Internet censorship and surveillance by country

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This list of Internet censorship and surveillance by country provides information on the types and levels of Internet censorship and surveillance that is occurring in countries around the world.

Contents

Classifications

Detailed country by country information on Internet censorship and surveillance is provided in the Freedom on the Net reports from Freedom House, by the OpenNet Initiative, by Reporters Without Borders, and in the Country Reports on Human Rights Practices from the U.S. State Department Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. The ratings produced by several of these organizations are summarized below as well as in the Censorship by country article.

Freedom on the Net reports

The Freedom on the Net reports provide analytical reports and numerical ratings regarding the state of Internet freedom for countries worldwide. [1] The countries surveyed represent a sample with a broad range of geographical diversity and levels of economic development, as well as varying levels of political and media freedom. The surveys ask a set of questions designed to measure each country's level of Internet and digital media freedom, as well as the access and openness of other digital means of transmitting information, particularly mobile phones and text messaging services.

Results are presented for three areas:

The results from the three areas are combined into a total score for a country (from 0 for best to 100 for worst) and countries are rated as "Free" (0 to 30), "Partly Free" (31 to 60), or "Not Free" (61 to 100) based on the totals.

Starting in 2009 Freedom House has produced thirteen editions of the report. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] There was no report in 2010. The reports generally cover the period from June through May.

Freedom on the Net survey results
 2009 [1] 2011 [2] 2012 [3] 2013 [4] 2014 [5] 2015 [6] 2016 [7] 2017 [8] 2018 [9] 2019 [10] 2020 [11] 2021 [12] 2022 [13]
Countries15374760656565656565657070
Free  4 (27%)  8 (22%)14 (30%)17 (29%)19 (29%)18 (28%)17 (26%)16 (25%)15 (23%)15

(23%)

15

(23%)

18

(26%)

17

(24%)

Partly free  7 (47%)18 (49%)20 (43%)29 (48%)31 (48%)28 (43%)28 (43%)28 (43%)30 (46%)29

(44%)

28

(43%)

31

(44%)

32

(46%)

Not free  4 (27%)11 (30%)13 (28%)14 (23%)15 (23%)19 (29%)20 (31%)21 (32%)20 (31%)21

(32%)

22

(33%)

21

(30%)

21

(30%)

Improvedn/a  5 (33%)11 (31%)12 (26%)12 (18%)15 (23%)34 (52%)32 (49%)19 (29%)16

(25%)

26

(40%)

18

(26%)

26

(37%)

Declinedn/a  9 (60%)17 (47%)28 (60%)36 (55%)32 (49%)14 (22%)13 (20%)26 (40%)33

(50%)

23

(35%)

30

(43%)

28

(40%)

No changen/a  1   (7%)  8 (22%)  7 (15%)17 (26%)18 (28%)17 (26%)20 (31%)20 (31%)16

(25%)

16

(25%)

22

(31%)

16

(23%)

OpenNet Initiative

In a series of reports issued between 2007 and 2013 the OpenNet Initiative (ONI) classified the magnitude of censorship or filtering occurring in a country in four areas of activity. [14]

The magnitude or level of censorship was classified as follows:

Pervasive: A large portion of content in several categories is blocked.
Substantial: A number of categories are subject to a medium level of filtering or many categories are subject to a low level of filtering.
Selective: A small number of specific sites are blocked or filtering targets a small number of categories or issues.
Suspected: It is suspected, but not confirmed, that Web sites are being blocked.
No evidence: No evidence of blocked Web sites, although other forms of controls may exist.

The classifications were done for the following areas of activity:

Political: Views and information in opposition to those of the current government or related to human rights, freedom of expression, minority rights, and religious movements.
Social: Views and information perceived as offensive or as socially sensitive, often related to sexuality, gambling, or illegal drugs and alcohol.
Conflict/security: Views and information related to armed conflicts, border disputes, separatist movements, and militant groups.
Internet tools: e-mail, Internet hosting, search, translation, and Voice-over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services, and censorship or filtering circumvention methods.

Due to legal concerns the ONI does not check for filtering of child pornography and because their classifications focus on technical filtering, they do not include other types of censorship.

Through 2010 the OpenNet Initiative had documented Internet filtering by governments in over forty countries worldwide. [15] The level of filtering was classified in 26 countries in 2007 and in 25 countries in 2009. Of the 41 separate countries classified in these two years, seven were found to show no evidence of filtering (Egypt, France, Germany, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States), while one was found to engage in pervasive filtering in all areas (China), 13 were found to engage in pervasive filtering in one or more areas, and 34 were found to engage in some level of filtering in one or more areas. Of the 10 countries classified in both 2007 and 2009, one reduced its level of filtering (Pakistan), five increased their level of filtering (Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, South Korea, and Uzbekistan), and four maintained the same level of filtering (China, Iran, Myanmar, and Tajikistan). [16]

In December 2014 ONI announced that: [17]

After a decade of collaboration in the study and documentation of Internet filtering and control mechanisms around the world, the OpenNet Initiative partners will no longer carry out research under the ONI banner. The ONI website, including all reports and data, will be maintained indefinitely to allow continued public access to their entire archive of published work and data.

ONI's summarized global Internet filtering data was last updated on 20 September 2013.

Reporters Without Borders


RWB Enemies of the Internet and Countries under Surveillance lists

In 2006, Reporters without Borders (Reporters sans frontières, RSF), a Paris-based international non-governmental organization that advocates freedom of the press, started publishing a list of "Enemies of the Internet". [18] The organization classifies a country as an enemy of the internet because "all of these countries mark themselves out not just for their capacity to censor news and information online but also for their almost systematic repression of Internet users." [19] In 2007 a second list of countries "Under Surveillance" (originally "Under Watch") was added. [20]

When the "Enemies of the Internet" list was introduced in 2006, it listed 13 countries. From 2006 to 2012 the number of countries listed fell to 10 and then rose to 12. The list was not updated in 2013. In 2014 the list grew to 19 with an increased emphasis on surveillance in addition to censorship. The list has not been updated since 2014.

When the "Countries under surveillance" list was introduced in 2008, it listed 10 countries. Between 2008 and 2012 the number of countries listed grew to 16 and then fell to 11. The number grew to 12 with the addition of Norway in 2020. The list was last updated in 2020.[ citation needed ]

RWB Special report on Internet Surveillance

On 12 March 2013 Reporters Without Borders published a Special report on Internet Surveillance. [23] The report includes two new lists:

  • a list of "State Enemies of the Internet", countries whose governments are involved in active, intrusive surveillance of news providers, resulting in grave violations of freedom of information and human rights; and
  • a list of "Corporate Enemies of the Internet", companies that sell products that are liable to be used by governments to violate human rights and freedom of information.

The five "State Enemies of the Internet" named in March 2013 are: Bahrain, China, Iran, Syria, and Vietnam. [23]

The five "Corporate Enemies of the Internet" named in March 2013 are: Amesys (France), Blue Coat Systems (U.S.), Gamma (UK and Germany), Hacking Team (Italy), and Trovicor (Germany). [23]

Country Reports on Human Rights Practices

Country Reports on Human Rights Practices is an annual series of reports on human rights conditions in countries throughout the world. Among other topics the reports include information on freedom of speech and the press including Internet freedom; freedom of assembly and association; and arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence. [24]

The reports are prepared by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor within the United States Department of State. The reports cover internationally recognized individual, civil, political, and worker rights, as set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The first report was issued in 1977 covering the year 1976. [25]

Internet censorship and surveillance by continent

Africa

The Americas

Asia

Europe

Oceania

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Uzbekistan</span> Issues about human rights in Uzbekistan

Human rights in Uzbekistan have been described as "abysmal" by Human Rights Watch, and the country has received heavy criticism from the UK and the US for alleged arbitrary arrests, religious persecution and torture employed by the government on a regional and national level. Amnesty International stated that freedom of expression, association, and peaceful assembly continue to be restricted, and that relations between gay men are illegal.

Internet censorship in Tunisia significantly decreased in January 2011, following the ouster of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, as the new acting government removed filters on social networking sites such as YouTube.

Censorship in South Asia can apply to books, movies, the Internet and other media. Censorship occurs on religious, moral and political grounds, which is controversial in itself as the latter especially is seen as contrary to the tenets of democracy, in terms of freedom of speech and the right to freely criticise the government.

The OpenNet Initiative (ONI) was a joint project whose goal was to monitor and report on internet filtering and surveillance practices by nations. The project employed a number of technical means, as well as an international network of investigators, to determine the extent and nature of government-run internet filtering programs. Participating academic institutions included the Citizen Lab at the Munk Centre for International Studies, University of Toronto; Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School; the Oxford Internet Institute (OII) at University of Oxford; and, The SecDev Group, which took over from the Advanced Network Research Group at the Cambridge Security Programme, University of Cambridge.

Censorship in Tunisia has been an issue since the country gained independence in 1956. Though considered relatively mild under President Habib Bourguiba (1957–1987), censorship and other forms of repression became common under his successor, President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Ben Ali was listed as one of the "10 Worst Enemies of the Press" by the Committee to Protect Journalists starting in 1998. Reporters Without Borders named Ben Ali as a leading "Predator of Press Freedom". However, the Tunisia Monitoring Group reports that the situation with respect to censorship has improved dramatically since the overthrow of Ben Ali in early 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet in Yemen</span>

Use of the Internet in Yemen began in 1996 through the ISPs TeleYemen and the Public Telecommunications Corporation. By July 2016, 6,732,928 people were Internet users.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet in Myanmar</span> Overview of the Internet in Myanmar

The Internet in Myanmar has been available since 2000 when the first Internet connections were established. Beginning in September 2011, historically-pervasive levels of Internet censorship in Burma were significantly reduced. Prior to September 2011, the military government worked aggressively to limit and control Internet access through software-based censorship, infrastructure and technical constraints, and laws and regulations with large fines and lengthy prison sentences for violators. In 2015, internet usage significantly increased to 12.6% with the introduction of faster mobile 3G internet by transnational telecommunication companies Telenor Myanmar and Ooredoo Myanmar, later joined by national Myanmar Post and Telecommunications(MPT). While the Internet situation in Myanmar has undergone change since its introduction in 2010 and reduction of censorship in 2011, laws such as the 2013 Telecommunications Law continue to restrict citizens from total freedom online. Despite restrictions, internet penetration continues to grow across the country.

Censorship in Myanmar results from government policies in controlling and regulating certain information, particularly on religious, ethnic, political, and moral grounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet censorship</span> Legal control of the internet

Internet censorship is the legal control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet. Censorship is most often applied to specific internet domains but exceptionally may extend to all Internet resources located outside the jurisdiction of the censoring state. Internet censorship may also put restrictions on what information can be made internet accessible. Organizations providing internet access – such as schools and libraries – may choose to preclude access to material that they consider undesirable, offensive, age-inappropriate or even illegal, and regard this as ethical behavior rather than censorship. Individuals and organizations may engage in self-censorship of material they publish, for moral, religious, or business reasons, to conform to societal norms, political views, due to intimidation, or out of fear of legal or other consequences.

Internet censorship in Morocco was listed as selective in the social, conflict/security, and Internet tools areas and as no evidence in the political area by the OpenNet Initiative (ONI) in August 2009. Freedom House listed Morocco's "Internet Freedom Status" as "Partly Free" in its 2018 Freedom on the Net report.

Censorship by country collects information on censorship, Internet censorship, freedom of the press, freedom of speech, and human rights by country and presents it in a sortable table, together with links to articles with more information. In addition to countries, the table includes information on former countries, disputed countries, political sub-units within countries, and regional organizations.

Internet censorship in Vietnam is implemented in the country, according to a 2009 report from Reporters Without Borders. Vietnam regulates its citizens' Internet access using both legal and technical means. The government's efforts to regulate, monitor, and provide oversight regarding Internet use has been referred to as a "Bamboo Firewall".

Internet censorship in Syria is extensive; with numerous websites and online platforms being banned for political reasons. Internet usage is authorized only through state-run servers and people accessing through other means are arrested. Filtering and blocking was found to be pervasive in the political and Internet tools areas, and selective in the social and conflict/security areas by the OpenNet Initiative in August 2009.

Global Internet Usage is the number of people who use the Internet worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet censorship in Russia</span>

In Russia, internet censorship is enforced on the basis of several laws and through several mechanisms. Since 2012, Russia maintains a centralized internet blacklist maintained by the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media (Roskomnadzor).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet censorship and surveillance in Europe</span>

This list of Internet censorship and surveillance in Europe provides information on the types and levels of Internet censorship and surveillance that is occurring in countries in Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet censorship and surveillance in Asia</span>

This list of Internet censorship and surveillance in Asia provides information on the types and levels of Internet censorship and surveillance that is occurring in countries in Asia

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet censorship and surveillance in the Americas</span>

This list of Internet censorship and surveillance in the Americas provides information on the types and levels of Internet censorship and surveillance that is occurring in countries in the Americas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet censorship and surveillance in Oceania</span> Overview about the Internet censorship and surveillance in Oceania

This list of Internet censorship and surveillance in Oceania provides information on the types and levels of Internet censorship and surveillance that is occurring in countries in Oceania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet censorship and surveillance in Africa</span>

This list of Internet censorship and surveillance in Africa provides information on the types and levels of Internet censorship and surveillance that is occurring in countries in Africa.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Freedom on the Net 2009, Freedom House, accessed 16 April 2012
  2. 1 2 Freedom on the Net 2011, Freedom House, accessed 15 April 2012
  3. 1 2 Freedom on the Net 2012, Freedom House, accessed 24 September 2012
  4. 1 2 Freedom on the Net 2013, Freedom House, 3 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  5. 1 2 "Freedom on the Net 2014" (PDF). Freedom House. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  6. 1 2 "Freedom on the Net 2015" (PDF). Freedom House. October 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  7. 1 2 "Freedom on the Net 2016" (PDF). Freedom House. October 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  8. 1 2 "Freedom on the Net 2017" (PDF). Freedom House. October 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  9. 1 2 "Freedom on the Net 2018" (PDF). Freedom House. November 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  10. 1 2 "Freedom On The Net 2019" (PDF). Freedom House (Report). 2019.
  11. 1 2 "Freedom On The Net 2020" (PDF). Freedom House (Report). 2020.
  12. 1 2 "Freedom On The Net 2021" (PDF). Freedom House (Report). 2021.
  13. 1 2 Shahbaz, Adrian; Funk, Allie; Vesteinsson, Kian (2022). "Freedom On The Net 2022" (PDF). Freedom House (Report). Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  14. ↑ "ONI Country Profiles", Research section at the OpenNet Initiative web site, a collaborative partnership of the Citizen Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto; the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University; and the SecDev Group, Ottawa
  15. ↑ "West Censoring East: The Use of Western Technologies by Middle East Censors, 2010–2011", Helmi Noman and Jillian C. York, OpenNet Initiative, March 2011
  16. ↑ Freedom of connection, freedom of expression: the changing legal and regulatory ecology shaping the Internet, Dutton, William H.; Dopatka, Anna; Law, Ginette; Nash, Victoria, Division for Freedom of Expression, Democracy and Peace, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris, 2011, 103 pp., ISBN   978-92-3-104188-4
  17. ↑ "Looking Forward: A Note of Appreciation and Closure on a Decade of Research", OpenNet Initiative, 18 December 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  18. ↑ List of the 13 Internet enemies Reporters Without Borders (Paris), 11 July 2006, Archived 22 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine .
  19. ↑ "Internet enemies", Reporters Without Borders (Paris), 12 March 2009, Archived 16 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine .
  20. ↑ Web 2.0 versus Control 2.0. Reporters Without Borders (Paris), 18 March 2010, Archived 14 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine .
  21. 1 2 Internet Enemies Archived 2012-03-23 at the Wayback Machine , Reporters Without Borders (Paris), 12 March 2012
  22. ↑ "Internet Enemies", Enemies of the Internet 2014: Entities at the heart of censorship and surveillance, Reporters Without Borders (Paris), 11 March 2014. Archived 12 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  23. 1 2 3 The Enemies of the Internet Special Edition : Surveillance Archived 2013-08-31 at the Wayback Machine , Reporters Without Borders, 12 March 2013
  24. ↑ "Appendix A: Notes on Preparation of the Country Reports and Explanatory Notes". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2014. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State. 16 April 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  25. ↑ "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  26. ↑ CC-BY-icon-80x15.png Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license, see the lower right corner of pages at the OpenNet Initiative web site

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