Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages

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The recommended maximum intake (or safe limits) of the drug alcohol (also known formally as ethanol) varies from recommendations to be alcohol-free to daily or weekly guidelines provided by health agencies. These recommendations concerning maximum intake are distinct from any legal restrictions, for example drunk driving laws by country.

Contents

General recommendations

These guidelines apply to men, and women who are neither pregnant nor breastfeeding.

Alcohol-free recommendations

The World Health Organization published a statement in The Lancet Public Health in April 2023 that "there is no safe amount that does not affect health"'. [1]

The 2023 Nordic Nutrition Recommendations state "Since no safe limit for alcohol consumption can be provided, the recommendation in NNR2023 is that everyone should avoid drinking alcohol." [2]

The American Heart Association recommends that those who do not already consume alcoholic beverages should not start doing so because of the negative long-term effects of alcohol consumption. [3] [4]

The Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction states "Not drinking has benefits, such as better health, and better sleep." [5]

Alcohol intake recommendations by country

Some governments set the same recommendation for both sexes, while others give separate limits. The guidelines give drink amounts in a variety of formats, such as standard drinks, fluid ounces, or milliliters, but have been converted to grams of ethanol for ease of comparison.

Maxiumum recommended intake (in grams per day unless stated)
Country
(or region)		MenWomenDetails
Australia40 g/day, 100 g/week (Both sexes) [6] [7] (New guidelines were adopted in 2020. [8] )
Austria24 g/day16 g/day
CanadaThe Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction has a sliding scale of intakes.
The scale states that at 27 g or less per week, "you are likely to avoid alcohol-related consequences for yourself or others". [5]
Czech Republic24 g/day16 g/day
Denmark168 g/week84 g/weekFor low risk of disease
252 g/week168 g/weekFor high risk of disease. [9]
Finland165 g/week110 g/week. [10]
Germany24 g/day12 g/day
Hong Kong20 g/day10 g/day. [11]
Ireland170 g/week140 g/week. [12]
Italy24g/day
12g/day if over 65		12g/day [13]
Japan29 g/dayLess for women and the elderly [14]
NetherlandsThe Health Council of the Netherlands recommends an alcohol consumption level of zero or no more than 10 g per day. [14]
New Zealand30 g/day and 150 g/week20 g/day and 100 g/week (women)At least two alcohol-free days every week. To reduce long-term health risks [15]
50 g40 gOn any single occasion, to reduce risk of injury. [15]
Portugal37 g/day18.5 g/day [10]
Spain30 g/day20 g/dayAlso suggests a maximum of no more than twice this on any one occasion. [10]
SwedenThe National Board of Health and Welfare defines risky consumption as 120 g per week, and 48 g or more per occasion, once per month or more often.
Alcohol intervention is offered for people who exceed these recommendations.
108 g per week, and 36 g per occasion, is not considered risky according to the new guideline. [16]
Switzerland30g/day20–24g/day [14]
United Kingdom112 g/week112 g/week [14]
USAUp to 28 g/day
not to exceed 196 g/week		14 g/day
not to exceed 98 g/week		 [17]

Overall, the daily limits range from 10–37 g per day for men and 10-16 g per day for women. Weekly limits range from 27–170 g/week for men and 27–140 g/week for women. The weekly limits are lower than the daily limits, meaning intake on a particular day may be higher than one-seventh of the weekly amount, but consumption on other days of the week should be lower. The limits for women are consistently lower than those for men.

Specific populations

Pregnant women

Excessive drinking in pregnancy is the cause of fetal alcohol syndrome (BE: foetal alcohol syndrome), especially in the first eight to twelve weeks of pregnancy. Therefore, pregnant women receive special advice. It is not known whether there is a safe minimum amount of alcohol consumption, although low levels of drinking are not known to be harmful. [18] [19] As there may be some weeks between conception and confirmation of pregnancy, most countries recommend that women trying to become pregnant should follow the guidelines for pregnant women.

In short, all countries listed above now recommend that women abstain from alcohol consumption if they are pregnant or likely to become pregnant.

Breastfeeding women

"Alcohol passes to the baby in small amounts in breast milk. The milk will smell different to the baby and may affect their feeding, sleeping or digestion. The best advice is to avoid drinking shortly before a baby's feed." [28] "Alcohol inhibits a mother's let-down (the release of milk to the nipple). Studies have shown that babies take around 20% less milk if there's alcohol present, so they'll need to feed more often – although infants have been known to go on 'nursing strike', probably because of the altered taste of the milk." [29] "There is little research evidence available about the effect that [alcohol in breast milk] has on the baby, although practitioners report that, even at relatively low levels of drinking, it may reduce the amount of milk available and cause irritability, poor feeding and sleep disturbance in the infant. Given these concerns, a prudent approach is advised." [30]

Minors

Countries have different recommendations concerning the administration of alcohol to minors by adults.

Caveats

Risk factors

The recommended limits for daily or weekly consumption provided in the various countries' guidelines generally apply to the average healthy adult. However, many guidelines also set out numerous conditions under which alcohol intake should be further restricted or eliminated. They may stipulate that, among other things, people with liver, kidney, or other chronic disease, cancer risk factors, smaller body size, young or advanced age, those who have experienced issues with mental health, sleep disturbances, alcohol or drug dependency or who have a close family member who has, or who are taking medication that may interact with alcohol, [35] or suffering or recovering from an illness or accident, are urged to consider, in consultation with their health professionals, a different level of alcohol use, including reduction or abstention.

Activities

Furthermore, the maximum amounts allowed do not apply to those involved with activities such as operating vehicles or machinery, risky sports or other activities, or those responsible for the safety of others. [30] [36] [37]

Moreover, studies suggest even moderate alcohol consumption may significantly impair – neurobiologically beneficial and -demanding – exercise (possibly including the recovery and adaptation). [38] [39] [40] [41]

Daily consumption, habituation and addiction

As of 2022, moderate consumption levels of alcoholic beverages are typically defined in terms of average consumption per day. However, when drinking becomes a chronic daily activity the consumption puts individuals at an increased health risk [42] [ medical citation needed ][ additional citation(s) needed ] as it may lead to habituation, desensitization (consumption-induced tolerance), progressively increasing average dosages and addiction.[ citation needed ]

According to the CDC, it would be important to focus on the amount people drink on the days that they drink. [43] However, few studies or guidelines distinguish between or compare "moderate consumption" patterns (i.e. frequency, timing and dosage/intensity [44] per session) of occasional drinking and daily drinking.[ citation needed ]One review showed that among drinkers (not limited to moderate consumption levels), daily drinking in comparison to non-daily drinking was associated with incidence of liver cirrhosis. [45]

Harmful physiological effects

Emerging evidence suggests that "even drinking within the recommended limits may increase the overall risk of death from various causes, such as from several types of cancer". Better health outcomes among moderate drinkers that some studies reported may be due to the moderate alcohol consumption itself but they may also instead be caused by "other differences in behaviors or genetics between people who drink moderately and people who don't". According to the CDC, recent studies indicate moderate consumption may not have the protective health benefits. [43] A systematic analysis found that "The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0·0–0·8) standard drinks per week". [46]

Units and standard drinks

Guidelines generally give recommended amounts measured in grams (g) of pure alcohol per day or week. Some guidelines also express alcohol intake in standard drinks or units of alcohol. The size of a standard drink varies widely among the various guidelines, from 8g to 20g, as does the recommended number of standard drinks per day or week. [14] [47] The standard drink size is not meant as recommendations for how much alcohol a drink should contain, but rather to give a common reference that people can use for measuring their intake, though they may or may not correspond to a typical serving size in their country. [48]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oily fish</span> Fish species with oils in their tissues and coelom

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Breast milk</span> Milk produced by the mammary glands in the breast of a human female

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Standard drink</span> Measure of the pure ethanol in an alcoholic beverage

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</span> Group of conditions resulting from maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person who is exposed to alcohol as a result of their mother drinking during pregnancy. Symptoms can include an abnormal appearance, short height, low body weight, small head size, poor coordination, behavioral problems, learning difficulties, and problems with hearing and sight. Those affected are more likely to have trouble with school, the legal system, alcohol, other drugs, and other areas of high risk. The several forms of the condition are: fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), static encephalopathy, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) and neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE). As of 2016, the Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services accepted only FAS as a diagnosis, seeing the evidence as inconclusive with respect to other types.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alcohol and cancer</span> Relationship between cancer and the consumption of alcohol

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nutrition and pregnancy</span> Nutrient intake and dietary planning undertaken before, during and after pregnancy

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A diabetic diet is a diet that is used by people with diabetes mellitus or high blood sugar to minimize symptoms and dangerous complications of long-term elevations in blood sugar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Breastfeeding difficulties</span> Medical condition

Breastfeeding difficulties refers to problems that arise from breastfeeding, the feeding of an infant or young child with milk from a woman's breasts. Although babies have a sucking reflex that enables them to suck and swallow milk, and human breast milk is usually the best source of nourishment for human infants, there are circumstances under which breastfeeding can be problematic, or even in rare instances, contraindicated.

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) provide nutritional advice for Americans who are healthy or who are at risk for chronic disease but do not currently have chronic disease. The Guidelines are published every five years by the US Department of Agriculture, together with the US Department of Health and Human Services. Notably, the most recent ninth edition for 2020–25 includes dietary guidelines for children from birth to 23 months. In addition to the Dietary Guidelines per se, there are additional tools for assessing diet and nutrition, including the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), which can be used to assess the quality of a given selection of foods in the context of the Dietary Guidelines. Also provided are additional explanations regarding customization of the Guidelines to individual eating preferences, application of the Guidelines during pregnancy and infancy, the USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review, information about the Nutrition Communicators Network and the MyPlate initiative, information from the National Academies about redesigning the process by which the Dietary Guidelines for Americans are created, and information about dietary guidelines from other nations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alcoholic beverage</span> Drink with a substantial ethanol amount

An alcoholic beverage is a drink that contains ethanol, a type of alcohol that acts as a drug and is produced by fermentation of grains, fruits, or other sources of sugar. The consumption of alcoholic drinks, often referred to as "drinking", plays an important social role in many cultures. Most countries have laws regulating the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages, and the temperance movement advocates against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Regulations may require the labeling of the percentage alcohol content and the use of a warning label. Some countries ban such activities entirely, but alcoholic drinks are legal in most parts of the world. The global alcoholic drink industry exceeded $1 trillion in 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Breastfeeding</span> Feeding of babies or young children with milk from a womans breast

Breastfeeding, or nursing, is the process by which human breast milk is fed to a child. Breast milk may be from the breast, or may be pumped and fed to the infant. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that breastfeeding begin within the first hour of a baby's life and continue as often and as much as the baby wants. Health organizations, including the WHO, recommend breastfeeding exclusively for six months. This means that no other foods or drinks, other than vitamin D, are typically given. WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, followed by continued breastfeeding with appropriate complementary foods for up to 2 years and beyond. Of the 135 million babies born every year, only 42% are breastfed within the first hour of life, only 38% of mothers practice exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months, and 58% of mothers continue breastfeeding up to the age of two years and beyond.

Women should speak to their doctor or healthcare professional before starting or stopping any medications while pregnant. Non-essential drugs and medications should be avoided while pregnant. Tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and illicit drug use while pregnant may be dangerous for the unborn baby and may lead to severe health problems and/or birth defects. Even small amounts of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana have not been proven to be safe when taken while pregnant. In some cases, for example, if the mother has epilepsy or diabetes, the risk of stopping a medication may be worse than risks associated with taking the medication while pregnant. The mother's healthcare professional will help make these decisions about the safest way to protect the health of both the mother and unborn child. In addition to medications and substances, some dietary supplements are important for a healthy pregnancy, however, others may cause harm to the unborn child.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prenatal nutrition</span>

Prenatal nutrition addresses nutrient recommendations before and during pregnancy. Nutrition and weight management before and during pregnancy has a profound effect on the development of infants. This is a rather critical time for healthy development since infants rely heavily on maternal stores and nutrient for optimal growth and health outcome later in life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sweetened beverage</span> Type of beverage

A sweetened beverage is any beverage with added sugar. It has been described as "liquid candy". Consumption of sweetened beverages has been linked to weight gain, obesity, and associated health risks. According to the CDC, consumption of sweetened beverages is also associated with unhealthy behaviors like smoking, not getting enough sleep and exercise, and eating fast food often and not enough fruits regularly.

HIV in pregnancy is the presence of an HIV/AIDS infection in a woman while she is pregnant. There is a risk of HIV transmission from mother to child in three primary situations: pregnancy, childbirth, and while breastfeeding. This topic is important because the risk of viral transmission can be significantly reduced with appropriate medical intervention, and without treatment HIV/AIDS can cause significant illness and death in both the mother and child. This is exemplified by data from The Centers for Disease Control (CDC): In the United States and Puerto Rico between the years of 2014–2017, where prenatal care is generally accessible, there were 10,257 infants in the United States and Puerto Rico who were exposed to a maternal HIV infection in utero who did not become infected and 244 exposed infants who did become infected.

Breastfeeding and medications is the description of the medications that can be used by a breastfeeding mother with no or few consequences and those medications which should be avoided. Some medications are excreted in breastmilk. Almost all medicines pass into breastmilk in small amounts. Some have no effect on the baby and can be used while breastfeeding. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) maintain a database containing information on drugs and other chemicals to which breastfeeding mothers may be exposed. It includes information on the levels of such substances in breast milk and infant blood, and the possible adverse effects in the nursing infant. Suggested therapeutic alternatives to those drugs are provided, where appropriate. Some medications and herbal supplements can be of concern. This can be because the drug can accumulate in breastmilk or have effects on the infant and the mother. Those medications of concern are those medications used to treat substance and alcohol addiction. Other medications of concern are those that are used in smoking cessation. Pain medications and antidepressants need evaluation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alcohol and pregnancy</span> Medical condition

Alcohol use in pregnancy includes use of alcohol at any time during gestation, including the time before a mother-to-be is aware that she is pregnant. Alcohol use at some point during pregnancy is common and appears to be rising in prevalence in the United States.

References

Explanatory notes

    Citations

    1. ↑ "No level of alcohol consumption is safe for our health". www.who.int. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
    2. ↑ "Less meat, more plant-based: Here are the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023". www.norden.org. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
    3. ↑ Mechanick, Jeffrey I.; Kushner, Robert F. (21 April 2016). Lifestyle Medicine: A Manual for Clinical Practice. Springer Science. p. 153. ISBN   978-3-319-24687-1. However, even light alcohol use (≤1 drink daily) increases the risk of developing cancer, and heavier use (≥2-4 drinks daily) significantly increases morbidity and mortality. Given these and other risks, the American Heart Association cautions that, if they do not already drink alcohol, people should not start drinking for the purported cardiovascular benefits of alcohol.
    4. ↑ Deedwania, Prakash (12 January 2015). "Alcohol and Heart Health". American Heart Association (AHA). Retrieved 4 August 2016.
    5. 1 2 "Canada's Guidance on Alcohol and Health". ccsa.ca. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
    6. 1 2 3 National Health and Medical Research Council 2020 Australian Guidelines to Reduce Health Risks from Drinking Alcohol
    7. 1 2 3 National Health and Medical Research Council 2009 Australian Guidelines to Reduce Health Risks from Drinking Alcohol: Frequently Asked Questions
    8. ↑ "Australian guidelines to reduce health risks from drinking alcohol". Nhmrc.gov.au. 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
    9. ↑ "Anbefalinger". www.sst.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 16 November 2018.[ permanent dead link ]
    10. 1 2 3 Drinking and You Drinking guidelines — units of alcohol Archived 8 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
    11. ↑ Department of Health Action Plan to Reduce Alcohol-related Harm in Hong Kong September 2011
    12. ↑ "Health chiefs cut limits on safe drinking". Alcohol Action Ireland. 26 June 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
    13. ↑ Alcol, zero o il meno possibile January 2022
    14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Drinking Guidelines: General Population". IARD.org. International Alliance for Responsible Drinking. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
    15. 1 2 Alcohol Advisory Council of New Zealand (ALAC) What's in a Standard Drink
    16. ↑ "Nya gränsvärden för riskbruk av alkohol till hälso- och sjukvården". www.socialstyrelsen.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 13 September 2023.
    17. ↑ "What's low-risk drinking? - Rethinking Drinking - NIAAA".
    18. ↑ NICE, Routine antenatal care for healthy pregnant women March 2007
    19. ↑ BBC 'No alcohol in pregnancy' advised 25 May 2007
    20. ↑ Canadian Center on Substance Abuse Canada's Low-Risk Alcohol Drinking Guidelines
    21. ↑ Department of Health
    22. ↑ "Proper Nutrition during Pregnancy". Ministry of Health. State of Israel. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
    23. 1 2 New Zealand Ministry of Health Manatū Hauora Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women
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    27. ↑ 'USDA, Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005, Chapter 9: Alcoholic Beverages Archived 1 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine
    28. ↑ Alcohol and pregnancy
    29. 1 2 Alcohol and breastfeeding (2009) - Retrieved 23 May 2014
    30. 1 2 Australian Guidelines 2009
    31. ↑ Family Health Service, Department of Health
    32. ↑ "Consultation on children, young people and alcohol". Dcsf.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
    33. ↑ Parents back alcohol free childhood 17 December 2009
    34. ↑ BBC 'No alcohol' urged for under-15s 29 January 2009
    35. ↑ Weathermon R, Crabb DW (1999). "Alcohol and medication interactions" (PDF). Alcohol Res Health. 23 (1): 40–54. PMC   6761694 . PMID   10890797.
    36. ↑ Centre for Addiction and Mental Health / Centre de toxicomanie et de santé mentale Low-Risk Drinking Guidelines
    37. ↑ Alcohol Advisory Council of New Zealand (ALAC) Low Risk Drinking Archived 9 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine
    38. ↑ El-Sayed, Mahmoud S.; Ali, Nagia; Ali, Zeinab El-Sayed (1 March 2005). "Interaction Between Alcohol and Exercise". Sports Medicine. 35 (3): 257–269. doi:10.2165/00007256-200535030-00005. ISSN   1179-2035. PMID   15730339. S2CID   33487248.
    39. ↑ Barnes, Matthew. J.; Mündel, Toby; Stannard, Stephen. R. (1 January 2010). "Acute alcohol consumption aggravates the decline in muscle performance following strenuous eccentric exercise". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 13 (1): 189–193. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2008.12.627. ISSN   1440-2440. PMID   19230764.
    40. ↑ Lakićević, Nemanja (September 2019). "The Effects of Alcohol Consumption on Recovery Following Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Review". Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 4 (3): 41. doi: 10.3390/jfmk4030041 . ISSN   2411-5142. PMC   7739274 . PMID   33467356.
    41. ↑ Vella, Luke D.; Cameron-Smith, David (August 2010). "Alcohol, Athletic Performance and Recovery". Nutrients. 2 (8): 781–789. doi: 10.3390/nu2080781 . ISSN   2072-6643. PMC   3257708 . PMID   22254055.
    42. ↑ "Mayo Clinic Q and A: Is daily drinking problem drinking?". Mayo Clinic News Network (in Spanish). 16 February 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
    43. 1 2 "Facts about moderate drinking | CDC". CDC. 19 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
    44. ↑ Heckley, Gawain; Jarl, Johan; Gerdtham, Ulf-G (2017). "Frequency and intensity of alcohol consumption: new evidence from Sweden". The European Journal of Health Economics. 18 (4): 495–517. doi:10.1007/s10198-016-0805-2. ISSN   1618-7598. PMC   5387029 . PMID   27282872.
    45. ↑ Roerecke, Michael; Vafaei, Afshin; Hasan, Omer SM; Chrystoja, Bethany R; Cruz, Marcus; Lee, Roy; Neuman, Manuela G; Rehm, Jürgen (October 2019). "Alcohol consumption and risk of liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 114 (10): 1574–1586. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000340. ISSN   0002-9270. PMC   6776700 . PMID   31464740.
    46. ↑ Griswold, Max G.; Fullman, Nancy; Hawley, Caitlin; et al. (22 September 2018). "Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016". The Lancet. 392 (10152): 1015–1035. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2. ISSN   0140-6736. PMC   6148333 . PMID   30146330.
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    48. ↑ Mongan, Deirdre; Long, Jean (22 May 2015). "Standard drink measures throughout Europe; peoples' understanding of standard drinks and their use in drinking guidelines, alcohol surveys and labelling" (PDF). Reducing Alcohol Related Harm. p. 8. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
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