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A communist revolution is a proletarian revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism. [1] Depending on the type of government, the term socialism can be used to indicate an intermediate stage between capitalism and communism and may be the goal of the revolution, especially in Marxist-Leninist views. [2] The idea that a proletarian revolution is needed is a cornerstone of Marxism; [3] [4] Marxists believe that the workers of the world must unite and free themselves from capitalist oppression to create a world run by and for the working class. [5] Thus, in the Marxist view, proletarian revolutions need to happen in countries all over the world.
Karl Marx saw revolution as a necessity for communism, where the revolution would be based on class struggle led by the organised proletariat to overthrow capitalism and the bourgeoisie, followed by the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat. [1]
Leninism argues [6] [7] that a communist revolution must be led by a vanguard of "professional revolutionaries", men and women who are fully dedicated to the communist cause and who can then form the nucleus of the revolutionary movement. [8] Thus meaning that under Lenin's framework a communist revolution is not necessarily a proletarian revolution. [9] Some Marxists, such as Rosa Luxemburg, [10] [8] disagree with the idea of a vanguard as put forth by Lenin, especially left communists. [11] [12] [13] Another line of criticisms insist that the entire working class—or at least a large part of it—must be deeply involved and equally committed to the socialist or communist cause in order for a proletarian revolution to be successful. To this end, they seek to build massive communist parties with very large memberships.
The following is a list of successful and unsuccessful communist revolutions and coups throughout history. Among the lesser-known revolutions, a number of borderline cases have been included which may or may not have been communist revolutions. The nature of unsuccessful revolutions is particularly contentious since one can only speculate as to the kinds of policies that would have been implemented by the revolutionaries had they achieved victory.
Start date | End date | Duration | Event(s) | State | Rebel group | Revolutionary base area | Deaths | Result | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18 March 1871 | 28 May 1871 | (72 days) [14] | Paris Commune [14] [15] | France | Paris | 7,544 killed overall [16] [17] | Revolt suppressed [18]
| ||||
1 October 1915 [19] | 5 June 1920 [20] | (4 years, 249 days) | Jangal Movement | Qajar Iran | Jangal revolutionaries [21] [22] | Gilan province | Establishment of the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic [19] | [lower-alpha 1] | |||
24 April 1916 | 29 April 1916 | (6 days) | Easter Rising | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | Irish rebel forces | Dublin | 485 killed [25] [26] [27] | Unconditional surrender of rebel forces, [28] execution of most leaders. [29] | [lower-alpha 2] | ||
7 November 1917 | 7 November 1917 | (1 day) [30] | October Revolution | Russia | Bolsheviks Petrograd Soviet Left SRs Red Guards Anarchists [31] | Petrograd | Few wounded Red Guard soldiers [32] | Bolshevik victory Start of the Russian Civil War [33] | |||
2 August 1918 | 11 June 1925 | (6 years, 314 days) | Canadian Labour Revolt | Canada | Canada | Failure of the revolt | |||||
28 October 1918 | 31 October 1918 | (4 days) | Aster Revolution | Austria-Hungary | Hungarian National Council
| Hungary | Revolutionary victory
| ||||
29 October 1918 | 11 August 1919 | (287 days) | German Revolution of 1918–19 [37] [38] | German Empire (1918) German Republic (1918–1919) | Communist revolutionaries:
Soviet Republics: | Various regions of Germany | 150–196 [47] |
| |||
9 November 1918 | 14 November 1918 | (6 days) | Red Week | Netherlands | Faction of the Social Democratic Workers' Party [48] | No revolution | |||||
10 November 1918 [49] | 14 January 1919 | (66 days) | Luxembourg communist revolution | Luxembourg | Assorted communists, socialists, and liberals | French Army victory [49]
| |||||
28 November 1918 | 2 February 1920 [50] | (1 year, 67 days) | Estonian War of Independence | Estonia | Estonian Worker's Commune [51] RSFSR Red Latvian Riflemen | 3,988+ killed [52] [53] [54] | Treaty of Tartu: [50] | ||||
29 January 1919 [55] | 24 May 1923 | (4 years, 116 days) | Irish soviets [56] [57] [58] | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1919–1921) Irish Free State (1921–1923) | Irish soviets | Ireland |
| [lower-alpha 3] | |||
23 March 1919 | 1 August 1919 | (132 days) | Hungarian Soviet Republic [lower-alpha 4] [38] | Hungarian Republic | Hungarian Soviet Republic [59] | Hungary | 6,670 killed [60] |
| [lower-alpha 5] | ||
27 May 1919 | 27 May 1919 | (1 day) | Bender Uprising | Romania | Red Guards Ukrainian SSR | Tighina | 150 [62] | Romanian–French victory | |||
2 May 1920 | 3 May 1920 | (2 days) | 1920 Georgian coup attempt | Democratic Republic of Georgia | Georgian Bolsheviks | Georgia | Several killed | Government Victory [63] [64] [65]
| |||
1 March 1921 | 11 July 1921 | (133 days) | Mongolian Revolution of 1921 | Bogd Khanate of Mongolia Outer Mongolia | Mongolian People's Party [67] | Outer Mongolia | Mongolian communist victory: [68] [69]
| ||||
2 February 1921 | 5 April 1921 | (63 days) | Proština rebellion | Italy | Civilians led by Ante Ciliga [70] | Istria | Unknown | Government victory:
| [lower-alpha 6] | ||
3 March 1921 [72] | 8 April 1921 [73] | (37 days) | Labin mining strike and rebellion | Italy | Labin Republic | Istria | 5 [74] | Government victory:
| [lower-alpha 7] | ||
14 September 1923 | 29 September 1923 | (16 days) | September Uprising | Bulgaria | BCP BZNS Anarchists | 841 killed [76] | Bulgarian government victory:
| ||||
23 October 1923 [77] | 24 October 1923 | (2 days) | Hamburg Uprising | Weimar Republic | Communist Party of Germany | Hamburg | 99 killed [77] | Government victory | |||
15 September 1924 [78] | 18 September 1924 [79] | (4 days) | Tatarbunary Uprising | Romania | Tatarbunary Revolutionary Committee [80] | Tatarbunary | 3,000 killed [79] | Revolt quelled by the Romanian government | |||
1 December 1924 | 1 December 1924 | (1 day) [81] | 1924 Estonian coup attempt | Estonia | Communist Party of Estonia [82] [83] | 151 killed | Estonian government victory | ||||
1 August 1927 [84] [85] | 1 October 1949 [86] [87] | (22 years, 62 days) | China | Chinese Communist Party
| Communist-controlled China | cca. 8 million | Communist victory:
| [lower-alpha 8] | |||
22 January 1932 [90] | February 1932 | (11 days) | 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising | Republic of El Salvador | Communist Party of El Salvador Pipil rebels | Western El Salvador: | 10,000 – 40,000 [91] | Revolt suppressed, ethnocide of Pipil people [92] | [lower-alpha 9] | ||
23 November 1935 | 27 November 1935 | (5 days) | Brazilian communist uprising of 1935 | Brazil | National Liberation Alliance | Natal, Recife, and Rio de Janeiro | 150+ killed | Government victory | |||
19 July 1936 | 25 May 1937 | (311 days) [94] | Spanish Revolution of 1936 | Spain | CNT-FAI [95] [96] | Various regions of Spain –primarily Madrid, Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia, and parts of Levante, Spain. | Suppressed after ten-month period. | ||||
22 June 1941 [98] | 29 November 1945 | (4 years, 161 days) | Yugoslav People's Liberation War | Yugoslavia | Yugoslav Partisans | 850,000–1,200,000 [99] | Yugoslav Partisan–Allied victory:
| ||||
29 March 1942 [102] | 2 September 1945 | (3 years, 158 days) | Hukbalahap Rebellion (First phase) | Japan | Hukbalahap [103] | Central Luzon | Huk victory:
| ||||
16 September 1942 [105] | August 1945 | (2 years, 320 days) | National Liberation Movement [105] | Albanian Kingdom | National Anti-Fascist Liberation Movement [106] | Albania | Establishment of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania | ||||
9 September 1944 | 9 September 1944 | (1 day) | 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état | Bulgaria | Fatherland Front | Fatherland Front victory:
| |||||
16 August 1945 | 30 August 1945 | (15 days) | August Revolution [107] | Empire of Vietnam | Việt Minh | Northern, Central and Southern Vietnam | Việt Minh victory:
| ||||
6 September 1945 [110] | 25 June 1950 | (4 years, 293 days) | Korean Revolution [lower-alpha 10] | Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea |
|
| [lower-alpha 11] | ||||
May 1946 | 17 May 1954 [119] | (8 years, 17 days) | Hukbalahap Rebellion (Second phase) | Republic of the Philippines | Communist Party of the Philippines [120] | Central Luzon | Nearly 6,000 killed | Philippine government victory:
| |||
4 July 1946 [121] | 25 October 1951 [122] | (5 years, 114 days) | Telangana Rebellion | Hyderabad State (1946–1948) Union of India (1948–1951) [123] [124] | Telangana peasants Andhra Mahasabha Communist Party of India | Withdrawal of rebellion:
| |||||
19 December 1946 | 1 August 1954 | (7 years, 226 days) | First Indochina War | French Indochina | DR Vietnam Lao Issara (1945–1949)
| 400,000–842,707 total killed [129] [ page needed ] [130] [ page needed ] [131] | DR Vietnam-allied victory: [132]
| [lower-alpha 12] | |||
21 February 1948 [133] | 25 February 1948 [134] | (5 days) | 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état | Czechoslovak Republic |
| Appointment of a communist-dominated government [134] | |||||
2 April 1948 [135] | 16 April 1989 [136] | (41 years, 15 days) | Communist insurgency in Burma |
|
| Shan State | 3,000+ killed | Burmese government victory [136] | |||
3 April 1948 [138] [139] | 13 May 1949 [140] | (1 year, 41 days) | Jeju uprising [141] |
| Workers' Party of South Korea | Jeju Island | 30,000–100,000 killed [142] [140] [143] | Uprising suppressed [140] | [lower-alpha 13] | ||
16 June 1948 | 31 July 1960 | (12 years, 46 days) | Malayan Emergency | Malayan Communist Party | British Malaya | 11,107 [146] [147] | British-allied victory:
| ||||
18 September 1948 [148] | 19 December 1948 [149] | (93 days) | Madiun Affair | Indonesia | People's Democratic Front: [150] | Madiun | 1,920+ killed [151] [152] | Rebellion suppressed | |||
26 July 1953 [153] [154] | 1 January 1959 [155] [154] | (5 years, 160 days) | Cuban Revolution [156] | Cuba | 26th of July Movement [157] Student Revolutionary Directorate Second National Front of Escambray | 3,000 [158] | 26 July Movement victory:
| [lower-alpha 14] | |||
1 November 1955 | 30 April 1975 [163] | (19 years, 181 days) | Vietnam War | South Vietnam | Viet Cong | Memot District (1966–72) Lộc Ninh (1972–75) | 1,326,494–3,447,494 [164] | Communist victory | |||
23 May 1959 | 2 December 1975 | (16 years, 194 days) | Laotian Civil War | Laos | Lao People's Party | Xam Neua | 20,000–62,000 killed [165] | Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese victory:
| [lower-alpha 15] | ||
13 November 1960 | 29 December 1996 [166] | (36 years, 47 days) | Guatemalan Civil War | Guatemala | URNG [lower-alpha 16] (from 1982) | Guatemala | Between 140,000–200,000 dead and missing (estimated) [169] [170] [171] | Peace accord signed in 1996 | |||
4 February 1961 | 25 April 1974 | (13 years, 81 days) | Angolan War of Independence | Portuguese Angola | MPLA | Province of Angola | 12,990+ killed [172] [173] | Angolan victory: [174] [175]
| |||
19 July 1961 | 17 July 1979 | (17 years, 364 days) | Nicaraguan Revolution | Nicaragua | FSLN MAP-ML (1978–1979) | North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region | 30,000+ killed | FSLN military victory in 1979:
| [lower-alpha 17] | ||
c. December 1962 | 3 November 1990 [180] [181] | (27 years, 338 days) | Communist insurgency in Sarawak | Malaysia | North Kalimantan Communist Party [181]
| Sarawak | 400–500 killed | Government victory:
| |||
13 August 1963 [184] | 15 August 1963 | (3 days) | Trois Glorieuses | Congo | Congolese trade unions: [185] Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo [185] | Uprising successful:
| [lower-alpha 18] | ||||
27 May 1964 [191] | Present | (59 years, 355 days) | Colombian conflict [192] [193] | Colombia |
| Colombia with spillovers into Venezuela | 220,000+ killed [217] [218] [219] | Ongoing: | |||
1965 | 1983 | (18 years, 1 day) | Communist insurgency in Thailand | Thailand |
| Nakhon Phanom Province | 6,762+ killed [223] [224] | Thai government victory:
| |||
18 May 1967 | Present | (56 years, 364 days) | India | Communist Party of India (Maoist) | Red corridor | Since 1997: 13,060–14,552 [226] [227] | Ongoing | [lower-alpha 19] | |||
17 June 1968 | 2 December 1989 | (21 years, 169 days) [228] [229] | Communist insurgency in Malaysia | Malaysia | Malayan Communist Party | Malay Peninsula and Sarawak [230] | 367 | Peace Agreement of Hat Yai signed: | |||
17 January 1968 | 17 April 1975 | (7 years, 91 days) | Cambodian Civil War | Cambodia | Communist Party of Kampuchea | Ratanakiri Province | 275,000–310,000 killed | Communist victory | [lower-alpha 20] | ||
29 March 1969 | Present [234] | (55 years, 48 days) | New People's Army rebellion | Philippines | Communist Party of the Philippines [235] | Samar | 43,000+ killed (up to 2008) [236] (63,973+ killed) | Ongoing [237] | [lower-alpha 21] | ||
22 June 1969 [239] | 22 June 1969 | (1 day) | Corrective Move | South Yemen | Marxist faction of the NLF | No deaths [240] | Coup successful: [241]
| ||||
21 October 1969 | 21 October 1969 | (1 day) | 1969 Somali coup d'état | Somali Republic | Supreme Revolutionary Council | Mogadishu | Supreme Revolutionary Council victory: [242]
| ||||
19 July 1970 [243] | 1 November 1970 | (106 days) | Teoponte Guerrilla | Bolivia | Guerrilla de Teoponte (Ejército de Liberación Nacional) [243] | Teoponte Municipality | Bolivian government victory | ||||
5 April 1971 | June 1971 | (62 days) | 1971 JVP insurrection | Dominion of Ceylon | JVP
| Southern Province and Sabaragamuwa Province | Official: 1,200 Estimated: 4,000–5,000 [244] [245] | Ceylonese government victory: [246] [247]
| |||
19 July 1971 | 22 July 1971 | (4 days) [248] | 1971 Sudanese coup d'état | Democratic Republic of Sudan | Revolutionary Council
| Khartoum | Coup attempt fails:
| ||||
c. April 1972 | c. October 1974 | (2 years, 214 days) [249] | Araguaia Guerrilla War | Federative Republic of Brazil | Communist Party of Brazil [249] | Goiás and Tocantins [249] | 90+ killed [250] | Military dictatorship victory:
| |||
24 April 1972 | Present | (52 years, 22 days) | Maoist insurgency in Turkey | Turkey | Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist
| Tunceli Province [251] | 500+ Maoists killed | Ongoing | |||
25 April 1974 | 25 April 1974 | (1 day) [252] | Carnation Revolution | Estado Novo | Armed Forces Movement | 5 killed | Coup successful:
| ||||
12 September 1974 | 12 September 1974 | (1 day) | 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état | Ethiopia | Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and Territorial Army [255] | Coup successful: [256]
| [lower-alpha 22] | ||||
7 November 1975 [262] | 7 November 1975 | (1 day) | 7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état (Bengali : সিপাই-জানাটা বিপ্লব (Sepoy-Janata Biplob)) | Bangladesh | Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal [263] Biplobi Shainik Sangstha [264] | Successful coup:
| [lower-alpha 23] | ||||
27 April 1978 [266] | 28 April 1978 | (2 days) | Saur Revolution | Afghanistan | People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan | Afghanistan | 2,000 [267] | PDPA victory:
| [lower-alpha 24] | ||
13 March 1979 [271] | 13 March 1979 | (1 day) [272] [273] | New Jewel Movement | Grenada | New Jewel Movement [271] | Installation of the People's Revolutionary Government [272] | |||||
15 October 1979 | 16 January 1992 | (12 years, 94 days) | Salvadoran Civil War | El Salvador | FMLN | 87,795+ killed [274] | Chapultepec Peace Accords [275] | [lower-alpha 25] | |||
17 May 1980 [278] [279] | Present [280] | (43 years, 365 days) | Internal conflict in Peru | Peru | Communist Party of Peru–Shining Path [281] Militarized Communist Party of Peru [282] Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement [283] (1982–1997) | Ayacucho Region | 70,000+ killed [284] [285] [286] | Ongoing | [lower-alpha 26] | ||
25 January 1982 | 25 January 1982 | (1 day) | 1982 Amol uprising | Iran | Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran) | Amol County | 80–300 killed | Iranian government victory | |||
4 August 1983 | 4 August 1983 | (1 day) | Upper Voltan coup d'état [287] [288] | Upper Volta | Left-wing armed forces faction led by Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaoré | 13 killed |
| ||||
15 April 1987 | 29 December 1987 | (259 days) | 1987–1989 JVP insurrection | Sri Lanka | Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna | 60,000–80,000 killed [292] [293] | Sri Lankan Government victory:
| ||||
13 February 1996 | 21 November 2006 | (10 years, 282 days) | Nepalese Civil War | Nepal | Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) [294] | Rapti Zone | 17,800 killed overall [295] | Comprehensive Peace Accord [296] | [lower-alpha 28] | ||
20 June 2021 | Present | (2 years, 331 days) | 2021–2023 Eswatini protests | Eswatini |
| 24+ [301] [302] | Ongoing | ||||
August 2021 [303] [304] | Present | (2 years, 289 days) | Myanmar civil war (2021–present) | Myanmar | Myanmar | 45,264+ killed [308] | Ongoing | ||||
The URNG was the result of the merger of the left-wing armed groups, EGP, ORPA, FAR and PGT, supported by the FDR of El Salvador and the Nicaragua NDF. The PAC were local militias created by the Guatemalan Government.
Lev Davidovich Bronstein, better known as Leon Trotsky, was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, journalist, and political theorist. He was a central figure in the 1905 Revolution, October Revolution, Russian Civil War, and the establishment of the Soviet Union. Alongside Vladimir Lenin, Trotsky was widely considered the most prominent Soviet figure and was de facto second-in-command during the early years of the Russian Soviet Republic. Ideologically a Marxist and a Leninist, his thought and writings inspired a school of Marxism known as Trotskyism.
Leninism is a political ideology developed by Russian Marxist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin that proposes the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat led by a revolutionary vanguard party as the political prelude to the establishment of communism. Lenin's ideological contributions to the Marxist ideology relate to his theories on the party, imperialism, the state, and revolution. The function of the Leninist vanguard party is to provide the working classes with the political consciousness and revolutionary leadership necessary to depose capitalism.
Marxism–Leninism is a communist ideology that became the largest faction of the communist movement in the world in the years following the October Revolution. It was the predominant ideology of most communist governments throughout the 20th century. It was developed in Russia by Joseph Stalin and drew on elements of Bolshevism, orthodox Marxism, and Leninism. It was the state ideology of the Soviet Union, Soviet satellite states in the Eastern Bloc, and various countries in the Non-Aligned Movement and Third World during the Cold War, as well as the Communist International after Bolshevization.
The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution, October coup, or Bolshevik coup was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923. It was the second revolutionary change of government in Russia in 1917. It took place through an armed insurrection in Petrograd on 7 November 1917 [O.S. 25 October]. It was the precipitating event of the Russian Civil War.
In political science, a revolution is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's state, class, ethnic or religious structures. A revolution involves the attempted change in political regimes, substantial mass mobilization, and efforts to force change through non-institutionalized means.
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the overthrowing of the social-democratic Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. It resulted in the formation of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and later the Soviet Union in most of its territory. Its finale marked the end of the Russian Revolution, which was one of the key events of the 20th century.
Maoism, also known as Mao Zedong Thought, is a variety of Marxism–Leninism that Mao Zedong developed while trying to realize a socialist revolution in the agricultural, pre-industrial society of the Republic of China and later the People's Republic of China. A difference between Maoism and traditional Marxism–Leninism is that a united front of progressive forces in class society would lead the revolutionary vanguard in pre-industrial societies rather than communist revolutionaries alone. This theory, in which revolutionary praxis is primary and ideological orthodoxy is secondary, represents urban Marxism–Leninism adapted to pre-industrial China. Later theoreticians expanded on the idea that Mao had adapted Marxism–Leninism to Chinese conditions, arguing that he had in fact updated it fundamentally and that Maoism could be applied universally throughout the world. This ideology is often referred to as Marxism–Leninism–Maoism to distinguish it from the original ideas of Mao.
The history of communism encompasses a wide variety of ideologies and political movements sharing the core principles of common ownership of wealth, economic enterprise, and property. Most modern forms of communism are grounded at least nominally in Marxism, a theory and method conceived by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels during the 19th century. Marxism subsequently gained a widespread following across much of Europe, and throughout the late 1800s its militant supporters were instrumental in a number of unsuccessful revolutions on that continent. During the same era, there was also a proliferation of communist parties which rejected armed revolution, but embraced the Marxist ideal of collective property and a classless society.
Communism is a left-wing to far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need. A communist society would entail the absence of private property and social classes, and ultimately money and the state.
Communist terrorism is terrorism perpetrated by individuals or groups which adhere to communism and ideologies related to it, such as Marxism–Leninism, Maoism, and Trotskyism. Historically, communist terrorism has sometimes taken the form of state-sponsored terrorism, supported by communist nations such as the Soviet Union, China, North Korea and Kampuchea. In addition, non-state actors such as the Red Brigades, the Front Line and the Red Army Faction have also engaged in communist terrorism. These groups hope to inspire the masses to rise up and start a revolution to overthrow existing political and economic systems. This form of terrorism can sometimes be called red terrorism or left-wing terrorism.
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The Revolutions of 1917–1923 were a revolutionary wave that included political unrest and armed revolts around the world inspired by the success of the Russian Revolution and the disorder created by the aftermath of World War I. The uprisings were mainly socialist or anti-colonial in nature. Some socialist revolts failed to create lasting socialist states. The revolutions had lasting effects in shaping the future European political landscape, with for example the collapse of the German Empire and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary.
A workers' council, or labor council, is a type of council in a workplace or a locality made up of workers or of temporary and instantly revocable delegates elected by the workers in a locality's workplaces. In such a system of political and economic organization, the workers themselves are able to exercise decision-making power. Furthermore, the workers within each council decide on what their agenda is and what their needs are. The council communist Antonie Pannekoek describes shop-committees and sectional assemblies as the basis for workers' management of the industrial system. A variation is a soldiers' council, where soldiers direct a mutiny. Workers and soldiers have also operated councils in conjunction. Workers' councils may in turn elect delegates to central committees, such as the Congress of Soviets.
In Marxist philosophy, the dictatorship of the proletariat is a condition in which the proletariat, or working class, holds control over state power. The dictatorship of the proletariat is the transitional phase from a capitalist and a communist economy, whereby the post-revolutionary state seizes the means of production, mandates the implementation of direct elections on behalf of and within the confines of the ruling proletarian state party, and institutes elected delegates into representative workers' councils that nationalise ownership of the means of production from private to collective ownership. During this phase, the administrative organizational structure of the party is to be largely determined by the need for it to govern firmly and wield state power to prevent counterrevolution, and to facilitate the transition to a lasting communist society.
A revolutionary wave or revolutionary decade is one series of revolutions occurring in various locations within a similar time-span. In many cases, past revolutions and revolutionary waves have inspired current ones, or an initial revolution has inspired other concurrent "affiliate revolutions" with similar aims. The causes of revolutionary waves have become the subjects of study by historians and political philosophers, including Robert Roswell Palmer, Crane Brinton, Hannah Arendt, Eric Hoffer, and Jacques Godechot.
A proletarian revolution or proletariat revolution is a social revolution in which the working class attempts to overthrow the bourgeoisie and change the previous political system. Proletarian revolutions are generally advocated by socialists, communists and anarchists.
Bourgeois revolution is a term used in Marxist theory to refer to a social revolution that aims to destroy a feudal system or its vestiges, establish the rule of the bourgeoisie, and create a bourgeois (capitalist) state. In colonised or subjugated countries, bourgeois revolutions often take the form of a war of national independence. The Dutch, English, American, and French revolutions are considered the archetypal bourgeois revolutions, in that they attempted to clear away the remnants of the medieval feudal system, so as to pave the way for the rise of capitalism. The term is usually used in contrast to "proletarian revolution", and is also sometimes called a "bourgeois-democratic revolution".
Further, it has co-ordinated the social development of the civilized countries to such an extent that, in all of them, bourgeoisie and proletariat have become the decisive classes, and the struggle between them the great struggle of the day. It follows that the communist revolution will not merely be a national phenomenon but must take place simultaneously in all civilized countries – that is to say, at least in England, America, France, and Germany.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)There was, therefore, little to hinder the assault mounted by the rebel 4th Armored Brigade, led by Major Mohammed Aslam Watanjar, who had also been prominent in Daoud's own coup five years before. Watanjar first secured the airport, where the other coup leader, Colonel Abdul Qadir, left by helicopter for the Bagram air base. There he took charge and organized air strikes on the royal palace, where Daoud and the presidential guard were conducting a desperate defense. Fighting continued the whole day and into the night, when the defenders were finally overwhelmed. Daoud and almost all of his family members, including women and children, died in the fighting. Altogether there were possibly as many as two thousand fatalities, both military and civilian.