List of oil spills impacting penguins

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Penguins are vulnerable to exposure to oil spills due to their site fidelity, aquatic lifestyle and near-surface foraging habits. Across their range, penguins have been impacted by chronic and acute oil pollution at sea. The following list includes examples of events where impacts to penguins were documented. It is not exhaustive.

YearCountryLocationOriginSpeciesNotesReferences
1925 Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Port Phillip Bay, Victoria Unknown Little "A number" of oiled penguins ashore and some dead. [1]
1934 Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand Kapiti Island, Manawatū beaches UnknownLittle“Many” penguins killed and oiled. [2]
1936 Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Cape Town Unknown African One bird oiled. [3]
1940 Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand Auckland UnknownLittleHundreds of penguins oiled and killed. [4]
1945 Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Sydney, New South WalesUnknownLittleSingle penguin captured and treated. [5] [6]
1946 Flag of Australia (converted).svg AustraliaPort Phillip Bay, VictoriaUnknownLittle“Many” penguins killed and oiled. [7]
1948 Flag of South Africa.svg South AfricaDyer IslandEsso Wheeling oil spillAfricanOne third of penguin population, “thousands” oiled and killed. [8] [9]
1952 Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Robben Island, Table BayUnknownAfricanOver 1200 oiled penguins came ashore. [8]
1953 Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Table Bay Sliedrecht oil spill AfricanPenguins oiled and killed. [10]
1954 Flag of Australia (converted).svg AustraliaPort Phillip Bay, VictoriaUnknownLittle36 penguins oiled. [11]
1954 Flag of Australia (converted).svg AustraliaPort Phillip Bay, VictoriaUnknownLittle“large numbers” of dead and oiled birds ashore [12]
1968 Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Cape Point, Western CapeEsso Essen oil spillAfricanOver 1700 penguins impacted by oil. [8]
1971 Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Cowes, VictoriaUnknownLittle43 oiled, dying penguins found. [13]
1971 Flag of Australia (converted).svg AustraliaSouth-eastern South Australia UnknownLittle"Hundreds" oiled coming ashore. [14]
1971 Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Cape Aghulas & Dyer Island SS Wafra oil spill AfricanOver 1216 penguins oiled. [8]
1972 Flag of South Africa.svg South AfricaDassen IslandUnknownAfrican4000 penguins impacted. [8]
1972 Flag of South Africa.svg South AfricaYstervark Point Oswego Guardian-Texanita collision African500 penguins impacted. [8]
1973 Flag of Chile.svg Chile Guamblin Island Napier oil spill Magellanic Impacts unknown. Penguins in vicinity. [15]
1974 Flag of Chile.svg Chile Strait of Magellan VLCC Metula oil spill Magellanic40,000 birds oiled. Mostly cormorants and penguins. [16]
1974 Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Port Campbell, VictoriaUnknownLittle"Numbers" of penguins oiled. [17]
1974 Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Struisbaii, Western CapeOriental Pioneer (tanker)AfricanSeveral thousand penguins oiled. [8]
1978 Flag of Chile.svg ChileSan Vincente Bay Cabo Tamar oil spill Humboldt, MagellanicImpacts unknown, penguins in area. [18]
1979 Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa St. Croix Island, Algoa Bay UnknownAfricanPenguins collected to prevent harm. [19] [20]
1981 Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina Bahia Bustamante UnknownMagellanicDead penguins found, but ecological impact not studied. [15]
1982 Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina Punta Tombo UnknownMagellanic500 oiled penguins found. [15]
1985 Flag of South Africa.svg South AfricaCape RecifeKapodistrias oil spillOver 1180 penguins impacted, 137 killed. [21] [8]
1987 Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Macquarie Island Nella Dan supply ship wreck Royal, King, Southern rockhopper, Gentoo 70 tonnes of light fuel oil lost, ecological damage unknown. [22]
1987 Flag of Chile.svg ChilePunta Davis, Strait of MagellanCabo Pilar oil spill4900 tonnes crude spilled, penguin impacts unknown. [23] [24]
1988 Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Portland, Victoria?Little40% of a small colony oiled and killed (100 birds). [25] [26] [27]
1989 Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina Bismarck Strait, AntarcticaBahia Paraiso oil spillSeveral, including Adelie 20,000-30,000 penguins swam through slick, toll unclear owing to 3 year migration pattern, 300 Adelie penguins known to have been killed. [28]
1990 Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Apollo Bay, Cape OtwayTanker Arthur PhillipLittle130 collected alive, only 65 survived. Over 200 dead, estimates up to 700 dead. [29] [30]
1991 Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina Chubut Province UnknownMagellanicAn estimated 17,000 penguins killed. [15]
1991 Flag of Chile.svg Chile Punta Tombo UnknownMagellanicEstimated 16,000-17,000 dead penguins found. More expected to have died at sea. [31] [32]
1994 Flag of South Africa.svg South AfricaDassen Island Apollo Sea African10,000 penguins collected and cleaned, half of which survived. [8]
1995 Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Low Head, Tasmania MV Iron Baron LittleAn estimated 25,000 penguins died from spill impacts. [33]
1995 Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Bass Strait UnknownLittle13 oiled penguins. [34]
1995 Flag of South Africa.svg South Africaoff Danger Point UnknownAfrican1332 penguins. [8]
1998 Flag of South Africa.svg South AfricaCape TownHarbor pipeline burstAfrican563 penguins. [8]
1998 Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg United Kingdom Falkland Islands Oil exploration spillsMagellanicKilled several hundred penguins. [15]
1999 Flag of Australia (converted).svg AustraliaGore Bay, Sydney, New South WalesShell tankerLittleSeveral birds oiled, five were captured, cleaned and released. [35] [36]
2000 Flag of Australia (converted).svg AustraliaBetween Summerland Bay and The Nobbies, Phillip Island, VictoriaUnknownLittle9 killed, 164 more oiled and treated. [37] [38] [39]
2000 Flag of Chile.svg ChileCifuncho, Antofagasta La Moure County (US Navy vessel)Humboldt80-120,000 gallons of diesel lost. Penguin impacts unknown. [40]
2000 Flag of South Africa.svg South AfricaRobben Island & Dassen Island MV Treasure oil spill African19000 oiled and an additional 19500 removed. Less than 2000 died. 91% rehabilitation success. [8]
2001 Flag of Chile.svg ChileMoraleda ChannelJose FuchsMagellanic150 tonnes crude oil spilled. [23]
2001 Flag of Australia (converted).svg AustraliaVictoriaLittle438 penguins treated with a 96% survival rate. [41]
2004 Flag of Chile.svg Chile Primera Angostura, Magellan StraitTanker Berge Nice collision with tugboat160 tonnes of oil spilled. Unknown number of penguins impacted. [23] [15]
2005 Flag of Chile.svg ChileAntofagastaEider cargo ship groundedHumboldtPenguins impacted. [15]
2006 Flag of Argentina.svg ArgentinaNear Cabo Virgenes, south PatagoniaUnknownMagellanic100 oiled penguins found. An estimated 400 were oiled. [42] [43]
2007 Flag of Argentina.svg ArgentinaCaleta Cordova, ChubutOil terminal spillMagellanicOver 1500 penguins impacted. [15]
2009 Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Kingston / Robe, South AustraliaUnknownLittle7 penguins oiled and treated. [44]
2008 Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay Montevideo Tanker Syros oil spillMagellanicAt least 72 penguins oiled and killed [45]
2011 Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand Tauranga Rena oil spill Little20,000 seabirds (including penguins) killed by spill and ecosystem impacts. 383 were successfully cleaned and released. [46] [47]
2011 Flag of Tristan da Cunha.svg United Kingdom Tristan da Cunha islands MS Oliva Rockhopper 20,000 penguins oiled, 4,000 relocated to Tristan da Cunha. "Thousands" more died. [48] [49]
2015-2016 Flag of Chile.svg Chilenear CachaguaHumboldtPenguin colony threatened by two oil spills during this period. [50]
2016 Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Port of Ngqura BunkeringAfrican100 oiled penguins were treated. [51]
2019 Flag of South Africa.svg South AfricaPort of NgquraBunkeringAfricanHundreds of penguins were harmed in minor spill. [51]
2022 Flag of Peru.svg PeruLima Repsol refineryHumboldtPenguins and other seabirds oiled. Some rescued and cleaned. [52] [53]

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References

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  2. ↑ "Oil Menace to Sea Birds". Telegraph (Brisbane, Qld. : 1872 - 1947). 1934-08-23. p. 33. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  3. ↑ "Oily penguin, South Africa (1936)". Hartford Courant. 1936-08-02. p. 70. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  4. ↑ "Oil Kills Penquins". Northern Times (Carnarvon, WA : 1905 - 1952). 1940-11-07. p. 5. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  5. ↑ "GETTING TO KNOW AUSTRALIA". Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954). 1945-09-20. p. 12. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  6. ↑ "Duke telephones about penguin". Daily Telegraph (Sydney, NSW : 1931 - 1954). 1945-05-27. p. 7. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  7. ↑ "OIL ON BAY KILLS MANY PENGUINS". Herald (Melbourne, Vic. : 1861 - 1954). 1946-07-16. p. 5. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Brief History of Penguin Oiling in South African Waters | Animal Demography Unit". www.adu.uct.ac.za. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  9. ↑ "Oil wrecks penguins of Dyer Island (Esso Wheeling, 1949)". The Morning Call. 1949-04-29. p. 22. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  10. ↑ "Ship Oil Kills Fish, Penguins". Newcastle Sun (NSW : 1918 - 1954). 1953-11-03. p. 8. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
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  13. ↑ "Oil tanker spill will wipe out penguins (1992 account of 1971 event)". The Age. 1992-12-17. p. 11. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  14. ↑ "Huge oil slick seen". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). 1971-05-14. p. 3. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hofer, Tobias N. (2008). Marine Pollution: New Research. Nova Publishers. ISBN   978-1-60456-242-2.
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  18. ↑ Pizarro, Francisco (February 1995). "Contingency Planning in Chile". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings. 1995 (1): 501–502. doi: 10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-501 . ISSN   2169-3366.
  19. ↑ ""Homing" Penguins Travel 500 Miles (1979)". The Charlotte News. 1979-09-17. p. 4. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  20. ↑ "Penguins baffle scientists (1979)". The Daily News. 1979-09-18. p. 27. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  21. ↑ Lord, Desmond A.; Kerley, Graham I. H.; Randall, Rodney M.; Reddering, Jacobus S. V.; Schumann, Eckart H.; Bricknell, William E.; Rowe, Sidney (April 1987). "Thekapodistriasgrounding and Oil Spill Cape Recife, South Africa". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings. 1987 (1): 33–38. doi: 10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-33 . ISSN   2169-3366.
  22. ↑ "Southern Ocean not the place to enjoy a Christmas dinner". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). 1987-12-29. p. 3. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  23. 1 2 3 "Chile - ITOPF". www.itopf.org. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  24. ↑ Pizarro, Francisco (February 1989). "Thecabo Pilargrounding and Oil Spill". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings. 1989 (1): 61–64. doi:10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-61. ISSN   2169-3366.
  25. ↑ Dann, Peter; Cullen, Mike; Weir, Ian (1996-04-01). "NATIONAL REVIEW OF THE CONSERVATION STATUS AND MANAGEMENT OF AUSTRALIAN LITTLE PENGUIN COLONIES".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  26. ↑ "Race to contain Portland oil spill, penguins oiled (1988)". The Age. 1988-07-30. p. 1. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  27. ↑ "Clean-up of the worst of Portland's oil spill to be complete soon, oiled penguins (1988)". The Age. 1988-08-01. p. 5. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  28. ↑ "A world away from Alaska, an ecological disaster widens (Argentina, Antarctica 1989)". Chicago Tribune. 1989-06-18. p. 4. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  29. ↑ "Survivors train for the race of a lifetime (penguins, Australia 1990)". The Age. 1990-08-07. p. 6. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  30. ↑ "Caltex summonsed over Apollo Bay oil spill (Australia, 1990)". The Age. 1990-10-25. p. 3. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  31. ↑ "In Argentina's Patagonia region, man and nature threaten fragile coastline (1991)". The Miami Herald. 1991-12-12. p. 654. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
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  33. ↑ "Shipping industry reflects on Iron Baron oil spill". www.abc.net.au. 2005-07-09. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  34. ↑ "Oil injures little penguins (Australia, 1995)". The Age. 1995-04-13. p. 4. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
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  37. ↑ "Fairy penguin in peril, Australia (2000)". Journal Gazette. 2000-01-12. p. 10. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  38. ↑ "Penguin chicks may starve while waiting for oily parents (Australia, 2000)". The Age. 2000-01-05. p. 7. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
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  40. ↑ "La Moure County | IncidentNews | NOAA". incidentnews.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
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  42. ↑ "Oil-coated penguins discovered on shores, Argentina (2006)". El Paso Times. 2006-05-12. p. 12. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
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  45. ↑ Hern, Marcelo; AP, ez / (2008-06-12). "Oil spill kills migrating penguins in Uruguay". msnbc.com. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  46. ↑ "Rena: Oil clean-up chemical worries Greenpeace". NZ Herald. 2011-11-24. ISSN   1170-0777 . Retrieved 2020-08-16.
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  49. ↑ Guggenheim, David E.; Glass, Trevor (May 2014). "Disaster at Nightingale – The Wreck of the MS Oliva at the World's Remotest Island: Lessons Learned for Resource Managers in Remote Areas". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings. 2014 (1): 711–720. doi:10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.711. ISSN   2169-3366.
  50. ↑ International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (2018-08-09). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Spheniscus humboldti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  51. 1 2 "Refuelling under scrutiny as S.Africa penguins hit by oil spill". phys.org. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  52. ↑ "Peru demands compensation for disastrous oil spill caused by Tonga volcano". the Guardian. 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  53. ↑ "Calif. wildlife team rescues penguins from Peru oil spill". KRON4. 2022-02-11. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
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