held a population of 9,122,100 of which 31.16% are non-local residents from outside of Wenzhou. [22]

Rest of mainland China

There are around 1.7 million Wenzhounese people living in other parts of the country. In major cities such as Beijing or Shanghai there are "Zhejiang villages", enclaves where people from Wenzhou reside and do business. [23]

Italy

In 2010, an analysis conducted by the CESNUR and the University of Turin on the 4,000-strong Chinese community of Turin showed that at that time, 48% of this community was women and 30%, minors. Most of the Chinese in Italy—and virtually all of the Turin community—hail from the southeastern Chinese province of Zhejiang, primarily the city of Wenzhou. [2] The community in Turin is younger than other Chinese settlements in Italy, and for this reason it depends as a branch of the community of Milan. [24] Approximately 70% of the Chinese in Turin work in restaurant activity, and more than 20% work in commercial activity. [25]

Prato, Tuscany has the largest concentration of Chinese people in Italy, and all of Europe. It has the second largest population of Chinese people overall in Italy, after Milan. [26]

The Netherlands

The Netherlands currently has the third largest population of Wenzhounese in Europe.

Spain

About 70% of the Chinese people in Spain are from Wenzhou or Qingtian. [4]

United States

Wenzhou people in the United States are mostly concentrated on the East Coast, particularly around the New York City metropolitan area. Many Wenzhou people are owners of Chinese restaurants. They are the second largest group of Chinese undocumented immigrants in the United States, after Fuzhounese people. The total Wenzhou population in the US was estimated to be around 250,000 in 2016.

Japan

Japan was the destination for many Wenzhounese migrants in the beginning of the 20th century, however many of them returned following the rise of anti-foreign sentiment and ultimately the outbreak of the second Sino-Japanese War.

Notable Wenzhounese people

Mathematicians

Champions of board games

Academicians

Politicians

Economy

Others

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zhejiang</span> Province of China

Zhejiang is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou, and other notable cities include Ningbo and Wenzhou. Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu and Shanghai to the north, Anhui to the northwest, Jiangxi to the west and Fujian to the south. To the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lies the Ryukyu Islands. The population of Zhejiang stands at 64.6 million, the 8th largest in China. It has been called "the backbone of China" because it is a major driving force in the Chinese economy and being the birthplace of several notable people, including the Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek and entrepreneur Jack Ma. Zhejiang consists of 90 counties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wenzhou</span> Prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, China

Wenzhou, historically known as Wenchow is a prefecture-level city in China's Zhejiang province. Wenzhou is located at the extreme southeast of Zhejiang, bordering Lishui to the west, Taizhou to the north, and the province of Fujian to the south. The area consists of mostly mountainous terrain, as well as hundreds of islands off the East China Sea coast, which is nearly 355 kilometres in length. It is said that the city's land is 70% mountains, 20% farmland, and 10% water. At the time of the 2010 Chinese census, 3,039,500 people lived in Wenzhou's urban area. The greater Wenzhou prefecture, which also includes three satellite cities and six counties, had a population totalling 9,122,100, of which 31.16% are residents originally from outside of Wenzhou.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wu Chinese</span> Chinese lects spoken near Yangtze delta

Wu is a major group of Sinitic languages spoken primarily in Shanghai, Zhejiang Province, and the part of Jiangsu Province south of the Yangtze River, which makes up the cultural region of Wu. Speakers of various Wu languages sometimes labelled their mother tongue as Shanghainese when introduced to foreigners. The Suzhou dialect was the prestige dialect of Wu as of the 19th century, but had been replaced in status by Shanghainese by the turn of the 20th century. The languages of Northern Wu are mutually intelligible with each other, while those of Southern Wu are not.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sinitic languages</span> Branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages

The Sinitic languages, often synonymous with the Chinese languages, are a group of East Asian analytic languages that constitute a major branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is frequently proposed that there is a primary split between the Sinitic languages and the rest of the family. This view is rejected by a number of researchers but has found phylogenetic support among others. The Greater Bai languages, whose classification is difficult, may be an offshoot of Old Chinese and thus Sinitic; otherwise Sinitic is defined only by the many varieties of Chinese unified by a shared historical background, and usage of the term "Sinitic" may reflect the linguistic view that Chinese constitutes a family of distinct languages, rather than variants of a single language.

The Danzhou dialect, locally known as Xianghua, is a Chinese variety of uncertain affiliation spoken in the area of Danzhou in northwestern Hainan, China. It was classified as Yue in the Language Atlas of China, but in more recent work, it is treated as an unclassified southern variety.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rui'an</span> County-level city in Zhejiang, Peoples Republic of China

Rui'an is a county-level city along the southern coast of Zhejiang province, China, and is under the administration of Wenzhou City. It has a population of 1,125,000 people and covers a land area of 1,271 km2 (491 sq mi), 3,037 km2 (1,173 sq mi) when including water area. Natives of the city speak the Rui'an dialect of Wu Chinese.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lucheng, Wenzhou</span> District of Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

Lucheng District is a district of the city of Wenzhou, Zhejiang province, China. It is the central district and government seat of Wenzhou.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ouhai, Wenzhou</span> District of Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

Ouhai District is a district of Wenzhou, Zhejiang. It is an outlying district of Wenzhou urban area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pingyang County</span> County in Zhejiang, Peoples Republic of China

Pingyang County is a county in the prefecture-level city of Wenzhou, located along the southern coast of Zhejiang province, China. There are two main cities with many surrounding villages in Pingyang. The two main settlements are called Aojiang and Kunyang. Aojiang is located ten minutes outside of Kunyang and the various villages and area's that are also classified as part of Pingyang county extend for about a 1-hour radius.

Wenzhounese, also known as Oujiang, Tong Au or Au Nyü, is the language spoken in Wenzhou, the southern prefecture of Zhejiang, China. It is the most divergent division of Wu Chinese, with little to no mutual intelligibility with other Wu dialects or any other variety of Chinese. It features noticeable elements in common with Min Chinese, which is spoken to the south in Fujian. Oujiang is sometimes used as the broader term, and Wenzhou for Wenzhounese proper in a narrow sense.

The Wu Chinese people, also known as Wuyue people, Jiang-Zhe people (江浙民系) or San Kiang (三江), are a major subgroup of the Han Chinese. They are a Wu Chinese-speaking people who hail from southern Jiangsu Province, the entirety of the city of Shanghai and all of Zhejiang Province, as well as smaller populations in Xuancheng prefecture-level city in southern Anhui Province, Shangrao, Guangfeng and Yushan counties of northeastern Jiangxi Province and some parts of Pucheng County in northern Fujian Province.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Qingtian County</span> County in Zhejiang, Peoples Republic of China

Qingtian, is a county in southeastern Zhejiang Province, on the middle-lower reaches of the Ou River which flows 388 kilometers (241 mi) before finally reaching the city of Wenzhou and emptying into the East China Sea. Around 80% of all the Chinese people living in Spain comes from this small area. The county is known from AD 711 on and was named for its rich rice paddy fields. Subtropical monsoon climate: annual average temperature 18.3 °C (64.9 °F), annual rainfall 1,747 mm (68.8 in). Hilly territory with many ravines. Its capital is Hecheng, also known as Qingtian City. The inhabitants speak Wenzhounese and Qingtianese, both Wu dialects.

Romanisation of the Wenzhou dialect of Wu Chinese, part of the greater Ōu grouping of Wu dialects centred on the city, refers to the use of the Latin alphabet to represent the sounds of the dialect group.

Wenzhou Zhouyuan Elementary School is a private elementary school in Wenzhou, China. Since its establishment, it has been one of the most prestigious elementary schools in China and also serves as a "model school" in many areas of education for elementary schools all across China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zhejiang Wenzhou High School</span> Senior high school in Zhejiang, China

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Longgang, Zhejiang</span> County-level city in Zhejiang, Peoples Republic of China

Longgang is a county-level city of Zhejiang, China. As of 2018, its population was 378,000, spread across 183.99 km2 (71.04 sq mi) divided into 14 neighborhoods, 22 residential areas, and 171 villages. Longgang is administered as a part of the prefecture-level city of Wenzhou, whose downtown is about 70 kilometers (43 mi) away.

Dihua Jiang is a Chinese-born American mathematician. He is a professor of mathematics at the University of Minnesota working in number theory, automorphic forms, and the Langlands program.

Jinxiang is a town under the jurisdiction of Cangnan County, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China, bordered by the East China Sea, located at the junction of Zhejiang and Fujian, with an area of 43.55 square kilometers. Jinxiang dialect is spoken mainly in the town, and the "Man" dialects and Minnan dialects are spoken in some rural areas. Jinxiang is surrounded by mountains on three sides and the sea outside the mountains. It is originally a rocky reef area made of coastal sand and alluvial soil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wenzhou railway station</span> Railway station in Wenzhou, Zhejiang

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References

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