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Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. Located in Central Canada, it is Canada's most populous province, with 38.3 percent of the country's population, and is the second-largest province by total area. Ontario is Canada's fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included. It is home to the nation's capital city, Ottawa, and the nation's most populous city, Toronto, which is also Ontario's provincial capital.
Rural flight is the migratory pattern of peoples from rural areas into urban areas. It is urbanization seen from the rural perspective.
Tajikistan is nestled between Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan to the north and west, China to the east, and Afghanistan to the south. Mountains cover 93 percent of Tajikistan's surface area. The two principal ranges, the Pamir Mountains and the Alay Mountains, give rise to many glacier-fed streams and rivers, which have been used to irrigate farmlands since ancient times. Central Asia's other major mountain range, the Tian Shan, skirts northern Tajikistan. Mountainous terrain separates Tajikistan's two population centers, which are in the lowlands of the southern and northern sections of the country. Especially in areas of intensive agricultural and industrial activity, the Soviet Union's natural resource utilization policies left independent Tajikistan with a legacy of environmental problems.
Uzbekistan is a country of Central Asia, located north of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. With an area of 447,000 square kilometers, Uzbekistan stretches 1,425 km (885 mi) from west to east and 930 km (580 mi) from north to south. It borders Turkmenistan to the southwest, Kazakhstan to the north, and Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan to the south and east.
Organic farming is an agricultural system that uses fertilizers of organic origin such as compost manure, green manure, and bone meal and places emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation and companion planting. It originated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing farming practices. Certified organic agriculture accounts for 70 million hectares globally, with over half of that total in Australia. Organic farming continues to be developed by various organizations today. Biological pest control, mixed cropping and the fostering of insect predators are encouraged. Organic standards are designed to allow the use of naturally-occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances. For instance, naturally-occurring pesticides such as pyrethrin and rotenone are permitted, while synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are generally prohibited. Synthetic substances that are allowed include, for example, copper sulfate, elemental sulfur and Ivermectin. Genetically modified organisms, nanomaterials, human sewage sludge, plant growth regulators, hormones, and antibiotic use in livestock husbandry are prohibited. Organic farming advocates claim advantages in sustainability, openness, self-sufficiency, autonomy and independence, health, food security, and food safety.
Resource depletion is the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished. Natural resources are commonly divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Use of either of these forms of resources beyond their rate of replacement is considered to be resource depletion. The value of a resource is a direct result of its availability in nature and the cost of extracting the resource, the more a resource is depleted the more the value of the resource increases. There are several types of resource depletion, the most known being: Aquifer depletion, deforestation, mining for fossil fuels and minerals, pollution or contamination of resources, slash-and-burn agricultural practices, soil erosion, and overconsumption, excessive or unnecessary use of resources.
Conservation agriculture (CA) can be defined by a statement given by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as "A farming system that promotes minimum soil disturbance, maintenance of a permanent soil cover, and diversification of plant species. It enhances Biodiversity and natural biological processes above and below the ground surface, which contribute to increased water and nutrient use efficiency and to improved and sustained crop production."
Agriculture is a major industry in the United States, which is a net exporter of food. As of the 2017 census of agriculture, there were 2.04 million farms, covering an area of 900 million acres (1,400,000 sq mi), an average of 441 acres per farm.
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The Canadian Prairies is a region in Western Canada. It includes the Canadian portion of the Great Plains and the Prairie Provinces, namely Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. These provinces are partially covered by grasslands, plains, and lowlands, mostly in the southern regions. The northernmost reaches of the Canadian Prairies are less dense in population, marked by forests and more variable topography. If the region is defined to include areas only covered by prairie land, the corresponding region is known as the Interior Plains. Physical or ecological aspects of the Canadian Prairies extend to northeastern British Columbia, but that area is not included in political use of the term.
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Increasing biodiversity in agriculture may increase the sustainability of the farm.
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The gender gap in Pakistan refers to the relative disparity between male and female citizens in Pakistani society along key indicators and aspects of life. It can be assessed through a number of facets, ranging from demographic disparities to legal discrimination, economic inequality, and cultural attitudes.
Lenore Fahrig is a Chancellor's Professor in the biology department at Carleton University, Canada and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. Fahrig studies effects of landscape structure—the arrangement of forests, wetlands, roads, cities, and farmland—on wildlife populations and biodiversity, and is best known for her work on habitat fragmentation.
References
- 1 2 Sandström, Vilma; Saikku, Laura; Antikainen, Riina; Sokka, Laura; Kauppi, Pekka (15 April 2014). "Changing impact of import and export on agricultural land use: The case of Finland 1961–2007". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 188: 163–168. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.009.
- 1 2 Charles Geisler; Ben Currens (20 December 2013). ""Peak Farmland": Revealed Truth or Recreancy?". William R. Freudenburg, A Life in Social Research. Research in Social Problems and Public Policy. 21. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. pp. 177–199. doi:10.1108/s0196-1152(2013)0000021012. ISBN 978-1-78190-734-4.
- ↑ "What is peak farmland?". Kate Prengaman. 8 January 2013. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
- ↑ Sandström, Vilma; Saikku, Laura; Antikainen, Riina; Sokka, Laura; Kauppi, Pekka (15 April 2014). "Changing impact of import and export on agricultural land use: The case of Finland 1961–2007". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 188: 163–168. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.009.
- 1 2 ""Peak farmland" is here, crop area to diminish: study". Reuters. 17 December 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
- ↑ Poore, Joseph (January 2016). "Call for conservation: Abandoned pasture". Science. 351 (6269): 132. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..132P. doi:10.1126/science.351.6269.132-a. PMID 26744398.
- ↑ "The Return of Nature – How Technology Liberates the Environment". thebreakthrough.org. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
- 1 2 Johan Norberg (1 September 2016). Progress: Ten Reasons to Look Forward to the Future. Oneworld Publications. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-78074-951-8.
- 1 2 Robert Bryce (13 May 2014). Smaller Faster Lighter Denser Cheaper: How Innovation Keeps Proving the Catastrophists Wrong. PublicAffairs. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-61039-206-8.
- ↑ "Are We Close to Peak Farmland? | Conservancy Talk". Conservancy Talk. 22 January 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
- ↑ Jesse H. Ausubel, Peak Farmland, Lecture for the 18 December 2012 Symposium in Honor of the 80th Birthday of Paul Demeny and his retirement as editor of Population and Development Review
