Hongkongers

Last updated

Hongkongers
香港人
Total population
c. 7.413 million [1]
Regions with significant populations
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong 7,413,070 [2]
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Mainland China 472,900 [3]
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States 330,000[ needs update ] [4]
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 213,855[ needs update ] [lower-alpha 1] [6]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 145,000[ needs update ] [7]
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan 87,719[ needs update ] [8]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 86,886[ needs update ] [9]
Flag of Macau.svg  Macau 19,355 [10]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 18,300 [11]
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 18,210[ needs update ] [12]
Languages
Hong Kong Cantonese (94.6%),
Hong Kong English (53.2%),
Mandarin (48.6%)
Religion
Non-religious with ancestral worship, Christianity, Chinese folk religion, Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, minority Islam and other faiths
Related ethnic groups
Cantonese people, Macau people, Hoklos, Hakkas, Teochew people, Shanghainese people, Tankas
Hongkongers
Chinese 香港人

Hongkongers (Chinese :香港人; Jyutping :Hoeng1gong2 jan4), Hong Kongers, Hong Kongese, [13] Hongkongese, [14] Hong Kong citizens [lower-alpha 2] and Hong Kong people are demonyms that refer to the resident of Hong Kong, although they may also refer to others who were born and/or raised in the territory.

Contents

The earliest inhabitants of Hong Kong are indigenous villagers such as the Punti and Tanka, who have inhabited the area prior to British colonization.

Though Hong Kong is home to a number of people of different racial and ethnic origins, the overwhelming majority of Hong Kongers are of Han Chinese descent. Many are Yue–speaking Cantonese peoples and trace their ancestral home to the adjacent province of Guangdong.

The territory is also home to other Han subgroups including the Hakka, Hoklo, Teochew (Chiuchow), Shanghainese, Sichuanese and Taiwanese. Meanwhile, non-Han Chinese Hongkongers such as the British, Filipinos, Indonesians, South Asians and Vietnamese also make up six percent of Hong Kong's population. [16]

Terminology

The terms Hongkonger and Hong Kongese are used to denote a resident of Hong Kong, including permanent and non-permanent residents. According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the word Hongkonger first appeared in the English language in an 1870 edition of The Daily Independent, an American-based newspaper. [17] In March 2014, both the terms Hongkonger and Hong Kongese were added to the Oxford English Dictionary. [18] [19] [20]

In contrast, the Merriam-Webster Dictionary of American English adopts the form Hong Konger instead. [21] [22] The form Hong Konger also seems to be preferred by governments around the world. In 2008, the U.S. Government Publishing Office decided to include Hong Konger as a demonym for Hong Kong in its official Style Manual . [23] [24] The Companies House of the UK government similarly added Hong Konger to its standard list of nationalities in September 2020. [24]

The aforementioned terms all translate to the same term in Cantonese, 香港人 (Cantonese Yale :Hèung Góng Yàhn). The direct translation of this is Hong Kong person.

During the British colonial era, terms like Hong Kong Chinese and Hong Kong Britons were used to distinguish the British and Chinese populations that lived in the city.

Residency status

The term Hongkongers most often refers to legal residents of Hong Kong, as recognised under Hong Kong Basic Law. Hong Kong Basic Law gives a precise legal definition of a Hong Kong resident. Under Article 24 of the Basic Law, Hong Kong residents can be further classified as permanent or non-permanent residents. Non-permanent residents are those who have the right to hold a Hong Kong Identity Card, but do not have the right to abode in Hong Kong. Permanent residents are those who have the right to hold a Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card as well as the right of abode.

The Basic Law allows residents to acquire right of abode by birth in Hong Kong, or in some other ways. For example, residents of China may settle in Hong Kong for family reunification purposes if they obtain a one-way permit (for which there may be a waiting time of several years).

Formally speaking, the government of Hong Kong does not confer its own citizenship, although the term Hong Kong citizen is used colloquially to refer to permanent residents of the city. [lower-alpha 2] Hong Kong does not require applicants for naturalisation to take a language test to become a permanent resident. [25] However, Hong Kong migrants and residents are assumed to understand their obligation under Article 24 of the Hong Kong Basic Law to abide by the laws of Hong Kong.

Ethnicity and background

"Hongkonger ethnic group" is manually written in the questionnaire of the 2018 New Zealand census. Hongkonger NZ Census.jpg
"Hongkonger ethnic group" is manually written in the questionnaire of the 2018 New Zealand census.

According to Hong Kong's 2021 census, 91.6 per cent of its population is Han Chinese, [26] with 29.9 per cent having been born in mainland China, Taiwan or Macau. [26] Historically, much of the Han Chinese trace their ancestral origins from Southern China as Chaoshan, Canton, Taishan, Fujian, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang. For example, in the 1850s–60s as a result of the Taiping Rebellion [27] [28] and in the 1940s prior to the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Thus, immigrants from Guangdong and their descendants have long constituted the majority of the ethnic Chinese residents of Hong Kong, which accounts for the city's broad Cantonese culture. The Cantonese language, a form of Yue Chinese, is the primary language of Hong Kong and that used in the media and education. [29] For that reason, while there are groups with ancestral roots in more distant parts of China, such as Shanghai and Shandong, as well as members of other Han Chinese subgroups, such as the Hakka, Hokkien, and Teochew, [30] [31] [32] [33] residents who are Hong Kong-born and/or raised often assimilate into the mainstream Cantonese identity of Hong Kong and typically adopt Cantonese as their first language. [34]

Ethnic minorities

In addition to the Han Chinese supermajority, [26] Hong Kong's minority population also comprises many other different ethnic and national groups, with the largest non-Han Chinese groups being the Southeast Asian community which include the Filipinos (2.7 per cent), Indonesians (1.9 per cent), as well as the Thais and Vietnamese. [30] [35] [26] In 2021, 0.8 per cent of Hong Kong's population were of European ancestry, many (48.9 per cent) of whom resided on Hong Kong Island, where they constitute 2.5 per cent of the population. [26] There are long-established South Asian communities, which comprise both descendants of 19th and early 20th-century migrants as well as more recent short-term expatriates. There are small pockets of South Asian communities who live in Hong Kong including Indians, Nepalese, and Pakistanis, who respectively made up 0.6 per cent, 0.4 per cent, and 0.3 per cent of Hong Kong's population in 2021. [26] Smaller diaspora groups from the Anglosphere include Americans, Britons, Canadians, Australians, New Zealanders. There are also small pockets of East Asian communities, such as the Japanese and Koreans, living in Hong Kong.

Hong Kong population by ancestral origin (1961-1981)
Ancestry19611971[ citation needed ]1981
NumberPercentageNumberPercentageNumberPercentage
Hong Kong260,5058.3185,6994.7124,2792.5
Guangzhou and Macau 1,521,71548.62,072,08352.62,455,74949.2
Sze Yap 573,85518.3684,77417.4814,30916.3
Chaozhou 257,3198.2391,4549.9566,04411.4
Other parts of Guangdong244,2377.8250,2156.4470,2889.4
Fujian, Taiwan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang 178,6265.7235,8726.0351,4547.0
Other parts of China43,6441.448,9211.2103,5312.1
Foreigners[ citation needed ]49,7471.667,6121.7100,9062.0
Total3,129,6483,936,6304,986,560

Languages

Proportion of Population (5+) Able to Speak Selected Languages [36]
2006 [36] 2011 [36] 2016 [36] 2021 [26]
 % % % %
Cantonese96.595.894.693.7
English44.746.153.258.7
Mandarin40.247.848.654.2
Hakka4.74.74.23.6
Hokkien3.43.53.63.1
Tagalog1.41.72.72.8
Chiu Chow3.93.83.42.8
Bahasa Indonesia1.72.42.72.5
Japanese1.21.51.82.1
Shanghainese1.21.11.10.8

Religion

Estimated number of adherents in Hong Kong by religion [37] [38]
Region20082009201020112012201320162021
Buddhists> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million
Taoists≈ 1 million≈ 1 million≈ 1 million≈ 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million> 1 million
Protestant320,000320,000480,000480,000480,000≈ 500,000500,000500,000
Catholics350,000350,000353,000363,000363,000368,000384,000401,000
Muslims220,000220,000220,000220,000270,000300,000300,000300,000
Hindu40,00040,00040,00040,00040,00040,000100,000100,000
Sikhs10,00010,00010,00010,00010,00010,00012,00012,000

Cultural identity

Hong Kong culture is primarily a mix of Chinese and Western influences, stemming from Lingnan Cantonese roots and later fusing with British culture due to British colonialism (Chinese:粵英薈萃; Jyutping:jyut6 jing1 wui6 seoi6).

From 26 January 1841 to 30 June 1997, Hong Kong was formally a British Dependent Territory. [lower-alpha 3] English was introduced as an official language of Hong Kong during British colonial rule, alongside the indigenous Chinese language, notably Cantonese. While it was an overseas territory, Hong Kong participated in a variety of organisations from the Commonwealth Family network. Hong Kong ended its participation with most Commonwealth Family organisations after the handover of Hong Kong in 1997; although still participates in the Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Commonwealth Lawyers Association.[ citation needed ] Moreover, Hong Kong also has indigenous people and ethnic minorities from South and Southeast Asia, whose cultures all play integral parts in modern day Hong Kong culture. As a result, after the 1997 transfer of sovereignty to the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong has continued to develop a unique identity under the rubric of One Country Two Systems. [39]

After the handover of Hong Kong, the University of Hong Kong surveyed Hong Kong residents about how they defined themselves. In its latest poll published in June 2022, 39.1% of respondents identified as Hong Konger, 31.4% as Hong Konger in China, 17.6% as Chinese, 10.9% as Chinese in Hong Kong, and 42.4% as mixed identity. [40]

Diaspora

Mainland China holds the largest number of Hong Kong expatriates. Although the Hong Kong diaspora can also be found in Taiwan and several English-speaking countries such as Canada, the United Kingdom. and United States. Most Hong Kongers living outside of Greater China form a part of the larger overseas Chinese community. The migration of Hong Kongers to other parts of the world accelerated in the years prior to the handover of Hong Kong in 1997, although a significant percentage returned. Another emigration wave occurred following the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests and the United Kingdom's enactment of the BNO visa scheme.

See also

Diasporic communities in Hong Kong

Culture

Notes

  1. ↑ The following figure is the number of Hong Kong-born Canadians living in Canada, as reported in the 2021 Canadian Census. However in 2001, it was estimated that there were 616,000 Hong Kong Canadians residing in Canada, Hong Kong, or elsewhere. [5]
  2. 1 2 Formally, the government of Hong Kong does not confer "citizenship". The term Hong Kong citizen is a colloquialism used to denote a permanent resident of Hong Kong. Permanent residents of Hong Kong typically hold citizenship from China or another sovereign state. [15]
  3. ↑ From the 19th century to 1983, British Dependent Territories were referred to as Crown Colonies. Several years after the handover of Hong Kong, British Dependent Territories were renamed British Overseas Territories.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Hong Kong</span>

Demographic features of the population of Hong Kong include population density, ethnicity, education level, the health of the populace, religious affiliations, and other aspects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macau</span> Special administrative region of China

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The culture of Hong Kong is primarily a mix of Chinese and Western influences, stemming from Lingnan Cantonese roots and later fusing with British culture due to British colonialism. As an international financial center dubbed "Asia's World City", contemporary Hong Kong has also absorbed many international influences from around the world. Moreover, Hong Kong also has indigenous people and ethnic minorities from South and Southeast Asia, whose cultures all play integral parts in modern-day Hong Kong culture. As a result, after the 1997 transfer of sovereignty to the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong has continued to develop a unique identity under the rubric of One Country, Two Systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cantonese</span> Variety of Yue Chinese

Cantonese is a language within the Chinese (Sinitic) branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages originating from the city of Guangzhou and its surrounding Pearl River Delta. It is the traditional prestige variety of the Yue Chinese group, which has over 82.4 million native speakers. While the term Cantonese specifically refers to the prestige variety, it is often used to refer to the entire Yue subgroup of Chinese, including related but partially mutually intelligible varieties like Taishanese.

The Han Chinese people can be defined into subgroups based on linguistic, cultural, ethnic, genetic, and regional features. The terminology used in Mandarin to describe the groups is: "minxi", used in mainland China or "zuqun", used in Taiwan. No Han subgroup is recognized as one of People's Republic of China's 56 official ethnic groups, in Taiwan only three subgroups, Hoklo, Hakka and Waishengren are recognized.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinese Australians</span> Ethnic group; Australians of Chinese ancestry

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A Hong Kong returnee is a resident of Hong Kong who emigrated to another country, lived for an extended period of time in his or her adopted home, and then subsequently moved back to Hong Kong.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Choi Hung Estate</span> Housing estate in Kowloon, Hong Kong

Choi Hung Estate is a public housing estate in Ngau Chi Wan, Kowloon, Hong Kong. It was built by the former Hong Kong Housing Authority and is now managed by the current Hong Kong Housing Authority (香港房屋委員會). It received a Silver Medal at the 1965 Hong Kong Institute of Architects Annual Awards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emigration from Hong Kong</span>

Emigration from Hong Kong refers to the migration of Hong Kong residents away from Hong Kong. Reasons for migration range from livelihood hardships, such as the high cost of living and educational pressures, to economic opportunities elsewhere, such as expanded opportunities in mainland China following the Reform and Opening-Up, to various political events, such as the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong during the Second World War, the 1967 unrest, uncertainties leading up to the 1997 handover, and the 2019–2020 unrest. The largest community of Hong Kongers living outside of Hong Kong is in Mainland China, followed by the US, Canada and the UK.

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Hong Kongers in the United Kingdom are people from Hong Kong who are residing in the United Kingdom or British nationals of Hong Kong origin or descent.

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Hong Kong Australians are Australian citizens or permanent residents of Hong Kong descent. Many Hong Kong Australians hold dual citizenship of Australia and Hong Kong.

Hong Kong Canadians are Canadians who were born or raised in Hong Kong, hold permanent residency in Hong Kong, or trace their ancestry back to Hong Kong. In Canada, the majority of Hong Kong Canadians reside in the metropolitan areas of Toronto and Vancouver. Many Hong Kong Canadians continue to maintain their status as Hong Kong permanent residents.

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Locust is an ethnic slur against the Mainland Chinese people in Hong Kong. The derogatory remark is frequently used in protest, social media, and localist publications in Hong Kong, especially when the topics involves the influx of mainland Chinese tourists, immigrants, parallel traders, and the pro-democracy movement.

References

  1. ↑ "2016 Hong Kong Mid-term Demographics". Archived from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  2. ↑ "2021 Population Census – Hong Kong Resident Population, Persons Present in Hong Kong at the Reference Moment by Category of Residents and Year". Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  3. ↑ "Enhanced Method for Compiling Statistics on Hong Kong Residents Having Resided / Having Stayed Substantially in the Mainland" (PDF). Census and Statistics Department, Government of Hong Kong. March 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  4. ↑ "Archived copy". www.ocac.gov.tw. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ↑ "僑委會全球資訊網" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2012.
  6. ↑ "Immigrant population by selected places of birth, admission category and period of immigration, 2021 Census". Statistics Canada. 26 October 2022. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  7. ↑ "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Archived from the original on 25 April 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2009.
  8. ↑ "臺灣地區居留外僑統計". 統計資料. 內政部入出國及移民署. 31 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
  9. ↑ "2016 Census Community Profiles: Australia". www.censusdata.abs.gov.au. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  10. ↑ "Population Census – Official statistics". Statistics and Census Service, Government of Macao Special Administrative Region. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  11. ↑ "CBS Statline". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  12. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ↑ "Hong Kongese". English Oxford Living Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  14. ↑ "Hongkongese". MSN News.
  15. ↑ Fong, Vanessa L.; Murphy, Rachel (2006). Chinese Citizenship: Views from the Margins. Routledge. p. 149. ISBN   1-1341-9597-4.
  16. ↑ "2011 Hong Kong Consesus, Volume 1, Table 3.9" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  17. ↑ Lam, Jeffie (19 March 2014). "'Hongkonger' makes it to world stage with place in the Oxford English Dictionary – Amid anti-mainland sentiment, Oxford dictionary recognises city's local identity". South China Morning Post . Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  18. ↑ "New words list March 2014 | Oxford English Dictionary". Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
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  20. ↑ "Hong Kongese | Definition of Hong Kongese by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Hong Kongese". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  21. ↑ "Definition of HONG KONG". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  22. ↑ "'Hongkonger' makes it to world stage with place in the Oxford English Dictionary". 19 March 2014. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  23. ↑ U.S. Government Printing Office (16 September 2008). "Style Manual 2008" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  24. 1 2 "List of nationalities". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  25. ↑ Lai Tung-kwok (22 May 2013). "Application for naturalisation as a Chinese national". Legislative Council of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.; quote: "However, it has to be pointed out that the knowledge of the Chinese language is only one of the factors to be considered. This does not imply that applicants who do not know Chinese will be refused, nor will those who know Chinese necessarily be eligible for naturalisation as Chinese nationals. ... At this stage, we have no plan to institute examinations similar to those used by some foreign countries in handling naturalisation applications."
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "2021 Population Census". Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  27. ↑ John Thomson 1837–1921,Chap on Hong Kong Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine , Illustrations of China and Its People (London,1873–1874)
  28. ↑ Info Gov HK. "Hong Kong Gov Info." History of Hong Kong. Retrieved on 16 February 2007. Archived 18 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ↑ Alex Lo (February 2014). "Why Cantonese is a real language in Hong Kong". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  30. 1 2 2011 Population Census – Summary Results (PDF) (Report). Census and Statistics Department. February 2012. p. 37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  31. ↑ Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian Skoggard, eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world. Diaspora communities. Vol. 2. Springer. pp. 94–95. ISBN   978-0-306-48321-9.
  32. ↑ "Immigration Autonomy". Immigration Department Annual Report 2009-2010. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012.
  33. ↑ Ng Sek Hong (2010). Labour Law in Hong Kong. Kluwer Law International. p. 19. ISBN   978-90-411-3307-6.
  34. ↑ "Han Chinese, Cantonese in China, Hong Kong". 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  35. ↑ Odine de Guzman (October 2003). "Overseas Filipino Workers, Labor Circulation in Southeast Asia, and the (Mis)management of Overseas Migration Programs". Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia (4). Archived from the original on 4 May 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2007.
  36. 1 2 3 4 "Main Tables | 2016 Population By-census". www.bycensus2016.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  37. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  38. ↑ "Religion and Custom" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  39. ↑ Lilley, Rozanna. [1998] (1998) Staging Hong Kong: Gender and Performance in Transition. University of Hawaii. ISBN   0-8248-2164-5
  40. ↑ "Categorical Ethnic Identity". Hong Kong Public Opinion Research Institute. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
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