East Timor (province)

East Timor Timor Timur (Indonesian) Timor Lorosa'e (Tetum)
1976–1999
Coat of arms
Motto: Houri Otas, Houri Wain, Oan Timor Asswa'in (Tetum) "From the past and from today, we are Timorese warriors"
Location of East Timor Province
Status	Province of Indonesia ( de facto ) [1] Overseas province of Portugal ( de jure )
Capital and largest city	Dili
Official languages	Indonesian, Portuguese
Recognised regional languages	Balinese, Fataluku, Javanese, Tetum, Sundanese, Uab Meto, other indigenous languages
Religion	Catholicism (majority) Protestantism Islam Hinduism Buddhism Animism East Timorese indigenous religions
Government	Overseas province within a unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic, under military occupation ( de jure ) [1] Military occupation ( de facto )
President of Indonesia
• 1976–1998	Suharto
• 1998–1999	B. J. Habibie
Governor
• 1976–1978 (first)	Arnaldo dos Reis Araújo
• 1992–1999 (last)	José Abílio Osório Soares
Vice Governor
• 1976–1981 (first)	Francisco Xavier Lopes da Cruz
• 1998–1999 (last)	Musiran Darmosuwito
Legislature	East Timor Regional Representative Council (DPRD Timor Timur)
Historical era	New Order
•  Operation Lotus	17 July 1976
•  Santa Cruz massacre	12 November 1991
•  Independence referendum	30 August 1999
•  UNTAET established	25 October 1999
Area
• Total	15,007 km2 (5,794 sq mi)
• Water (%)	negligible
Population
• 1980	555,350
• 1990	747,750
Currency	Indonesian rupiah (Rp) (IDR)
Time zone	UTC+8 (Central Indonesia Time)
Date format	dd-mm-yyyy
Driving side	left [2]
Calling code	+62 377 (Viqueque) +62 378 (Pante Makasar) +62 379 (Suai) +62 390 (Dili) +62 394 (Maliana) +62 396 (Lospalos) +62 398 (Ermera) +62 399 (Baucau)
ISO 3166 code	ID-TT
Internet TLD	.id
Preceded by Succeeded by Provisional Government of East Timor United Nations Administered East Timor
Today part of	East Timor
Notes ^ East Timor was legalized by Indonesian law as the 27th province, but seen by the UN and several countries (including Portugal) as a "military occupation" (see Indonesian occupation of East Timor). Thus, it was de jure a Portuguese territory under Indonesian occupation from the standpoint of international law, but operated de facto as an Indonesian province (and considered by Indonesia's own laws as a de jure province as well). ^ Used RHT along with Portugal from 1928–1976, back to LHT since 1976.

East Timor (Indonesian : Timor Timur) was a de facto province of Indonesia that existed between 1976 and 1999 during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor. Its territory corresponded to the previous Portuguese Timor and to the present-day independent country of Timor-Leste.

From 1702 to 1975, East Timor was an overseas territory of Portugal, called "Portuguese Timor". In 1974, Portugal initiated a gradual decolonisation process of its remaining overseas territories, including Portuguese Timor. During the process, a civil conflict between the different Timorese parties erupted. In 1975, Indonesia invaded East Timor and in 1976, it formally annexed the territory, declaring it as its 27th province and renaming it "Timor Timur". The United Nations, however, did not recognise the annexation, continuing to consider Portugal as the legitimate administering power of East Timor. Following the end of Indonesian occupation in 1999, as well as a United Nations administered transition period, East Timor became formally independent of Portugal in 2002 and adopted the official name of Timor-Leste.

Background

Main article: Indonesian occupation of East Timor

Timorese women with the Indonesian national flag

From 1702 to 1975, East Timor was an overseas territory of Portugal, lately being officially the Portuguese overseas province of Timor, usually referred as "Portuguese Timor". Following the "Carnation Revolution" of 1974, the new Government of Portugal initiated a gradual decolonization process of its overseas territories, including Portuguese Timor. During the process, a civil conflict between the several Timorese political parties erupted, with the left-wing Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) prevailing and being able to control the capital Dili, obliging the Portuguese governor and his staff to move his seat to the Atauro Island.

On the 28 November 1975, Fretilin unilaterally declared the independence of the then Portuguese Timor, calling it República Democrática de Timor-Leste (Portuguese for "Democratic Republic of East Timor"). Portugal did not however recognize that independence, with the Portuguese governor continuing to be present and formally administering the province from Atauro, although having a limited de facto authority over the remaining territory of East Timor.

Nine days later, Indonesia began the invasion of the majority of the territory of East Timor. Following the invasion, the Portuguese governor and his staff left Atauro aboard two Portuguese warships. As a statement of Portuguese sovereignty, Portugal maintained those warships patrolling the waters around East Timor until May 1976.

On 17 July 1976, Indonesia formally annexed East Timor as its 27th province and changed its official name to Timor Timur, the Indonesian translation of "East Timor". The use of the Portuguese language was then forbidden, as it was seen as a relic of colonisation.

The annexation was recognized by a few countries, the most relevant being the United States and Australia, but was not recognized by Portugal, the majority of other countries^{[ citation needed ]} and the United Nations. The United Nations continued to recognise Portugal as the legitimate administering power of East Timor.

The Indonesians left in 1999 and East Timor came under the administration of the United Nations.

After the re-establishment of the independence of Timor-Leste in 2002, the East Timorese government requested that the name Timor-Leste be used in place of "East Timor". This is to avoid the Indonesian term and its reminder of the Indonesian occupation.^{[ citation needed ]}

Government

As with all provinces of Indonesia, executive authority was vested in a Governor and Vice-Governor elected by the Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, DPRD) every five years. Legislative authority was vested in the DPRD, both in province and regency level.

Governors

For a more comprehensive list, see List of colonial governors of Portuguese Timor.

Below are governors of East Timor Province from 1976 to 1999:

Governors of Timor Timur during Indonesian occupation
No.	Portrait	Officeholders	Tenure		Notes	Head of state (Term)
			From	Until
130		Arnaldo dos Reis Araújo Governor	3 August 1976	19 September 1978		Suharto President of Indonesia (27 March 1968 – 21 May 1998) B. J. Habibie President of Indonesia (21 May 1998 – 20 October 1999)
131		Guilherme Maria Gonçalves Governor	19 September 1978	17 September 1981
132		Mário Viegas Carrascalão Governor	18 September 1981	18 September 1992
133		José Abílio Osório Soares Governor	18 September 1992	19 October 1999

Regional Representative Council

Composition of the Regional Representative Council between 1980 and 1999:

Regional Representative Council of Timor Timur
Year	PPP	Golkar	PDI	ABRI	Total
1980	0	25	0	0	25
1981	0	24	0	0	24
1982	0	32	0	4	36
1987	0	34	2	9	45
1988	0	34	2	9	45
1989	0	33	2	9	44
1990	0	34	2	9	45
1991	0	34	2	9	45
1992	2	29	5	9	45
1997	1	30	5	9	45

Administrative divisions

Map of East Timor Province c. 1990s

The province was divided into thirteen regencies ( kabupaten ) and one administrative city (kota administratif). These are listed below along with their districts (kecamatan), per December 1981: ^{[1] [2]}

• Dili Administrative City , served as the capital of East Timor, also the capital and part of Dili Regency, consisted of East Dili (Dili Timur) and West Dili (Dili Barat) districts, which formerly belonged to Dili Regency before the creation of the administrative city status in November 1981.
• Dili Regency , consisted of Dili Administrative City, Atauro and Metinaro districts.
• Baucau Regency , with its capital at Baucau, consisted of Baucau, Vemasse, Laga, Baguia, Venilale, and Quelicai districts.
• Manatuto Regency , with its capital at Manatuto, consisted of Manatuto, Laclubar, Barique, Laclo, and Laleia districts.
• Lautem Regency , with its capital at Lospalos, consisted of Lospalos, Luro, Iliomar, Lautem, and Tutuala districts.
• Viqueque Regency , with its capital at Viqueque, consisted of Viqueque, Ossu, Uato-Lari, Lacluta, and Uato-Carbau districts.
• Ainaro Regency , with its capital at Ainaro, consisted of Ainaro, Maubisse, Hatu-Bullico, Hato-Hudo, and Mape districts.
• Manufahi Regency , with its capital at Same, consisted of Same, Alas, Fato-Berliu, and Turiscai districts.
• Kova-Lima Regency , with its capital at Suai, consisted of Suai, Tilomar, Fohorem, Fatu-Lulic, and Fatu-Mean districts.
• Ambeno Regency , with its capital at Pante-Makassar, consisted of Pante-Makassar, Oe-Silo, Nitibe, and Passabe districts.
• Bobonaro Regency , with its capital at Maliana, consisted of Maliana, Bobonaro, Lolotoi, Atabai, Balibo, and Cailaco districts.
• Liquica Regency , with its capital at Liquica, consisted of Liquica, Bazar-Tete, and Maubara districts.
• Ermera Regency , with its capital at Gleno, consisted of Ermera, Atsabe, Hatolia, Lete-Foho, and Railaco districts.
• Aileu Regency , with its capital at Aileu, consisted of Aileu, Remexio, Laulara, and Lequidoe districts.

Gallery

• 
  The East Timor Museum (formerly East Timor Pavilion) in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah which was built in 1980 (by then, East Timor was part of Indonesia); depicted here is its traditional house.

See also

• East Timor portal

• Indonesian occupation of East Timor
• 1999 East Timorese crisis
• East Timor–Indonesia relations

References

1. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 1976 tentang Pemerintahan Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Timor Timur dan Kabupaten-Kabupaten Daerah Tingkat II di Timor Timur (in Indonesian). 30 July 1976. Retrieved 30 June 2022. Archived 30 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine
2. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 41 Tahun 1981 tentang Pembentukan Kota Administratif Dili (in Indonesian). 19 November 1981. Retrieved 30 June 2022. Archived 30 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine

External links

• Report of CAVR — Chega!
• ETAN.org: East Timor Action Network
  • ETAN.org: Articles and reports − 1991 to 1996

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