White-throated toucan

Last updated

White-throated toucan
Red-billed toucan 31l07.JPG
Ramphastos t. tucanus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Piciformes
Family: Ramphastidae
Genus: Ramphastos
Species:
R. tucanus
Binomial name
Ramphastos tucanus
Subspecies

See text

Ramphastos tucanus map.svg
A recording of Red-Billed toucan at aviary.
At first this may resemble a Cuvier's toucan, R. t. cuvieri, but a closer look reveals a brownish patch on the upper part of the mandible, identifying it as a tucanus-cuvieri intergrade. Ramphastos tucanus (intergrade) -Brazil-8a.jpg
At first this may resemble a Cuvier's toucan, R. t. cuvieri, but a closer look reveals a brownish patch on the upper part of the mandible, identifying it as a tucanus-cuvieri intergrade.
Red-billed toucan
Ramphastos t. tucanus Red-billed toucan-2 31l07.JPG
Red-billed toucan
Ramphastos t. tucanus
Red-billed toucan in captivity Red-billed toucan at Birdworld 02.jpg
Red-billed toucan in captivity

The white-throated toucan (Ramphastos tucanus) is a near-passerine bird in the family Ramphastidae found in South America throughout the Amazon Basin including the adjacent Tocantins and Araguaia River drainage. It prefers tropical humid forest, but also occurs in woodland and locally in riverine forest within cerrado.

Contents

Taxonomy

The white-throated toucan was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae . He placed it with the other toucans in the genus Ramphastos and coined the binomial name Ramphastos tucanus. [3] Linnaeus specified the "habitat" as South America. The type locality was restricted to Suriname by the American ornithologists Ludlow Griscom and James Greenway in 1937. [4] [5] The genus name is from Ancient Greek ῥαμφηστης/rhamphēstēs meaning "snouted" (from ῥαμφη/rhampē meaning "bill"). The specific epithet tucanus is from the Guarani language and may mean "bonenose". [6]

Subspecies

Three subspecies are recognized by the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society, and the Clements taxonomy: [7] [8] [9]

ImageSubspeciesDistribution
Iwokrama Rainforest, Guyana (12178909973).jpg "Red-billed toucan" (R. t. tucanus) Linnaeus, 1758south-eastern Venezuela, the Guianas and northern Brazil
Tucano-de-papo-branco.jpg "Cuvier's toucan" (R. t. cuvieri) Wagler, 1827 – originally described as a separate speciesUpper Amazonia from western Venezuela to northern Bolivia
Ramphastos tucanus inca.jpg "Inca toucan" (R. t. inca) Gould, 1846 – originally described as a separate speciesNorthern and central Bolivia

BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) treats the red-billed toucan as a species R. tucanus and the other two taxa as subspecies of "Cuvier's toucan" R. cuvieri. [10] All three taxa were formerly considered to be three separate species. [5] The red-billed toucan and Cuvier's toucan, which differ principally in the bill colour, interbreed freely wherever they meet and therefore now merit only subspecies status. Some authorities consider the Inca toucan to represent a stable hybrid population between the other two subspecies and do not recognize it as a separate subspecies. [11]

Description

Like other toucans, the white-throated toucan is brightly marked and has a huge bill. It has a total length of 50–61 cm (19.5–24 in). [12] Body weight is somewhat variable, ranging in adult birds from 425 to 830 g (0.937 to 1.830 lb). The male averages slightly larger, at a mass of 642 g (1.415 lb), while the female averages 580 g (1.28 lb). However, the subspecies R. t. cuvieri is larger, with males averaging 702 g (1.548 lb) and females averaging 687 g (1.515 lb). [13] Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 20.4 to 26.5 cm (8.0 to 10.4 in), the bill is 12.2 to 22 cm (4.8 to 8.7 in), the tail is 13.3 to 16.8 cm (5.2 to 6.6 in), and the tarsus is 4.5 to 5.6 cm (1.8 to 2.2 in). [14] The only species of toucan that surpasses the white-throated in size is the toco toucan, however the R. t. cuvieri subspecies of white-throated toucan appears to perhaps be even heavier than the Toco species. [13]

It has black plumage with a white throat and breast bordered below with a narrow red line. The rump is bright yellow and the crissum (the area around the cloaca) is red. The bare skin around the eye is blue. The bill has a yellow tip, upper ridge and base of the upper mandible, and the base of the lower mandible is blue. The rest of the bill is mainly black in R. t. cuvieri and mainly reddish-brown in R. t. tucanus, with intergrades showing a mixed coloration. Males are larger and longer-billed than females, but otherwise the sexes are alike.

Juveniles are noticeably shorter-billed, more sooty-black, and have duller plumage.

The white-throated toucan of the race cuvieri is virtually identical to the related channel-billed toucan of the race culminatus, but the latter is smaller and has a proportionally shorter bill with a more strongly keeled culmen. The call is often the best distinction between the species. White-throated has a yelping eeoo, hue hue, whereas channel-billed has a croaking song.

Behaviour

Small flocks or more commonly pairs of birds move through the forest with a heavy, rather weak, undulating flight, rarely flying more than 100 m (330 ft) at a time. This species is primarily an arboreal fruit-eater, but will also take insects, lizards, eggs, and small birds.

Breeding

The 2–4 white eggs are laid in an unlined cavity high in a decayed section of a living tree, or in an old woodpecker nest in a dead tree.

Both sexes incubate the eggs for at 14–15 days, and the toucan chicks remain in the nest after hatching. They are blind and naked at birth, with short bills, and have specialised pads on their heels to protect them from the rough floor of the nest. They are fed by both parents, and fledge after about 6 weeks. The parents continue feeding the juveniles for several weeks after they have left the nest.

Aviculture

White-throated toucans (specifically the red billed subspecies) are sometimes kept as pets. However, like the chestnut-mandibled toucan they are considered to be noisy, when compared to other frequently kept toucans such as the keel-billed toucan and toco toucan. It is illegal to take toucans or any other protected wild bird species from their natural habitat.

Status

The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy, and so has assessed the "red-billed" and "Cuvier's" toucans separately. The "red-billed" was for a time treated as Vulnerable, but since 2021 has been treated as being of Least Concern. However, "The primary threat to this species is accelerating deforestation in the Amazon basin" and "is also suffering from hunting pressure and from trapping for the pet trade". In contrast, "Cuvier's" has always been assessed as being of Least Concern, and no immediate threats have been identified. [1] [2]

The white-throated toucan is listed in CITES Appendix II. [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Channel-billed toucan</span> Species of bird

The channel-billed toucan is a near-passerine bird in the family Ramphastidae found on the Caribbean island of Trinidad and in tropical South America as far south as southern Brazil and central Bolivia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toco toucan</span> Species of bird

The toco toucan is a species of bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is the largest species of toucan and has a distinctive appearance, with a black body, a white throat, chest and uppertail-coverts, and red undertail-coverts. Its most conspicuous feature is its massive beak, which is yellow-orange with a black base and large spot on the tip. It is endemic to South America, where it has a wide distribution from the Guianas south to northern Argentina and Uruguay, and its range has recently been expanding southwards. Unlike other toucans, which inhabit continuous forests, toco toucans inhabit a variety of semi-open habitats at altitudes of up to 1,750 m. They are especially common in the Brazilian cerrado, gallery forests, and the wetlands of the Pantanal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chestnut-mandibled toucan</span> Subspecies of bird

The chestnut-mandibled toucan or Swainson's toucan is a subspecies of the yellow-throated toucan which breeds from eastern Honduras to northern Colombia to western Ecuador.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Collared aracari</span> Species of bird

The collared aracari or collared araçari is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found from Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela.

<i>Ramphastos</i> Genus of birds

The Ramphastos genus, also known as toucans, is a genus of brightly colored, tropical birds that are found throughout Central and South America from Southern Mexico to the southern cone of the South American continent. Toucans are typically characterized by their large, colorful bills, which are used for a variety of functions such as thermoregulation, feeding, and social signaling.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow-throated toucan</span> Species of bird

The yellow-throated toucan is a Near Threatened species of bird in the family Ramphastidae, the toucans, toucanets, and aracaris. It is found from Honduras south into northern South America and beyond to Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Choco toucan</span> Species of bird

The Choco toucan is a near-passerine bird in the family Ramphastidae, the toucans, toucanets, and aracaris. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Groove-billed toucanet</span> Species of bird

The groove-billed toucanet is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-necked aracari</span> Species of bird

The black-necked aracari or black-necked araçari is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ivory-billed aracari</span> Species of bird

The ivory-billed aracari or ivory-billed araçari is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-necked aracari</span> Species of bird

The red-necked aracari or red-necked araçari is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Bolivia and Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pale-mandibled aracari</span> Species of bird

The pale-mandibled aracari or pale-billed araçari is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Ecuador and Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lettered aracari</span> Species of bird

The lettered aracari or lettered araçari is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brown-mandibled aracari</span> Species of bird

The brown-mandibled aracari is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stripe-billed aracari</span> Species of bird

The stripe-billed aracari or stripe-billed araçari is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guianan toucanet</span> Species of bird

The Guianan toucanet, or Guyana toucanet is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toucan</span> Family of birds

Toucans are Neotropical members of the near passerine bird family Ramphastidae. The Ramphastidae are most closely related to the American barbets. They are brightly marked and have large, often colorful bills. The family includes five genera and over 40 different species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Citron-throated toucan</span> Species of bird

The citron-throated toucan is a near-passerine bird in the family Ramphastidae, the toucans, toucanets, and aracaris. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-throated toucanet</span> Species of bird

The white-throated toucanet or greyish-throated toucanet is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela.

References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2022). "Red-billed Toucan Ramphastos tucanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022: e.T22682153A211269670. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  2. 1 2 BirdLife International (2016). "Cuvier's Toucan Ramphastos cuvieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22682159A92932353. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682159A92932353.en . Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  3. Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 103.
  4. Griscom, Ludlow; Greenway, J.C. (1937). "Critical notes on new Neotropical birds". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 81: 417–437 [427–430].
  5. 1 2 Peters, James Lee, ed. (1948). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 85.
  6. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp.  330, 392. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
  7. Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Mousebirds, Cuckoo Roller, trogons, hoopoes, hornbills". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  8. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
  9. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
  10. HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022
  11. Short, L.L.; Horn, J.F.M. (2002). "White-throated toucan" . In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 7: Jacamars to Woodpeckers. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. p. 271. ISBN   978-84-87334-37-5.
  12. "Ramphastidae (Toucans, Toucanets, & Aracaris)". www.nashvillezoo.org. Archived from the original on 2005-04-07.
  13. 1 2 Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN   978-1-4200-6444-5.
  14. Lester Short; Jennifer F. M. Horne (2001). Toucans, Barbets, and Honeyguides: Ramphastidae, Capitonidae and Indicatoridae. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-854666-5.
  15. "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.


Bibliography