Bismuth tribromide

Bismuth tribromide
α polymorph	β polymorph
Names
	IUPAC name bismuth bromide
	Other names bismuth tribromide; tribromobismuth; tribromobismuthine; tribromobismuthane; bismuth(III) bromide
Identifiers
CAS Number	7787-58-8 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image ;
ChemSpider	74210 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.029.201
EC Number	232-121-1;
PubChem CID	82232 ;
UNII	DT59198T2X ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID8064850 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/Bi.3BrH/h;31H/q+3;;;/p-3 Key: TXKAQZRUJUNDHI-UHFFFAOYSA-K; InChI=1/Bi.3BrH/h;31H/q+3;;;/p-3 Key: TXKAQZRUJUNDHI-DFZHHIFOAX;
	SMILES Br[Bi](Br)Br;
Properties
Chemical formula	BiBr3
Molar mass	448.692 g·mol−1
Appearance	white to light yellow or golden deliquescent crystals
Density	5.72 g/cm3 at 25 °C
Melting point	219 °C (426 °F; 492 K)
Boiling point	462 °C (864 °F; 735 K)
Solubility in water	Soluble, slow hydrolysis
Solubility	diethyl ether, THF
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	-147.0·10−6 cm3/mol
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−276
Hazards
	Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	corrosive
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H314
Precautionary statements	P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	3 0 1
Related compounds
Other anions	bismuth trifluoride ; bismuth trichloride ; bismuth triiodide
Other cations	nitrogen tribromide ; phosphorus tribromide ; arsenic tribromide ; antimony tribromide ; aluminium tribromide ; iron(III) bromide
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Last updated December 21, 2023

Bismuth tribromide is an inorganic compound of bismuth and bromine with the chemical formula BiBr₃.

Preparation

It may be formed by the reaction of bismuth oxide and hydrobromic acid.^[1]

Bi₂O₃ + 6 HBr ⇌ 2 BiBr₃ + 3 H₂O

Bismuth tribromide can also be produced by the direct oxidation of bismuth in bromine.^[1]

2 Bi + 3 Br₂ → 2 BiBr₃

Structure

Bismuth tribromide adopts two different structures in the solid state: a low-temperature polymorph α-BiBr₃ that is stable below 158 °C and a high-temperature polymorph β-BiBr₃ that is stable above this temperature. Both polymorphs are monoclinic, but α-BiBr₃ is in space group P2₁/a whereas β-BiBr₃ is in C2/m. α-BiBr₃ consists of pyramidal molecules whereas β-BiBr₃ is polymeric and adopts the AlCl₃ structure. BiBr₃ is the only group 15 trihalide that can adopt both molecular and polymeric structures.^[3]

Reactivity

Bismuth bromide is highly water-soluble. It is a Lewis acid and accepts bromide ions to form monomeric and oligomeric anionic complexes (bromobismuthates), e.g. [BiBr₆]³⁻, [Bi₂Br₁₀]⁴⁻, (BiBr⁻
₄)_n and (BiBr²⁻
₅)_n.^[4]

Related Research Articles

Bromine is a chemical element; it has symbol Br and atomic number 35. It is a volatile red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured vapour. Its properties are intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine. Isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig and Antoine Jérôme Balard, its name was derived from the Ancient Greek βρῶμος (bromos) meaning "stench", referring to its sharp and pungent smell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phosphorus tribromide</span> Chemical compound

Phosphorus tribromide is a colourless liquid with the formula PBr₃. The liquid fumes in moist air due to hydrolysis and has a penetrating odour. It is used in the laboratory for the conversion of alcohols to alkyl bromides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phosphorus pentabromide</span> Chemical compound

Phosphorus pentabromide is a reactive, yellow solid of formula PBr₅, which has the structure [PBr₄]⁺Br⁻ in the solid state but in the vapor phase is completely dissociated to PBr₃ and Br₂. Rapid cooling of this phase to 15 K leads to formation of the ionic species phosphorus heptabromide.

Carbon tetrabromide, CBr₄, also known as tetrabromomethane, is a bromide of carbon. Both names are acceptable under IUPAC nomenclature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gold(III) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Gold(III) bromide is a dark-red to black crystalline solid. It has the empirical formula AuBr₃, but exists primarily as a dimer with the molecular formula Au₂Br₆ in which two gold atoms are bridged by two bromine atoms. It is commonly referred to as gold(III) bromide, gold tribromide, and rarely but traditionally auric bromide, and sometimes as digold hexabromide. As is similar with the other gold halides, this compound is unique for being a coordination complex of a group 11 transition metal that is stable in an oxidation state of +3 whereas copper or silver complexes persist in oxidation states of +1 or +2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tantalum(V) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Tantalum(V) bromide is the inorganic compound with the formula Ta₂Br₁₀. Its name comes from the compound's empirical formula, TaBr₅. It is a diamagnetic, orange solid that hydrolyses readily. The compound adopts an edge-shared bioctahedral structure, which means that two TaBr₅ units are joined by a pair of bromide bridges. There is no bond between the Ta centres. Niobium(V) chloride, niobium(V) bromide, niobium(V) iodide, tantalum(V) chloride, and tantalum(V) iodide all share this structural motif.

Tin(II) bromide is a chemical compound of tin and bromine with a chemical formula of SnBr₂. Tin is in the +2 oxidation state. The stability of tin compounds in this oxidation state is attributed to the inert pair effect.

Bromine compounds are compounds containing the element bromine (Br). These compounds usually form the -1, +1, +3 and +5 oxidation states. Bromine is intermediate in reactivity between chlorine and iodine, and is one of the most reactive elements. Bond energies to bromine tend to be lower than those to chlorine but higher than those to iodine, and bromine is a weaker oxidising agent than chlorine but a stronger one than iodine. This can be seen from the standard electrode potentials of the X₂/X⁻ couples (F, +2.866 V; Cl, +1.395 V; Br, +1.087 V; I, +0.615 V; At, approximately +0.3 V). Bromination often leads to higher oxidation states than iodination but lower or equal oxidation states to chlorination. Bromine tends to react with compounds including M–M, M–H, or M–C bonds to form M–Br bonds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indium(I) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Indium(I) bromide is a chemical compound of indium and bromine. It is a red crystalline compound that is isostructural with β-TlI and has a distorted rock salt structure. Indium(I) bromide is generally made from the elements, heating indium metal with InBr₃. It has been used in the sulfur lamp. In organic chemistry, it has been found to promote the coupling of α, α-dichloroketones to 1-aryl-butane-1,4-diones. Oxidative addition reactions with for example alkyl halides to give alkyl indium halides and with NiBr complexes to give Ni-In bonds are known. It is unstable in water decomposing into indium metal and indium tribromide. When indium dibromide is dissolved in water, InBr is produced as a, presumably, insoluble red precipitate, that then rapidly decomposes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lead(II) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Lead(II) bromide is the inorganic compound with the formula PbBr₂. It is a white powder. It is produced in the burning of typical leaded gasolines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Niobium(V) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Niobium(V) bromide is the inorganic compound with the formula Nb₂Br₁₀. Its name comes from the compound's empirical formula, NbBr₅. It is a diamagnetic, orange solid that hydrolyses readily. The compound adopts an edge-shared bioctahedral structure, which means that two NbBr₅ units are joined by a pair of bromide bridges. There is no bond between the Nb centres. Niobium(V) chloride, niobium(V) iodide, tantalum(V) chloride, tantalum(V) bromide, and tantalum(V) iodide all share this structural motif.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bismuth pentafluoride</span> Chemical compound

Bismuth pentafluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula BiF₅. It is a white solid that is highly reactive. The compound is of interest to researchers but not of particular value.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium bismuthate</span> Chemical compound

Sodium bismuthate is an inorganic compound, and a strong oxidiser with chemical formula NaBiO₃. It is somewhat hygroscopic, but not soluble in cold water, which can be convenient since the reagent can be easily removed after the reaction. It is one of the few water insoluble sodium salts. Commercial samples may be a mixture of bismuth(V) oxide, sodium carbonate and sodium peroxide.

Praseodymium(III) bromide is a crystalline compound of one praseodymium atom and three bromine atoms.

Neodymium(III) bromide is an inorganic salt of bromine and neodymium the formula NdBr₃. The anhydrous compound is an off-white to pale green solid at room temperature, with an orthorhombic PuBr₃-type crystal structure. The material is hygroscopic and forms a hexahydrate in water (NdBr₃· 6H₂O), similar to the related neodymium(III) chloride.

Selenium tetrabromide is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula SeBr₄.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhodium(III) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Rhodium(III) bromide refers to inorganic compounds of the formula RhBr₃(H₂O)_n where n = 0 or approximately three. Both forms are brown solids. The hydrate is soluble in water and lower alcohols. It is used to prepare rhodium bromide complexes. Rhodium bromides are similar to the chlorides, but have attracted little academic or commercial attention.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruthenium(III) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Ruthenium(III) bromide is a chemical compound of ruthenium and bromine with the formula RuBr₃. It is a dark brown solid that decomposes above 400 °C.

Praseodymium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal praseodymium (Pr). In these compounds, praseodymium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state, such as PrCl₃, Pr(NO₃)₃ and Pr(CH₃COO)₃. However, compounds with praseodymium in the +2 and +4 oxidation states, and unlike other lanthanides, the +5 oxidation state, are also known.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zirconium(III) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Zirconium(III) bromide is an inorganic compound with the formula ZrBr₃.

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 558–561. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
↑ "Sigma-Aldrich: 654981 Bismuth(III) bromide anhydrous, powder, 99.999% trace metals basis". Archived from the original on 2012-02-11.
↑ von Benda, Heike (1980). "Zur Polymorphie des Wismuttribromids". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials . 151 (1–4): 271–286. doi:10.1524/zkri.1980.151.14.271. S2CID 96552131.
↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 564–568. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

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[G&E-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 558–561. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[2] "Sigma-Aldrich: 654981 Bismuth(III) bromide anhydrous, powder, 99.999% trace metals basis". Archived from the original on 2012-02-11.

[3] von Benda, Heike (1980). "Zur Polymorphie des Wismuttribromids". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials . 151 (1–4): 271–286. doi:10.1524/zkri.1980.151.14.271. S2CID 96552131.

[G&E2-4] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 564–568. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

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