Susan Clancy

Last updated
Susan A. Clancy
Alma mater Harvard University
Known forAbducted, The Trauma Myth, repressed memory
Scientific career
Fields experimental psychology
Institutions INCAE Business School

Susan A. Clancy is a cognitive psychologist and associate professor in Consumer behaviour at INCAE as well as a post-doctoral fellow at Harvard University. She is best known for her controversial work on repressed and recovered memories in her books Abducted and The Trauma Myth.

Contents

Education

In 2001, Clancy received her PhD in experimental psychology from Harvard University. [1]

Career

Susan Clancy joined the Harvard University psychology department as a graduate student in 1995. There she began to study memory and the idea of repressed memories due to trauma. The debate in this field was strong at the time, with many clinicians arguing that we repress memories to protect ourselves from trauma that would be too hard to bear. Many cognitive psychologists, on the other hand, argued that true trauma is almost never forgotten, and that memories brought up years later through hypnosis are most likely false. [2]

In 2003, Clancy remarked to Bruce Grierson of the New York Times that "nobody was doing research on the group that was at the center of the controversy -- the people who were reporting recovered memories. Memory function in that group had never been examined in the laboratory." [2]

Clancy hypothesized that there was a group of people who were more susceptible to false memory creation and that this tendency might be demonstrated in the lab by giving standard memory tests. The tests included giving participants lists of related words and then later asking them to recall the first list by circling words from a second list that included similar words. Her data strongly suggested that some people are more likely to "remember" seeing similar words to those on the lists that weren't an exact match, more so than a control group. Essentially "creating a recollection out of a contextual inference, a fact from a feeling." These findings were published in the journal Psychological Science in 2000. [2] [3]

Her work was heavily criticized by some in the community. It was suggested that it could be possible that those with recovered memories of trauma, had such traumatic memories that they were not only repressed, but that they also manifested as cognitive impairment that could cause memory problems in test conditions like this study. Additionally, she received letters suggesting that even conducting this kind of research at all "cheers on child molesters" and ridicules the suffering of children. In 2000 when she was invited to speak at Cambridge Hospital, she was told that many in the psychiatric department protested her lecture. [2] [4]

Clancy decided at this point to find a new group to study. She began studying alien abductees, whose stories could produce more methodologically clear study results. She began canvassing for participants until she found 11 willing abductees. This posed its own challenges because many of the study participants do not believe in repressed memories, but rather some kind of extraterrestrial interpretation, such as the aliens erasing their memories or controlling their minds in some manner. [2]

In 2003, Clancy took a position as a professor at the Harvard-affiliated Central American Business Administration Institute in Managua, Nicaragua. [2] [5] She went on to become the research director at the Harvard-affiliated Center for Women's Advancement, Development and Leadership in Nicaragua. [6]

Select bibliography

Abducted: How People Come to Believe They Were Kidnapped By Aliens

Published by Harvard University Press in 2005, Susan Clancy's book Abducted: How People Come to Believe They Were Kidnapped By Aliens was met with strong positive reviews. The book uses data derived from several memory studies on self described abductees that took place in the preceding few years. [3] The book explores what mainstream experts believe to be the sources of abduction stories, such as sleep paralysis and the use of hypnosis techniques to "recover" forgotten memories. [7] Clancy finds that previous interest in the paranormal and emotional investment also play a role in creating abduction memories. [3]

Benedict Carey of the New York Times believes the book is about more than just aliens, that "the book hints at a larger ambition, to explain the psychology of transformative experiences, whether supposed abductions, conversions or divine visitations." [3] Clancy demonstrates that alien abduction stories give people meaning and a way to understand their own lives and circumstances. It also gives them a feeling that they are not alone in the universe. Carey's take away is that, "in this sense, abduction memories are like transcendent religious visions, scary and yet somehow comforting and, at some personal psychological level, true." [3] Paul McHugh, of The Wall Street Journal also points out that, no matter how bad the experience, none of the abductees regret it happening. Many of them feel that they were special or "chosen" for having these experiences. [8]

Benedict Carey's only critique is that Clancy did not ask the abductees that she interviewed to share their religious beliefs, which he notes that Clancy herself regretted as well. He concludes that "when it comes to sounding the depths of alien stories, a scientific inquiry like this one may have to end with an inquiry into religion." [3]

In an interview with Madeleine Brand on the Day to Day radio show by NPR, Clancy responds to the question of how her interview subjects responded to the publishing of her book. She explains:

I can tell you most of them that have read the book are upset. I have to be honest with that. And I understand why, because what's happening in the book is I am presenting my own opinion, but I'm challenging their deeply held beliefs, beliefs that are very important to them. So they're angry, and I feel terribly about it. [9]

Clancy, in response to the idea that alien abduction experiences are similar to religious beliefs and experiences says:

All I would like to say is that in the same way that people find meaning in their religious beliefs and experiences, these people find meaning in their alien abduction beliefs and their alien abduction experiences. [9]

The Trauma Myth: The Truth about the Sexual Abuse of Children—and its Aftermath

This book, published in 2010, got its beginning when Clancy was working on her graduate research project in the mid-1990s and she began interviewing adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Much to her surprise, she found that most of the victims of childhood abuse did not feel trauma, in the usual sense of the word, until they grew old enough to really understand what had happened. [4] [6]

One of the most common feelings among her sample was self-blame. The majority of those interviewed never experienced violence or remembered feeling pain, rather it was mainly confusion at the time. But the psychological damage begins when they realize that their trust and innocence had been betrayed. It is this feeling of participation from the victim that causes the greatest distress later in life. [5] Clancy says that ninety-five percent of childhood sexual abuse victims never seek treatment because of their false beliefs about what abuse should look like:

You get all these people who are keeping it a secret because they're ashamed — because what happened to them is not what is portrayed in the media or psychological and medical circles. [6]

There was much outrage over the findings presented in this book. [5] [4] [6]

When questioned about the critique that her book could be arguing that children are not hurt by sexual abuse, Clancy says, "I will never say that. I could not be more clear. This is an atrocious, disgusting crime." [6] Many have also accused Clancy and this book of encouraging child abusers. To this she responds that:

Sexual abuse is never OK. No matter what the circumstances are, or how it impacts the victims, sexual abuse is an atrocious, despicable crime. Just because it rarely physically or psychologically damages the child does not mean it is OK. Harmfulness is not the same thing as wrongfulness. And why is it wrong? Because children are incapable of consent. [6]

Clancy argues that her model is what may truly help the adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. These survivors are often ashamed of their behavior and that they did not fight back, they blame themselves and often do not speak about the events or even believe that what happened to them can be considered abuse. She finds that it can be very beneficial for these survivors to learn that their experience and their reaction, or lack of reaction, was normal. [4] According to an interview with Susan Pinker, writing for The Globe and Mail in 2010, Clancy makes it clear through her book "that children are never at fault, that sexual abuse is always a crime and that the blame always rests with the adult." [5]

This book also addresses the idea of repressed memory. Clancy argues that the reason many children do not remember sexual abuse until later in life was that it simply was not memorable at the time. She says in an interview with Salon:

What therapists in the sexual abuse field refer to as repression is actually simple forgetting. Most children who get abused don't understand it at the time. Thus, it is not a significant experience when it happens — it's weird, perhaps — and so they forget it, like we forget so many aspects of childhood. Later on in life they may be asked by a therapist, "Were you sexually abused as a child?" and this question will cue a memory. When this happens it is not an example of a recovered memory. It is an example of normal forgetting and remembering. [6]

On how we should treat sexual abuse victims, Clancy says:

I think practically, sexual abuse victims need to hear loud and clear that what happened to you is what happens to most people. It was wrong and not your fault, and you should report the crime, and the perpetrator should be punished. [6]

Journal articles

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forgetting</span> Loss or modification of information encoded in an individuals memory

Forgetting or disremembering is the apparent loss or modification of information already encoded and stored in an individual's short or long-term memory. It is a spontaneous or gradual process in which old memories are unable to be recalled from memory storage. Problems with remembering, learning and retaining new information are a few of the most common complaints of older adults. Studies show that retention improves with increased rehearsal. This improvement occurs because rehearsal helps to transfer information into long-term memory.

In psychology, false memory syndrome (FMS) is a proposed condition in which a person's identity and relationships are affected by what are believed to be false memories of psychological trauma, recollections which are strongly believed but factually contested by the accused. Peter J. Freyd originated the term partly to explain what he said was a false accusation of sexual abuse made against him by his daughter Jennifer Freyd and his False Memory Syndrome Foundation (FMSF) subsequently popularized the concept. The principle that individuals can hold false memories and the role that outside influence can play in their formation is widely accepted by scientists, but there is debate over whether this effect can lead to the kinds of detailed memories of repeated sexual abuse and significant personality changes typical of cases that FMS has historically been applied to. However FMS has not been recognized as a psychiatric illness in any medical manuals including the ICD-10, ICD-11, or the DSM-5.

Repressed memory is a controversial, and largely scientifically discredited, psychiatric phenomenon which involves an inability to recall autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature. The concept originated in psychoanalytic theory where repression is understood as a defense mechanism that excludes painful experiences and unacceptable impulses from consciousness. Repressed memory is presently considered largely unsupported by research. Sigmund Freud initially claimed the memories of historical childhood trauma could be repressed, while unconsciously influencing present behavior and emotional responding; he later revised this belief.

Dissociation is a concept that has been developed over time and which concerns a wide array of experiences, ranging from a mild emotional detachment from the immediate surroundings, to a more severe disconnection from physical and emotional experiences. The major characteristic of all dissociative phenomena involves a detachment from reality, rather than a loss of reality as in psychosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elizabeth Loftus</span> American cognitive psychologist

Elizabeth F. Loftus is an American psychologist who is best known in relation to the misinformation effect, false memory and criticism of recovered memory therapies.

Repression is a key concept of psychoanalysis, where it is understood as a defense mechanism that "ensures that what is unacceptable to the conscious mind, and would if recalled arouse anxiety, is prevented from entering into it." According to psychoanalytic theory, repression plays a major role in many mental illnesses, and in the psyche of the average person.

The "lost in the mall" technique or experiment is a memory implantation technique used to demonstrate that confabulations about events that never took place – such as having been lost in a shopping mall as a child – can be created through suggestions made to experimental subjects that their older relative was present at the time. It was first developed by Elizabeth Loftus and her undergraduate student Jim Coan, as support for the thesis that it is possible to implant entirely false memories in people. The technique was developed in the context of the debate about the existence of repressed memories and false memory syndrome.

<i>The Courage to Heal</i> 1988 book by Ellen Bass and Laura Davis

The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse is a self-help book by poet Ellen Bass and Laura Davis that focuses on recovery from child sexual abuse and has been called "controversial and polarizing".

Recovered-memory therapy (RMT) is a catch-all term for a controversial and scientifically discredited form of psychotherapy that critics say utilizes one or more unproven therapeutic techniques to purportedly help patients recall previously forgotten memories. Proponents of recovered memory therapy claim, contrary to evidence, that traumatic memories can be buried in the subconscious and thereby affect current behavior, and that these memories can be recovered through the use of RMT techniques. RMT is not recommended by professional mental health associations.

In psychology, memory inhibition is the ability not to remember irrelevant information. The scientific concept of memory inhibition should not be confused with everyday uses of the word "inhibition". Scientifically speaking, memory inhibition is a type of cognitive inhibition, which is the stopping or overriding of a mental process, in whole or in part, with or without intention.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Freud's seduction theory</span> Abandoned 1890s psychological hypothesis

Freud's seduction theory was a hypothesis posited in the mid-1890s by Sigmund Freud that he believed provided the solution to the problem of the origins of hysteria and obsessional neurosis. According to the theory, a repressed memory of an early childhood sexual abuse or molestation experience was the essential precondition for hysterical or obsessional symptoms, with the addition of an active sexual experience up to the age of eight for the latter.

In psychology, a false memory is a phenomenon where someone recalls something that did not actually happen or recalls it differently from the way it actually happened. Suggestibility, activation of associated information, the incorporation of misinformation, and source misattribution have been suggested to be several mechanisms underlying a variety of types of false memory.

Memory and trauma is the deleterious effects that physical or psychological trauma has on memory.

Perspectives on the abduction phenomenon are explanations that are intended to explain claims of abduction and examination by apparently otherworldly beings. The main differences between these perspectives lie in the credence ascribed to the claims. Perspectives range from the assertion that all abductions are hoaxes to the belief that the claims are of objective happenings and separate from the consciousness of the claimants.

Motivated forgetting is a theorized psychological behavior in which people may forget unwanted memories, either consciously or unconsciously. It is an example of defence mechanism, since these are unconscious or conscious coping techniques used to reduce anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful impulses thus it can be a defence mechanism in some ways. Defence mechanisms are not to be confused with conscious coping strategies.

Childhood amnesia, also called infantile amnesia, is the inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories before the age of two to four years. It may also refer to the scarcity or fragmentation of memories recollected from early childhood, particularly occurring between the ages of 2 and 6. On average, this fragmented period wanes off at around 4.7 years. Around 5-6 years of age in particular is thought to be when autobiographical memory seems to stabilize and be on par with adults. The development of a cognitive self is also thought by some to have an effect on encoding and storing early memories.

Spontaneous recovery is a phenomenon of learning and memory that was first named and described by Ivan Pavlov in his studies of classical (Pavlovian) conditioning. In that context, it refers to the re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay. Such a recovery of "lost" behaviors can be observed within a variety of domains, and the recovery of lost human memories is often of particular interest. For a mathematical model for spontaneous recovery see Further Reading.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard McNally</span> Professor of psychology

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Linda Meyer Williams is an American sociologist and criminologist. She is senior research scientist at Wellesley Centers for Women and director of the Justice and Gender-Based Violence Research Initiative. She is also professor emerita of criminal justice and criminology at the University of Massachusetts Lowell, where she teaches graduate and undergraduate courses on child maltreatment, research methods, and gender, race and crime. Williams has researched in the field of psychology on topics including child abuse, family violence and violence against women, and trauma and memory.

Betrayal trauma is defined as a trauma perpetrated by someone with whom the victim is close to and reliant upon for support and survival. The concept originally introduced by Jennifer Freyd in 1994, betrayal trauma theory (BTT), addresses situations when people or institutions on which a person relies for protection, resources, and survival violate the trust or well-being of that person. BTT emphasizes the importance of betrayal as a core antecedent of dissociation implicitly aimed at preserving the relationship with the caregiver. BTT suggests that an individual, being dependent on another for support, will have a higher need to dissociate traumatic experiences from conscious awareness in order to preserve the relationship.

References

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  4. 1 2 3 4 Zuger, M.D., Abigail (25 January 2010). "Abusing Not Only Children, but Also Science". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Pinker, Susan (19 February 2010). "Review: The Trauma Myth, by Susan A. Clancy" (Web). theglobeandmail.com. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rogers, Thomas (19 January 2010). ""The Trauma Myth": The child betrayed". Salon. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  7. ↑ "Abducted: How People Come to Believe They Were Kidnapped by Aliens". publishersweekly.com. Publishers Weekly. 15 August 2005. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  8. ↑ McHugh, Paul (28 June 2008). "Five Best". WSJ.com. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  9. 1 2 Brand, Madeleine (9 November 2005). "'Abducted': The Myth of Alien Kidnappings" (Radio). NPR.org. NPR. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  10. ↑ Clancy, Susan (1 January 2007). "¿Por qué no hay más Mujeres en la Cima de la Escala Corporativa: Debido a Estereotipos, a Diferencias Biológicas o a Escogencias Personales? / Why aren't more Women at the Top of the Corporate Ladder: Stereotypes, Biological Differences or Choices Made?". Revista Latinoamericana de Administración. 38 (1): 1–8. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  11. ↑ McNally, R. J.; Clancy, S.; Barrett, H. M.; Parker, H.A.; Ristuccia, C.S.; Perlman, C.A (1 January 2006). "Autobiographical memory specificity in adults reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse". Cognition and Emotion. 20 (4): 527–535. doi:10.1080/02699930500342779. PMID   26529220. S2CID   22799440. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  12. ↑ McNally, R.J.; Perlman, C.A.; Ristuccia, C.S.; Clancy, S. (1 January 2006). "Clinical characteristics of adults reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 74 (2): 237–242. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.2.237. PMID   16649868. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  13. ↑ McNally, R.J.; Clancy, S. (1 January 2006). "Sleep paralysis and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse: A reply to Pendergrast". Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 20 (4): 538–540. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.04.002. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  14. ↑ Clancy, S.; McNally, R.J.; Richard, J. (1 January 2005). "Who needs repression? Normal memory processes can explain "forgetting" of childhood sexual abuse". The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice. 4 (2): 66–73. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  15. ↑ McNally, R.J.; Clancy, S. (1 January 2005). "Sleep Paralysis, Sexual Abuse, and Space Alien Abduction". Transcultural Psychiatry. 42 (1): 113–122. doi:10.1177/1363461505050715. PMID   15881271. S2CID   9569785. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  16. ↑ McNally, R.J.; Clancy, S. (1 January 2005). "Sleep paralysis in adults reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse". Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 19 (5): 595–602. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.05.003. PMID   15749576. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  17. ↑ McNally, R.J.; Clancy, S.; Barrett, H.M.; Parker, H.A. (1 January 2005). "Reality Monitoring in Adults Reporting Repressed, Recovered, or Continuous Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 114 (1): 147–152. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.1.147. PMID   15709821. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  18. ↑ McNally, R.J.; Clancy, S.; Barrett, H.M.; Parker, H.A. (1 January 2004). "Inhibiting retrieval of trauma cues in adults reporting histories of childhood sexual abuse". Cognition and Emotion. 18 (4): 479–493. doi:10.1080/02699930341000400. S2CID   144721107. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  19. ↑ McNally, R.J.; Lasko, N.B.; Clancy, S.; Macklin, M.L.; Pitman, R.K.; Orr, S.P. (1 January 2004). "Psychophysiological Responding During Script-Driven Imagery in People Reporting Abduction by Space Aliens". Psychological Science. 15 (7): 493–497. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00707.x. PMID   15200635. S2CID   25341307. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  20. ↑ Coombe, K.; Clancy, S. (1 January 2002). "Reconceptualizing the teaching team in universities: Working with sessional staff". International Journal for Academic Development. 7 (2): 159–166. doi:10.1080/1360144032000071297. S2CID   145510394. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  21. ↑ Clancy, S.; McNally, R.J.; Schacter, D.L.; Lenzenweger, M.F.; Pitman, R.K. (1 January 2002). "Memory distortion in people reporting abduction by aliens". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 111 (3): 455–461. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.3.455. PMID   12150421. S2CID   7729370. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  22. ↑ McNally, R.J.; Clancy, S.; Schacter, D.L. (1 January 2001). "Directed forgetting of trauma cues in adults reporting repressed or recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 110 (1): 151–156. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.1.151. PMID   11261390. S2CID   11045962. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  23. ↑ Clancy, S.; Schacter, D.L.; McNally, R.J.; Pitman, R.K. (1 January 2000). "False Recognition in Women Reporting Recovered Memories of Sexual Abuse". Psychological Science. 11 (1): 26–31. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00210. PMID   11228839. S2CID   3814525. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  24. ↑ McNally, R.J.; Clancy, S.; Schacter, D.L.; Pitman, R.K. (1 January 2000). "Personality profiles, dissociations, and absorption in women reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 68 (6): 1033–1037. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.6.1033. PMID   11142537. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  25. ↑ McNally, R.J.; Clancy, S.; Schacter, D.L.; Pitman, R.K. (1 January 2000). "Cognitive processing of trauma cues in adults reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 109 (3): 355–359. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.3.355. PMID   11016105. S2CID   22791932. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  26. ↑ Clancy, S.; McNally, R.J.; Schacter, D.L. (1 January 1999). "Effects of guided imagery on memory distortion in women reporting recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse". Journal of Traumatic Stress. 12 (4): 559–569. doi:10.1023/a:1024704815234. PMID   10646176. S2CID   33960577. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
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  29. ↑ Barsky, A.J.; Ahern, D.K; Delamater, B.A.; Clancy, S.; Bailey, E.D. (1 January 1996). "Differential diagnosis of palpitations. Preliminary development of a screening instrument". Archives of Family Medicine. 6 (3): 241–245. doi:10.1001/archfami.6.3.241. PMID   9161349. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
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