Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)

This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup J (mtDNA).

Haplogroup J-M304
Possible time of origin	42,900 years ago [1]
Coalescence age	31,600 years ago [1]
Possible place of origin	Western Asia
Ancestor	IJ
Descendants	J-M172, J-M267
Defining mutations	M304/Page16/PF4609, 12f2.1
Highest frequencies	Ingush, Chechens, Avars, Dargins, Arabs, Assyrians, Jews, Greeks, Georgians, Arameans, Melkites, Mandeans, Italians, Cypriots

Haplogroup J-M304, also known as J, ^{[Phylogenetics 1]} is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is believed to have evolved in Western Asia. ^[2] The clade spread from there during the Neolithic, primarily into North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Socotra Archipelago, the Caucasus, Europe, Anatolia, Central Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.

Haplogroup J-M304 is divided into two main subclades (branches), J-M267 and J-M172.

Origins

Haplogroup J-M304 is believed to have split from the haplogroup I-M170 roughly 43,000 years ago in Western Asia, ^[1] as both lineages are haplogroup IJ subclades. Haplogroup IJ and haplogroup K derive from haplogroup IJK, and only at this level of classification does haplogroup IJK join with Haplogroup G-M201 and Haplogroup H as immediate descendants of Haplogroup F-M89. J-M304 (Transcaucasian origin) is defined by the M304 genetic marker, or the equivalent 12f2.1 marker. The main current subgroups J-M267 (Armenian highlands origin) and J-M172 (Zagros mountains origin), which now comprise between them almost all of the haplogroup's descendant lineages, are both believed to have arisen very early, at least 10,000 years ago. Nonetheless, Y-chromosomes F-M89* and IJ-M429* were reported to have been observed in the Iranian plateau (Grugni et al. 2012).

On the other hand, it would seem to be that different episodes of populace movement had impacted southeast Europe, as well as the role of the Balkans as a long-standing corridor to Europe from the Near East is shown by the phylogenetic unification of Hgs I and J by the basal M429 mutation. This proof of common ancestry suggests that ancestral Hgs IJ-M429* probably would have entered Europe through the Balkan track sometime before the LGM. They then subsequently split into Hg J and Hg I in Middle East and Europe in a typical disjunctive phylogeographic pattern. Such a geographic hall^{[ clarification needed ]} is prone to have encountered extra consequent gene streams, including the horticultural settlers. Moreover, the unification of haplogroups IJK creates evolutionary distance from F–H delegates, as well as supporting the inference that both IJ-M429 and KT-M9 arose closer to the Middle East than Central or East Asia.^{[ citation needed ]}

Haplogroup J has also been found among two ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from a period between the late New Kingdom and the Roman era. ^[3]

Distribution

Haplogroup J-M267 is found in its greatest concentration in the Arabian peninsula. Outside of this region, haplogroup J-M304 has a significant presence in other parts of the Middle East as well as in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the Caucasus. It also has a moderate occurrence in Southern Europe, especially in central and southern Italy, Malta, Greece and Albania. The J-M410 subclade is mostly distributed in Anatolia, Greece and southern Italy. Additionally, J-M304 is observed in Central Asia and South Asia, particularly in the form of its subclade J-M172. J-12f2 and J-P19 are also found among the Herero (8%). ^[4]

Country/Region	Sampling	N	J-M267	J-M172	Total J	Study
Algeria	Oran	102	22.5	4.9	27.4	Robino 2008
Albania	Tirana	30			20.0	Bosch 2006
Albania		55			23.64	Battaglia 2008
Bosnia	Serbs	81			9.9	Battaglia 2008
Caucasus	Chechen	330	20.9	56.7	77.6	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Ingush	143	2.8	88.8	91.6	Balanovsky 2011
China	Uygur	50	0	34.0	34.0	Shou 2010
China	Uzbek	23	0	30.4	34.7	Shou 2010
China	Tajik	31	0	16.1	16.1	Shou 2010
China	Han Chinese	30		10	10	Xue 2006 [ verification needed ]
Cyprus		164	9.6	12.9	22.5	El-Sibai 2009 [5]
Egypt		124	19.8	7.6	27.4	El-Sibai 2009
Greece	Crete/Heraklion	104	1.9	44.2	46.1	Martinez 2007
Greece	Crete	143	3.5	35	38.5	El-Sibai 2009
Greece		154	1.9	18.1	20	El-Sibai 2009
India	Sunni and North Indian Shia	112	32	43.2	75.2	El-Sibai 2009
Iran		92	3.2	25	28.2	El-Sibai 2009
Iraq	Arab and Assyrian	117	33.1	25.1	58.2	El-Sibai 2009
Israel	Akko (Arabs)	101	39.2	18.6	57.8	El-Sibai 2009
Italy		699	2	20	22	Capelli 2007
Italy	Central Marche	59	5.1	35.6	40.7	Capelli 2007
Italy	West Calabria	57	3.5	35.1	38.6	Capelli 2007
Italy	Sicily	212	5.2	22.6	27.8	El-Sibai 2009
Italy	Sardinia	81	4.9	9.9	14.8	El-Sibai 2009
Jordan		273	35.5	14.6	50.1	El-Sibai 2009
Kosovo	Albanians	114			16.67	Pericić 2005
Kuwait		42	33.3	9.5	42.8	El-Sibai 2009
Lebanon		951	17	29.4	46.4	El-Sibai 2009
Malta		90	7.8	21.1	28.9	El-Sibai 2009
Morocco		316	1	0.2	1.2	El-Sibai 2009
Morocco	Residents in Italy	51	19.6	0	19.6	Onofri 2008
Portugal	Portugal	303	4.3	6.9	11.2	El-Sibai 2009
Qatar	Qatar	72	58.3	8.3	66.6	El-Sibai 2009
Saudi Arabia		157	40.13	15.92	57.96	Abu-Amero 2009
Serbia	Belgrade	113			8	Pericić 2005
Serbia		179			5.6	Mirabal 2010
Spain	Cadiz	28	3.6	14.3	17.9	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Cantabria	70	2.9	2.9	5.8	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Castille	21	0	9.5	9.5	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Cordoba	27	0	14.7	14.7	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Galicia	19	5.3	0	5.3	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Huelva	22	0	13.7	13.7	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Ibiza	54	0	3.7	3.7	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Leon	60	1.7	5	6.7	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Malaga	26	0	15.4	15.4	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Mallorca	62	1.6	8	9.7	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Sevilla	155	3.2	7.8	11	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Valencia	31	2.7	5.5	8.2	El-Sibai 2009
Syria	Arab and Assyrian	554	33.6	20.8	54.4	El-Sibai 2009
Tunisia		62	0	8	8	El-Sibai 2009
Tunisia		52	34.6	3.8	38.4	Onofri 2008
Tunisia	Sousse	220	25.9	8.2	34.1	Fadhlaoui-Zid 2014
Tunisia	Tunis	148	32.4	3.4	35.8	Arredi 2004
Turkey		523	9.1	24.2	33.3	El-Sibai 2009
UAE		164	34.7	10.3	45	El-Sibai 2009
Yemen		62	72.5	9.6	82.1	El-Sibai 2009

Subclade distribution

J-M304*

Paragroup J-M304* ^{[Phylogenetics 2]} includes all of J-M304 except for J-M267, J-M172 and their subclades. J-M304* is rarely found outside of the island of Socotra, belonging to Yemen, where it is extremely frequent at 71.4% and j1-267 for the rest with no j2 ^[6] Haplogroup J-M304* also has been found with lower frequency in Oman ( Di Giacomo 2004 ), Ashkenazi Jews, ^[7] Saudi Arabia ( Abu-Amero 2009 ), Greece ( Di Giacomo 2004 ), the Czech Republic (Di Giacomo 2004 and Luca 2007), Uygurs ^[8] and several Turkic peoples. ^[9] (Cinnioglu 2004 and Varzari 2006).

YFull ^[1] and FTDNA ^[10] have however failed to find J* people anywhere in the world although there are 2 J2-Y130506 persons and 1 J1 person from Soqotra. But Cerny 2009 study found 9 J1 persons in Soqotra/Socotra and majority of J* and no J2, hypothesizing a J1 founder effect in Socotra.

The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for J-M267 and J-M172, showing its distribution in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia.

J-M267

Main article: Haplogroup J-M267

Haplogroup J-M267 ^{[Phylogenetics 3]} defined by the M267 SNP is in modern times most frequent in the Arabian Peninsula: Yemen (up to 76%), ^[11] Saudi (up to 64%) ( Alshamali 2009 ), Qatar (58%), ^[12] and Dagestan (up to 56%). ^[13] J-M267 is generally frequent among Arab Bedouins (62%), ^[14] Ashkenazi Jews (20%) ( Semino 2004 ), Algeria (up to 35%) ( Semino 2004 ), Iraq (28%) ( Semino 2004 ), Tunisia (up to 31%), ^[15] Syria (up to 30%), Egypt (up to 20%) ( Luis 2004 ), and the Sinai Peninsula. To some extent, the frequency of Haplogroup J-M267 collapses at the borders of Arabic/Semitic-speaking territories with mainly non-Arabic/Semitic speaking territories, such as Turkey (9%), Iran (5%), Sunni Indian Muslims (2.3%) and Northern Indian Shia (11%) (Eaaswarkhanth 2009). Some figures above tend to be the larger ones obtained in some studies, while the smaller figures obtained in other studies are omitted. It is also highly frequent among Jews, especially the Kohanim line (46%) ( Hammer 2009 ).

ISOGG states that J-M267 originated in the Middle East. It is found in parts of the Near East, Anatolia and North Africa, with a much sparser distribution in the southern Mediterranean flank of Europe, and in Ethiopia.

But not all studies agree on the point of origin. The Levant has been proposed but a 2010 study concluded that the haplogroup had a more northern origin, possibly Anatolia.

The origin of the J-P58 subclade is likely in the more northerly populations and then spreads southward into the Arabian Peninsula. The high Y-STR variance of J-P58 in ethnic groups in Turkey, as well as northern regions in Syria and Iraq, supports the inference of an origin of J-P58 in nearby eastern Anatolia. Moreover, the network analysis of J-P58 haplotypes shows that some of the populations with low diversity, such as Bedouins from Israel, Qatar, Sudan and the United Arab Emirates, are tightly clustered near high-frequency haplotypes. This suggests that founder effects with star burst expansion into the Arabian Desert ( Chiaroni 2010 ).

J-M172

Main article: Haplogroup J-M172

Haplogroup J-M172 ^{[Phylogenetics 4]} is found in the highest concentrations in the Caucasus and the Fertile Crescent/Iraq and is found throughout the Mediterranean (including the Italian, Balkan, Anatolian and Iberian peninsulas and North Africa) ( Di Giacomo 2003 ).

The highest ever reported concentration of J-M172 was 72% in Northeastern Georgia ( Nasidze 2004 ). Other high reports include Ingush 32% ( Nasidze 2004 ), Cypriots 30-37% (Capelli 2005), Lebanese 30% (Wells et al. 2001), Assyrian, Mandean and Arab Iraqis 29.7% (Sanchez et al. 2005)^{[ full citation needed ]}, Syrians and Syriacs 22.5%, Kurds 24%-28%, Pashtuns 20-30%, ^[16] Iranians 23% ( Aburto 2006 ), Ashkenazi Jews 24%, Palestinian Arabs 16.8%-25%, Sephardic Jews 29% ^[17] and North Indian Shia Muslim 18%, Chechens 26%, Balkars 24%, Yaghnobis 32%, Armenians 21-24%, and Azerbaijanis 24%-48%.

In South Asia, J2-M172 was found to be significantly higher among Dravidian castes at 19% than among Indo-European castes at 11%. J2-M172 and J-M410 is found 21% among Dravidian middle castes, followed by upper castes, 18.6%, and lower castes 14%. ( Sengupta 2006 ) ^[18] Subclades of M172 such as M67 and M92 were not found in either Indian or Pakistani samples which also might hint at a partial common origin.( Sengupta 2006 ) ^[18]

According to a genetic study in China by Shou et al., J2-M172 is found with high frequency among Uygurs (17/50 = 34%) and Uzbeks (7/23 = 30.4%), moderate frequency among Pamiris (5/31 = 16.1%), and also found J-M172 in Han Chinese (10%) ^[19] and low frequency among Yugurs (2/32 = 6.3%) and Monguors (1/50 = 2.0%). The authors also found J-M304(xJ2-M172) with low frequency among the Russians (1/19 = 5.3%), Uzbeks (1/23 = 4.3%), Sibe people (1/32 = 3.1%), Dongxiangs (1/35 = 2.9%), and Kazakhs (1/41 = 2.4%) in Northwest China. ^[20] Only far northwestern ethnic minorities had haplogroup J in Xinjiang, China. Uzbeks in the sample had 30.4% J2-M172 and Tajiks of Xinjiang and Uyghurs also had it. ^[21]

Phylogenetics

In Y-chromosome phylogenetics, subclades are the branches of haplogroups. These subclades are also defined by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or unique event polymorphisms (UEPs).

Phylogenetic history

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012
J-12f2a	9	VI	Med	23	Eu10	H4	B	J*	J	J	J	-	-	-	-	-	-	J
J-M62	9	VI	Med	23	Eu10	H4	B	J1	J1a	J1a	J1a	-	-	-	-	-	-	Private
J-M172	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2*	J2	J2	J2	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2
J-M47	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2a	J2a	J2a1	J2a4a	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1a
J-M68	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2b	J2b	J2a3	J2a4c	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1c
J-M137	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2c	J2c	J2a4	J2a4h2a1	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1h2a1a
J-M158	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2d	J2d	J2a5	J2a4h1	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1h1
J-M12	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2e*	J2e	J2b	J2b	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2b
J-M102	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2e1*	J2e1	J2b	J2b	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2b
J-M99	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2e1a	J2e1a	J2b2a	J2b2a	-	-	-	-	-	-	Private
J-M67	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2f*	J2f	J2a2	J2a4b	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1b
J-M92	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2f1	J2f1	J2a2a	J2a4b1	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1b1
J-M163	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2f2	J2f2	J2a2b	J2a4b2	-	-	-	-	-	-	Private

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

• α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001
• β Underhill 2000
• γ Hammer 2001
• δ Karafet 2001
• ε Semino 2000
• ζ Su 1999
• η Capelli 2001

Phylogenetic trees

There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup J-M304. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree.

The Genomic Research Center draft tree

This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's Draft tree Proposed Tree for haplogroup J-P209 ( Krahn & FTDNA 2013 ). For brevity, only the first three levels of subclades are shown.

• J-M304 12f2a, 12f2.1, M304, P209, L60, L134
  • M267, L255, L321, L765, L814, L827, L1030
    • M62
    • M365.1
    • L136, L572, L620
      • M390
      • P56
      • P58, L815, L828
      • L256
    • Z1828, Z1829, Z1832, Z1833, Z1834, Z1836, Z1839, Z1840, Z1841, Z1843, Z1844
      • Z1842
      • L972
  • M172, L228
    • M410, L152, L212, L505, L532, L559
      • M289
      • L26, L27, L927
      • L581
    • M12, M102, M221, M314, L282
      • M205
      • M241

The Y-Chromosome Consortium tree

This is the official scientific tree produced by the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). The last major update was in 2008 ( Karafet 2008 ). Subsequent updates have been quarterly and biannual. The current (2022) version is of the 2019/2020 update.

Prominent members of J

• Ben Affleck ^[22]
• Qajar dynasty ^[23]
• Fifth dynasty of Egypt ^[24]
• Khabib Nurmagomedov ^[22]
• House of Saud ^[23]
• Vincent van Gogh ^{[25] [23]}
• Rothschild family ^[22]
• Dustin Hoffman ^[23]
• Bernard Montgomery ^[22]
• John Stamos ^[22]
• Bernie Sanders ^[22]
• Dzhokhar Dudayev ^[22]
• Adam Sandler ^[22]

See also

Genetics

• Genetic history of the Middle East
• Genetic history of Europe
• Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia
• Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups
• Genetic Genealogy
• Haplogroup
• Haplotype
• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
• Molecular Phylogeny
• Paragroup
• Subclade
• Y-chromosomal Aaron
• Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe
• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia
• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia
• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East
• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa
• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus
• Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group

Y-DNA J subclades

• J-P58
• J-M304
• J-M172
• J-M267
• J2-L24
• J2-L192
• J2-L271

References

1. "J YTree". Archived from the original on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
2. Y-DNA Haplogroup J Archived 18 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine , ISOGG, 2015
3. Schuenemann, Verena J.; et al. (2017). "Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods". Nature Communications. 8: 15694. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815694S. doi:10.1038/ncomms15694. PMC   5459999 . PMID   28556824.
4. Wood, Elizabeth T.; et al. (2005). "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (7): 867–876. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408 . PMID   15856073. S2CID   20279122. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
5. El-Sibai 2009 reported results from several studies : Di Giacomo 2003, Al-Zahery 2003, Flores 2004, Cinnioglu 2004, Capelli 2005, Goncalves 2005, Zalloua 2008, Cadenas 2008
6. Černý 2009: J-12f2(xM267, M172)(45/63) Černý, Viktor; et al. (2009). "Out of Arabia—the settlement of island Socotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 138 (4): 439–447. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20960. PMID   19012329. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
7. Shen 2004: Haplogroup J-M304(xM267, M172) in 1/20 Ashkenazi Jews.
8. Zhong et al (2011), Mol Biol Evol January 1, 2011 vol. 28 no. 1 717-727 Archived 23 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine , See Table ^{[ permanent dead link ]}.
9. Yunusbaev 2006:Stats are for combined Dagestan ethnic groups see the Dagestan article for details. Dargins (91%), Avars (67%), Chamalins (67%), Lezgins (58%), Tabassarans (49%), Andis (37%), Assyrians (29%), Bagvalins (21.4%))
10. "FamilyTreeDNA - Y-DNA J Haplogroup Project". Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
11. • Alshamali 2009: 81% (84/104)
    • Cadenas 2008: 45/62=72.6% J-M267
12. Cadenas 2008: 42/72=58.3% J-M267
13. Yunusbaev 2006: Dargwas (91%), Avars (67%), Chamalins (67%), Lezgins (58%), Tabassarans (49%), Andis (37%), Assyrians (29%), Bagvalins (21.4%))stats combined Dagestan ethnic groups see Dagestan article
14. Nebel 2001: 21/32
15. 31% is based on Combined Data
    • Semino 2004: 30%
    • Arredi 2004: 32%
16. Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Ashrafian Bonab, Maziar; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang; Ghanbari, Mohsen; Whale, John; Balanovsky, Oleg; Wells, R. Spencer; Comas, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A. (2012). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 . PMC   3314501 . PMID   22470552.
17. Nebel, Almut; Filon, Dvora; Brinkmann, Bernd; Majumder, Partha P.; Faerman, Marina; Oppenheim, Ariella (November 2001). "The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (5): 1095–1112. doi:10.1086/324070. PMC   1274378 . PMID   11573163.
18. Sengupta, S; Zhivotovsky, LA; King, R; et al. (February 2006). "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC   1380230 . PMID   16400607.
19. Xue 2006
20. Shou et al (2010), Y-chromosome distributions among populations in Northwest China identify significant contribution from Central Asian pastoralists and lesser influence of western Eurasians Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine , Journal of Human Genetics (2010) 55, 314–322; doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.30; published online 23 April 2010, Table 2. Haplogroup distribution and Y-chromosome diversity in 14 northwestern populations Archived 14 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine
21. Shou, Wei-Hua; Qiao, Wn-Fa; Wei, Chuan-Yu; Dong, Yong-Li; Tan, Si-Jie; Shi, Hong; Tang, Wen-Ru; Xiao, Chun-Jie (2010). "Y-chromosome distributions among populations in Northwest China identify significant contribution from Central Asian pastoralists and lesser influence of western Eurasians". J Hum Genet. 55 (5): 314–322. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2010.30 . PMID   20414255. S2CID   23002493.
22. Maciamo. "Eupedia". Eupedia. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
23. Maciamo. "Eupedia". Eupedia. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
24. Schuenemann, V. J.; Peltzer, A.; Welte, B.; Van Pelt, W. P.; Molak, M.; Wang, C. C.; Furtwängler, A.; Urban, C.; Reiter, E.; Nieselt, K.; Teßmann, B.; Francken, M.; Harvati, K.; Haak, W.; Schiffels, S.; Krause, J. (2017). "Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods". Nature Communications. 8: 15694. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815694S. doi:10.1038/ncomms15694. PMC   5459999 . PMID   28556824.
25. "Welcome to FamilyTreeDNA Discover (Beta)". FamilyTreeDNA Discover (Beta). Retrieved 6 May 2023.

Works cited

Journals

• Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" (2002). "A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups". Genome Research. 12 (2): 339–48. doi:10.1101/gr.217602. PMC   155271 . PMID   11827954.
• Abu-Amero, Khaled K; Hellani, Ali; González, Ana M; Larruga, Jose M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Underhill, Peter A (2009). "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions". BMC Genetics. 10: 59. doi: 10.1186/1471-2156-10-59 . PMC   2759955 . PMID   19772609.
• Al-Zahery, N.; Semino, O.; Benuzzi, G.; Magri, C.; Passarino, G.; Torroni, A.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A.S. (September 2003). "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (3): 458–472. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00039-3. PMID   12927131.
• Alshamali, Farida; Pereira, Luísa; Budowle, Bruce; Poloni, Estella S.; Currat, Mathias (2009). "Local Population Structure in Arabian Peninsula Revealed by Y-STR diversity". Human Heredity. 68 (1): 45–54. doi: 10.1159/000210448 . PMID   19339785.
• Arredi, B; Poloni, E; Paracchini, S; Zerjal, T; Fathallah, D; Makrelouf, M; Pascali, V; Novelletto, A; Tyler-Smith, C (2004). "A predominantly neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (2): 338–45. doi:10.1086/423147. PMC   1216069 . PMID   15202071.
• Balanovsky, O.; Dibirova, K.; Dybo, A.; Mudrak, O.; Frolova, S.; Pocheshkhova, E.; Haber, M.; Platt, D.; et al. (2011). "Parallel evolution of genes and languages in the Caucasus region". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (10): 2905–20. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr126. PMC   3355373 . PMID   21571925.
• Battaglia, Vincenza; Fornarino, Simona; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Olivieri, Anna; Pala, Maria; Myres, Natalie M; King, Roy J; Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (2009). "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (6): 820–30. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMC   2947100 . PMID   19107149.
• Bosch, E.; Calafell, F.; Gonzalez-Neira, A.; Flaiz, C.; Mateu, E.; Scheil, H.-G.; Huckenbeck, W.; Efremovska, L.; Mikerezi, I.; Xirotiris, N.; Grasa, C.; Schmidt, H.; Comas, D. (July 2006). "Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns". Annals of Human Genetics. 70 (4): 459–487. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2005.00251.x. PMID   16759179. S2CID   23156886.
• Cadenas, Alicia M; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, Peter A; Herrera, Rene J (2008). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (3): 374–86. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934 . PMID   17928816.
• Capelli, C.; Redhead, N.; Romano, V.; Cali, F.; Lefranc, G.; Delague, V.; Megarbane, A.; Felice, A. E.; Pascali, V. L.; Neophytou, P. I.; Poulli, Z.; Novelletto, A.; Malaspina, P.; Terrenato, L.; Berebbi, A.; Fellous, M.; Thomas, M. G.; Goldstein, D. B. (March 2006). "Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective". Annals of Human Genetics. 70 (2): 207–225. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00224.x. hdl: 2108/37090 . PMID   16626331. S2CID   25536759.
• Capelli, Cristian; Brisighelli, Francesca; Scarnicci, Francesca; Arredi, Barbara; Caglia’, Alessandra; Vetrugno, Giuseppe; Tofanelli, Sergio; Onofri, Valerio; Tagliabracci, Adriano; Paoli, Giorgio; Pascali, Vincenzo L. (July 2007). "Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic–Neolithic encounter". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44 (1): 228–239. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.030. PMID   17275346.
• Chiaroni, Jacques; King, Roy J; Myres, Natalie M; Henn, Brenna M; Ducourneau, Axel; Mitchell, Michael J; Boetsch, Gilles; Sheikha, Issa; et al. (2009). "The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (3): 348–53. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.166. PMC   2987219 . PMID   19826455.
• Chiaroni, Jacques; King, Roy J; Myres, Natalie M; Henn, Brenna M; Ducourneau, Axel; Mitchell, Michael J; Boetsch, Gilles; Sheikha, Issa; et al. (2010). "The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (3): 348–53. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.166. PMC   2987219 . PMID   19826455.
• Cinnioglu, Cengiz; King, Roy; Kivisild, Toomas; Kalfoglu, Ersi; Atasoy, Sevil; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L.; Lillie, Anita S.; Roseman, Charles C.; et al. (2004). "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia". Human Genetics. 114 (2): 127–48. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4. PMID   14586639. S2CID   10763736.
• Di Giacomo, F.; Luca, F.; Anagnou, N.; Ciavarella, G.; Corbo, R.M.; Cresta, M.; Cucci, F.; Di Stasi, L.; et al. (2003). "Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (3): 387–95. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00016-2. PMID   12927125.
• Di Giacomo, F.; Luca, F.; Popa, L. O.; Akar, N.; Anagnou, N.; Banyko, J.; Brdicka, R.; Barbujani, G.; et al. (2004). "Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe". Human Genetics. 115 (5): 357–71. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9. PMID   15322918. S2CID   18482536.
• Eaaswarkhanth, Muthukrishnan; Haque, Ikramul; Ravesh, Zeinab; Romero, Irene Gallego; Meganathan, Poorlin Ramakodi; Dubey, Bhawna; Khan, Faizan Ahmed; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Kivisild, Toomas; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (March 2010). "Traces of sub-Saharan and Middle Eastern lineages in Indian Muslim populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (3): 354–363. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.168. PMC   2859343 . PMID   19809480.
• El-Sibai, M.; Platt, D. E.; Haber, M.; Xue, Y.; Youhanna, S. C.; Wells, R. S.; Izaabel, H.; Sanyoura, M. F.; Harmanani, H.; Bonab, M. A.; Behbehani, J.; Hashwa, F.; Tyler-Smith, C.; Zalloua, P. A.; Genographic, Consortium (2009). "Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (6): 568–81. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x. PMC   3312577 . PMID   19686289.
• Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima (2014). "Sousse: extreme genetic heterogeneity in North Africa". Journal of Human Genetics. 60 (1): 41–49. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2014.99 . PMID   25471516. S2CID   25186140.
• Flores, Carlos; Maca-Meyer, Nicole; González, Ana M; Oefner, Peter J; Shen, Peidong; Pérez, Jose A; Rojas, Antonio; Larruga, Jose M; Underhill, Peter A (October 2004). "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography". European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (10): 855–863. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225 . PMID   15280900. S2CID   16765118.
• Gonçalves, Rita; Freitas, Ana; Branco, Marta; Rosa, Alexandra; Fernandes, Ana T.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Underhill, Peter A.; Kivisild, Toomas; Brehm, Antonio (2005). "Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (Pt 4): 443–454. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x. hdl: 10400.13/3018 . PMID   15996172. S2CID   3229760.
• Hammer, Michael F.; Behar, Doron M.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Mendez, Fernando L.; Hallmark, Brian; Erez, Tamar; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Rosset, Saharon; Skorecki, Karl (2009). "Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood". Human Genetics. 126 (5): 707–17. doi:10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5. PMC   2771134 . PMID   19669163.
• Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000). "New uses for new haplotypes". Trends in Genetics. 16 (8): 356–62. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6. PMID   10904265.
• Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC   2336805 . PMID   18385274.
• Luca, F.; Di Giacomo, F.; Benincasa, T.; Popa, L.O.; Banyko, J.; Kracmarova, A.; Malaspina, P.; Novelletto, A.; Brdicka, R. (2007). "Y-chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 132 (1): 132–9. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20500. hdl: 2108/35058 . PMID   17078035.
• Luis, J; Rowold, D; Regueiro, M; Caeiro, B; Cinnioglu, C; Roseman, C; Underhill, P; Cavallisforza, L; Herrera, R (2004). "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 532–44. doi:10.1086/382286. PMC   1182266 . PMID   14973781.
• Martinez, Laisel; Underhill, Peter A; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Gayden, Tenzin; Moschonas, Nicholas K; Chow, Cheryl-Emiliane T; Conti, Simon; Mamolini, Elisabetta; Cavalli-Sforza, L Luca; Herrera, Rene J (April 2007). "Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (4): 485–493. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201769 . PMID   17264870. S2CID   9847088.
• Mirabal S, Varljen T, Gayden T, et al. (July 2010). "Human Y-chromosome short tandem repeats: A tale of acculturation and migrations as mechanisms for the diffusion of agriculture in the Balkan Peninsula". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 142 (3): 380–390. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21235. PMID   20091845.
• Nasidze, I.; Ling, E. Y. S.; Quinque, D.; Dupanloup, I.; Cordaux, R.; Rychkov, S.; Naumova, O.; Zhukova, O.; et al. (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (3): 205–21. doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x . PMID   15180701. S2CID   27204150.
• Nebel, Almut; Filon, Dvora; Brinkmann, Bernd; Majumder, Partha P.; Faerman, Marina; Oppenheim, Ariella (November 2001). "The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (5): 1095–1112. doi:10.1086/324070. PMC   1274378 . PMID   11573163.
• Onofri, Valerio; Alessandrini, Federica; Turchi, Chiara; Pesaresi, Mauro; Tagliabracci, Adriano (2008). "Y-chromosome markers distribution in Northern Africa: High-resolution SNP and STR analysis in Tunisia and Morocco populations". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 1: 235–236. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.173.
• Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM, et al. (October 2005). "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (10): 1964–75. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msi185 . PMID   15944443.
• Robino, C.; Crobu, F.; Di Gaetano, C.; Bekada, A.; Benhamamouch, S.; Cerutti, N.; Piazza, A.; Inturri, S.; Torre, C. (2008). "Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 122 (3): 251–255. doi:10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5. PMID   17909833. S2CID   11556974.
• Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maccioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; et al. (2004). "Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–1034. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC   1181965 . PMID   15069642.
• Shen, Peidong; Lavi, Tal; Kivisild, Toomas; Chou, Vivian; Sengun, Deniz; Gefel, Dov; Shpirer, Issac; Woolf, Eilon; et al. (2004). "Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation". Human Mutation. 24 (3): 248–60. doi:10.1002/humu.20077. PMID   15300852. S2CID   1571356.
• Xue, Yali; Zerjal, Tatiana; Bao, Weidong; Zhu, Suling; Shu, Qunfang; Xu, Jiujin; Du, Ruofu; Fu, Songbin; Li, Pu; Hurles, Matthew E; Yang, Huanming; Tyler-Smith, Chris (1 April 2006). "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times". Genetics. 172 (4): 2431–2439. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC   1456369 . PMID   16489223.
• Zalloua, Pierre A.; Platt, Daniel E.; El Sibai, Mirvat; Khalife, Jade; Makhoul, Nadine; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Izaabel, Hassan; et al. (2008). "Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean". American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (5): 633–642. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012. PMC   2668035 . PMID   18976729.

Thesis and Dissertations

• Varzari, Alexander (2006). Population History of the Dniester-Carpathians: Evidence from Alu Insertion and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms (PDF) (Thesis). München, University. OCLC   180859661.
• Yunusbaev, Bayazit Bulatovich (2006). ПОПУЛЯЦИОННО-ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ НАРОДОВ ДАГЕСТАНА ПО ДАННЫМ О ПОЛИМОРФИЗМЕ У-ХРОМОСОМЫ И АТД-ИНСЕРЦИЙ [Population-genetic study of the peoples of Dagestan on the data on Y-chromosome and ATD-insertion polymorphism](PDF) (PhD). Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2007.

Blogs

• Dienekes (2009). "Middle Eastern and Sub-Saharan lineages in Indian Muslim populations".

Mailing Lists

• Aburto, Alfred A (2006). "Y haplogroup J in Iran" (Mailing list). Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2013.

Websites

• Krahn; FTDNA (2003). "Genomic Research Center Draft Tree (AKA Y-TRee)". Archived from the original on 15 August 2015.

Sources for conversion tables

• Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–443. doi: 10.1086/318205 . PMC   1235276 . PMID   11170891.
• Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001). "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (7): 1189–1203. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906 . PMID   11420360.
• Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics, 16 (8): 356–62, doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6, PMID   10904265
• Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597 . PMID   11313742. S2CID   21432405.
• Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–628. doi:10.1086/323299. PMC   1235490 . PMID   11481588.
• Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective", Science, 290 (5494): 1155–9, Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S, doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155, PMID   11073453
• Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–1724. doi: 10.1086/302680 . PMC   1288383 . PMID   10577926.
• Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID   11062480. S2CID   12893406.

Further reading

• yJdb: the Y-haplogroup J database haplotypes of haplogroup J.
• Haplogroup J subclades at International Society of Genetic Genealogy
• Sanchez, Juan J; Hallenberg, Charlotte; Børsting, Claus; Hernandez, Alexis; Gorlin, RJ (2005). "High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males". European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (7): 856–66. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390 . PMID   15756297.
• Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, et al. (February 2006). "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC   1380230 . PMID   16400607.

Phylogenetic notes

1. ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup J and its Subclades - 2016 Archived 18 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine (2 February 2016).
2. This table shows the historic names for J-M304 (a.k.a. J-P209, and J-12f2.1) in published peer reviewed literature. Note that in Semino 2000 Eu09 is a subclade of Eu10 and in Karafet 2001 24 is a subclade of 23.

   YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	J-M304 (a.k.a. J-12f2.1 or J-P209)
   Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000	9
   Underhill 2000	VI
   Hammer 2001	Med
   Karafet 2001	23
   Semino 2000	Eu10
   Su 1999	H4
   Capelli 2001	B
   YCC 2002 (Longhand)	J*
   YCC 2005 (Longhand)	J
   YCC 2008 (Longhand)	J
   YCC 2010r (Longhand)	J

3. This table shows the historic names for J-M267 and its earlier discovered and named subclade J-M62 in published peer reviewed literature.

   YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	J-M267	J-M62
   Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000	-	9
   Underhill 2000	-	VI
   Hammer 2001	-	Med
   Karafet 2001	-	23
   Semino 2000	-	Eu10
   Su 1999	-	H4
   Capelli 2001	-	B
   YCC 2002 (Longhand)	-	J1
   YCC 2005 (Longhand)	J1	J1a
   YCC 2008 (Longhand)	J1	J1a
   YCC 2010r (Longhand)	J1	J1a

4. This table shows the historic names for J-M172 in published peer reviewed literature. Note that in Semino 2000 Eu09 is a subclade of Eu10 and in Karafet 2001 24 is a subclade of 23.

   YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	J-M172
   Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000	9
   Underhill 2000	VI
   Hammer 2001	Med
   Karafet 2001	24
   Semino 2000	Eu9
   Su 1999	H4
   Capelli 2001	B
   YCC 2002 (Longhand)	J2*
   YCC 2005 (Longhand)	J2
   YCC 2008 (Longhand)	J2
   YCC 2010r (Longhand)	J2

External links

Phylogenetic tree and Distribution Maps of Y-DNA haplogroup J

• Y-DNA Haplogroup J and Its Subclades from ISOGG 2009

Others

• Youtube Haplogroup J2 Channel
• Spread of Haplogroup J, from National Geographic
• British Isles DNA Project