Xeriscaping

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An example of xeriscaping outside the United States Capitol in Washington, DC. Xeriscaping USCapital2.jpg
An example of xeriscaping outside the United States Capitol in Washington, DC.
The Xeriscape Demonstration Garden at the headquarters of Denver Water in Denver, Colorado. Xeriscape Demonstration Garden.JPG
The Xeriscape Demonstration Garden at the headquarters of Denver Water in Denver, Colorado.

Xeriscaping is the process of landscaping, or gardening, that reduces or eliminates the need for irrigation. [1] It is promoted in regions that do not have accessible, plentiful, or reliable supplies of fresh water and has gained acceptance in other regions as access to irrigation water has become limited, though it is not limited to such climates. Xeriscaping may be an alternative to various types of traditional gardening. [2] [3]

Contents

In some areas, terms such as water-conserving landscaping, drought-tolerant landscaping, and smart scaping are used instead. The use of plants whose natural requirements are appropriate to the local climate is emphasized, and care is taken to avoid losing water to evaporation and runoff. However, the specific plants used in xeriscaping vary based on climate as this strategy can be used in xeric, mesic, and hydric environments. Xeriscaping is different from natural landscaping, because the emphasis in xeriscaping is on selection of plants for water conservation, not necessarily selecting native plants.

Xeriscaping produces greenspaces that require low amounts of maintenance and irrigation, and promote biodiversity; however, due to societal norms and lack of landscape understanding, public perception of xeriscaping has frequently been negative, as some assume that these types of landscapes are ugly expanses of just cactus and gravel. [4] However, studies have shown that education in water conservation practices and xeriscaping's benefits can greatly improve the public's perception of xeriscaping. [5]

Etymology and similar terms

Denver Water coined the term xeriscape in 1981 by combining landscape with the Greek prefix xero-, from ξηρός (xēros), meaning 'dry'. [6] [7] The term zero-scaping (or zeroscaping) is sometimes substituted for xeriscaping due to phonetic similarity. [8] When used seriously, zero-scaping usually refers to a different type of low-water landscaping that uses very few plants or none at all. [9] [10] Because o is the most common connecting vowel in Greco-Roman vocabulary, xeriscaping is sometimes misspelled as xeroscaping. Similar terms and phrases include water-conserving landscaping, drought-tolerant landscaping, and smart scaping.

Advantages

Cacti are some of the low-water-consuming plants often used in xeriscaping. Optuniainbloom.jpg
Cacti are some of the low-water-consuming plants often used in xeriscaping.

Xeriscaping has the potential to reduce water usage and maintenance, improve biodiversity, lower pollution, as well as mitigate heat within urban areas; however, the effectiveness of this sustainable process has not been evaluated on a long-term large-scale basis. It was found that in arid US states, like Arizona and Nevada, that 75% of households' potable water was used to water residential and urban lawns. [4] Xeriscaping aims to help preserve water for people and animals amidst an increase in droughts brought about by climate change. [11]

Water conservation and lower maintenance

Xeriscapes can reduce water consumption by 60% or more compared to regular lawn landscapes. [12] In Turkey, one of the first large scale xeriscaping evaluations was conducted. It was found that switching an average city park to more native vegetation in the region can lower irrigation usage by 30–50%. Assuming a water usage reduction of 30% it was found that a city can save roughly $2 million annually (however, this exact value is dependent on location). [13] The use of native plants lowers the necessity of watering as the vegetation has already adapted to thrive in the climate and does not require assistance with irrigation or fertilization.

The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design program has recognized xeriscaping as an effective water reduction process and has started to incorporate credits in the certification process across all their programs for facilities that reduce their outside water use and irrigation. This credit can be met by using xeriscape strategies and efficient irrigation systems. [14] This further validates the beneficial claims behind xeriscaping, and it is anticipated that more energy and environmental credit systems as well state ran programs will encourage and incentivize xeriscaping for greenspace development. [13] [15]

While evaluating the cost of annual maintenance and park construction, xeriscaping drastically lowers these costs by roughly 55% and 57%, respectively. [13] Aside from occasional weeding and mulching, xeriscaping requires far less time and effort to maintain. [16] This is the case because under xeriscaping principles the vegetation used for urban greenspaces are indigenous to the area; therefore, are less expensive and require less assistance to acclimate and survive in the environment when compared to imported vegetation. This means that the systems use less water as well as lower rates of pesticides, and fertilizers when compared to current urban and residential greenspaces; this further helps lower annual maintenance costs. [13] Furthermore, maintenance waste, such as lawn clippings, contribute organic waste to landfills and fertilizers contribute to urban runoff pollution; however, xeriscaping eliminates these negative effects as clippings are encouraged to remain on the greenspace which allows for a lower use of fertilizers. [17]

Biodiversity

Often times when areas develop there is a loss of forestation, and animal populations dwindle as they are forced to relocate. Implementing native vegetation in green spaces helps improve the insect and wildlife found in the environment as the habitat is reestablished to a degree, offering food and shelter to the wildlife. [18] [19] One application of xeriscaping that drastically improves biodiversity is the implementation of pocket forests.

Environmental and thermal discomfort remediation

Additionally, xeriscaping has been theorized to help offset the urban heating island (UHI) effect. UHI refers to the phenomenon in which urban areas are found to be hotter than neighboring rural sites due to large amounts of human activity. This temperature difference of a city area and its surroundings is usually higher at night as winds are lower and cannot dissipate the large amounts of heat generated in an urban area’s boundaries as readily. Upon investigating xeriscaping strategies in Phoenix, Arizona, it was found that dry areas that utilized xeriscaping with shade trees were found to mitigate UHI effects during the day and night with an average temperature difference of roughly 2.5 oC (4.5 oF) cooler. [20] However, when these same strategies were implemented in a mesic area, an environment with moderate amounts of moisture, it was found that thermal discomfort increased for residents and that these strategies had opposite effects to their intentions. Although xeriscaping strategies were found to mitigate UHI effects, it remains important to consider the climate and current landscape in which it is implemented in, in order to maximize its benefits and effectiveness. [20]

Some homeowners associations (HOAs) have strict rules requiring a certain percentage of land to be used as lawns but these rules either have been or are in the process of being overturned in many areas. [21] As it stands most states in arid and hot climate regions in the US have started to pass legislation that allows homeowners to design lawns using xeriscaping methods. These states are currently[ when? ] Texas, Nevada, Arizona, California, Colorado, Louisiana, and Florida. Most states currently do not have direct legislation regarding a homeowner’s right to landscape in relation to existing HOAs; however, most allow residents to at least protest HOA requirements and landscape their lawn with "reasonable" designs. [15]

As more homeowners take up xeriscaping, or drought-tolerant landscaping, garden retailers have struggled to keep up. A burgeoning poaching trade has filled the gap with cacti and succulents stolen from parks and private lands. Buyers as far away as Europe and Asia can end up with yuccas, agaves, and ocotillos uprooted illegally from southern North America and shipped overseas. [22]

Principles

The Al Norris Memorial Xeriscape Garden in Wichita Falls, Texas Wichita Falls October 2015 79 (Al Norris Memorial Xeriscape Garden).jpg
The Al Norris Memorial Xeriscape Garden in Wichita Falls, Texas

Originally conceived by Denver Water, the seven design principles of xeriscaping have since expanded into simple and applicable concepts to creating landscapes that use less water. The principles are appropriate for multiple regions and can serve as a guide to creating a water conserving landscape that is regionally appropriate.

Plan and design

Create a diagram, drawn to scale, that shows the major elements of the landscape, such as impervious surfaces, existing vegetation, and other permanent elements. [23]

Once a base plan of an existing site has been determined, the creation of a conceptual plan (bubble diagram) is done which shows the areas for turf, perennial beds, views, screens, slopes, etc. Once finished, the development of a planting plan that integrates plants into zones is done. [23]

Soil amendment

Most plants will benefit from the use of a soil conditioner such as compost, which will help the soil retain water. [23] However, some desert plants prefer gravel soils instead of well-amended soils.

Plants can either fit the soil or the soil should be amended to fit the plants. Soil is essential to most plant growth, so it is important that this step is not overlooked or undervalued. [13]

Limited turf areas

Turf areas use the most water so it is important to use the appropriate grass as well as limit the amount of grass in the environment. Native grasses (warm-season) that have been cultivated for turf lawns, such as buffalo grass and blue grama , can survive with a quarter of the water that bluegrass varieties need. Warm-season grasses are greenest in June through September and may go dormant during colder months. [23]

Native grasses (cool season) such as bluegrass and tall fescue , are greenest in the spring and fall and go dormant in the high heat of the summer. New cultivars of bluegrass, such as Reveille, and tall fescue, can reduce typical bluegrass water requirements by at least 30%. Fine fescues can provide substantial water savings and are best used in areas that receive low traffic or highly shaded locations. [23]

Maintenance

All landscapes require some degree of care during the year. Turf requires spring and fall aeration along with regular fertilization every 6 to 8 weeks. Additionally, the turf should be cut to a height of 3 inches with a bagless lawnmower, allowing the clippings to fall. Trees, shrubs, and perennials will need occasional pruning to remove dead stems, promote blooming, or control height and spread. To promote zero waste and avoid adding organic materials to landfills, the removed plant material can be shredded and used in composting piles. [23]

Lawns and applications

One of the major challenges to the public acceptance of xeriscaping is the cultural attachment to turf grass lawns. Originally implemented in England, lawns have become in some regions a symbol of prosperity, order, and community. [24] In the United States, turf grasses are so common that it is the single most irrigated nonfood crop by surface area, covering nearly 128,000 square kilometres (49,000 sq mi). [4] Despite the high water, fertilizer, and maintenance costs associated with lawns, they have become the social norm in urban and suburban areas, even if they are rarely used for recreational or other purposes. [25] Xeriscaping offers an alternative to the over-use of turf grass lawns, but are not widely accepted because of preconceived notions of what it means to xeriscape.[ citation needed ] Xeriscaping can include lawn areas but seeks to reduce them to areas that will actually be used, rather than using them as a default landscaping plan. Furthermore, xeriscaping is closely linked to movements and ideologies that advocate for more natural vegetation in residential and urban areas. One form of xeriscaping that has received a lot of attention is the implementation of pocket forests.[ citation needed ]

Akira Miyawaki is a Japanese botanist that developed the idea of pocket forests which reintroduces indigenous trees and vegetation to developed environments in order to promote strong biodiversity. The method calls for the planting naturally occurring trees and shrubbery densely into small compact areas, that can range from a size of a tennis court to a parking space. These pocket forests increase biodiversity, reduce noise (if placed near streets or noise polluters), improve air quality and soil retention, help with reforestation, and efficiently capture carbon dioxide. [18] In order to promote fast growth and biodiversity the engineered ecosystem requires a layering of vegetation: the ground layer, a shrub layer, and a canopy layer. Due to this compact layering these forests usually are well established within two decades rather than the 70-plus years it takes for naturally occurring forests. [18]

Other forms of xeriscaping include rain gardens. These gardens are used to reduce the amount of runoff from impervious areas (such as roofs, driveways, sidewalks, etc.) and rely on water retentive plants and soil mediums to help filter pollutants from the storm water before it is reintroduced into aquifers and storm drains. These gardens require little irrigation and maintenance, and help protect waterways and remove pollutants. [26]

There are many other forms and applications of xeriscaping: it is essentially any form of landscaping that requires little to no irrigation. However, it is important to take note of the environment before implementation, and follow the principles, as success of one type of xeriscape in a xeric climate might not have the same effects if it were implemented in a mesic or hydric environment. [13]

See also

Related Research Articles

Energy-efficient landscaping is a type of landscaping designed for the purpose of conserving energy. There is a distinction between the embedded energy of materials and constructing the landscape, and the energy consumed by the maintenance and operations of a landscape.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Road verge</span> Vegetative strip beside a roadway

A road verge is a strip of groundcover consisting of grass or garden plants, and sometimes also shrubs and trees, located between a roadway and a sidewalk. Verges are known by dozens of other names such as grass strip, nature strip or curb strip, the usage of which is often quite regional.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lawn</span> Area of land planted with grasses and similar plants

A lawn is an area of soil-covered land planted with grasses and other durable plants such as clover which are maintained at a short height with a lawn mower and used for aesthetic and recreational purposes—it is also commonly referred to as part of a garden. Lawns are usually composed only of grass species, subject to weed and pest control, maintained in a green color, and are regularly mowed to ensure an acceptable length. Lawns are used around houses, apartments, commercial buildings and offices. Many city parks also have large lawn areas. In recreational contexts, the specialised names turf, pitch, field or green may be used, depending on the sport and the continent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Organic lawn management</span> Caring for an turf field or lawn and landscape using organic horticulture

Organic lawn management or organic turf management or organic land care or organic landscaping is the practice of establishing and caring for an athletic turf field or garden lawn and landscape using organic horticulture, without the use of manufactured inputs such as synthetic pesticides or artificial fertilizers. It is a component of organic land care and organic sustainable landscaping which adapt the principles and methods of sustainable gardening and organic farming to the care of lawns and gardens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Landscaping</span> Modifying the visible features of areas of land

Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land, including the following:

  1. Living elements, such as flora or fauna; or what is commonly called gardening, the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beauty within the landscape.
  2. Natural abiotic elements, such as landforms, terrain shape and elevation, or bodies of water.
  3. Abstract elements, such as the weather and lighting conditions.
<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mulch</span> Layer of material applied to the surface of soil

A mulch is a layer of material applied to the surface of soil. Reasons for applying mulch include conservation of soil moisture, improving fertility and health of the soil, reducing weed growth, and enhancing the visual appeal of the area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green wall</span> Wall or vertical structure covered by living vegetation and growth substrate

A green wall is a vertical built structure intentionally covered by vegetation. Green walls include a vertically applied growth medium such as soil, substitute substrate, or hydroculture felt; as well as an integrated hydration and fertigation delivery system. They are also referred to as living walls or vertical gardens, and widely associated with the delivery of many beneficial ecosystem services.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sod</span> Upper layer of soil and grass

Sod is the upper layer of turf that is harvested for transplanting. Turf consists of a variable thickness of a soil medium that supports a community of turfgrasses.

Garden design is the art and process of designing and creating plans for layout and planting of gardens and landscapes. Garden design may be done by the garden owner themselves, or by professionals of varying levels of experience and expertise. Most professional garden designers have some training in horticulture and the principles of design. Some are also landscape architects, a more formal level of training that usually requires an advanced degree and often a state license. Amateur gardeners may also attain a high level of experience from extensive hours working in their own gardens, through casual study, serious study in Master gardener programs, or by joining gardening clubs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bioswale</span> Landscape elements designed to manage surface runoff water

Bioswales are channels designed to concentrate and convey stormwater runoff while removing debris and pollution. Bioswales can also be beneficial in recharging groundwater.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rain garden</span> Runoff reducing landscaping method

Rain gardens, also called bioretention facilities, are one of a variety of practices designed to increase rain runoff reabsorption by the soil. They can also be used to treat polluted stormwater runoff. Rain gardens are designed landscape sites that reduce the flow rate, total quantity, and pollutant load of runoff from impervious urban areas like roofs, driveways, walkways, parking lots, and compacted lawn areas. Rain gardens rely on plants and natural or engineered soil medium to retain stormwater and increase the lag time of infiltration, while remediating and filtering pollutants carried by urban runoff. Rain gardens provide a method to reuse and optimize any rain that falls, reducing or avoiding the need for additional irrigation. A benefit of planting rain gardens is the consequential decrease in ambient air and water temperature, a mitigation that is especially effective in urban areas containing an abundance of impervious surfaces that absorb heat in a phenomenon known as the heat-island effect.

This is an alphabetical index of articles related to gardening.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Natural landscaping</span> Use of local plants in landscaping

Natural landscaping, also called native gardening, is the use of native plants including trees, shrubs, groundcover, and grasses which are local to the geographic area of the garden.

Hydrozoning is the practice of clustering together plants with similar water requirements in an effort to conserve water. Grouping plants into hydrozones is an approach to irrigation and garden design where plants with similar water needs are grouped together. Through the practice of hydrozoning, it is possible to customize irrigation schedules for each area’s needs, improving efficiency and avoiding overwatering and underwatering certain plants and grasses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable gardening</span>

Sustainable gardening includes the more specific sustainable landscapes, sustainable landscape design, sustainable landscaping, sustainable landscape architecture, resulting in sustainable sites. It comprises a disparate group of horticultural interests that can share the aims and objectives associated with the international post-1980s sustainable development and sustainability programs developed to address that humans are now using natural biophysical resources faster than they can be replenished by nature.

Sustainable landscaping is a modern type of gardening or landscaping that takes the environmental issue of sustainability into account. According to Loehrlein in 2009 this includes design, construction and management of residential and commercial gardens and incorporates organic lawn management and organic gardening techniques.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marsupial lawn</span>

Marsupial lawns are portions of land where the soil moisture is much higher than in the vegetation surrounding it. These high moisture levels create lawns that attract a large amount of grazing by marsupials. Commonly found in Tasmania, the lawns function as habitats for local animals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Low-impact development (U.S. and Canada)</span>

Low-impact development (LID) is a term used in Canada and the United States to describe a land planning and engineering design approach to manage stormwater runoff as part of green infrastructure. LID emphasizes conservation and use of on-site natural features to protect water quality. This approach implements engineered small-scale hydrologic controls to replicate the pre-development hydrologic regime of watersheds through infiltrating, filtering, storing, evaporating, and detaining runoff close to its source. Green infrastructure investments are one approach that often yields multiple benefits and builds city resilience.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate-friendly gardening</span> Low greenhouse gases gardening

Climate-friendly gardening is a form of gardening that can reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from gardens and encourage the absorption of carbon dioxide by soils and plants in order to aid the reduction of global warming. To be a climate-friendly gardener means considering both what happens in a garden and the materials brought into it as well as the impact they have on land use and climate. It can also include garden features or activities in the garden that help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through processes not directly related to gardening.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clover lawn</span>

A clover lawn is composed of clover and can be used as an alternative to grass lawns. It requires less maintenance than a traditional lawn and utilizes less water. White clover is the plant most frequently used. Red clover may also be used.

References

  1. ↑ "xeriscaping". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
  2. ↑ Weinstein, Gayle (1999). Xeriscape Handbook: A How-To Guide to Natural Resource-Wise Gardening. Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing. p. 55. ISBN   1555913466.
  3. ↑ Caldwell, Elizabeth (15 July 2007). "With xeriscaping, grass needn't always be greener". USA Today . Archived from the original on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 Ignatieva, Maria; Hedblom, Marcus (12 October 2018). "An alternative urban green carpet". Science. 362 (6411): 148–149. Bibcode:2018Sci...362..148I. doi:10.1126/science.aau6974. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   30309928. S2CID   52960875. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  5. ↑ McKenny, Cynthia; Terry, Robert Jr. (October–December 1995). "The Effectiveness of Using Workshops to Change Audience Perception of and Attitudes about Xeriscaping". HortTechnology. 5 (4): 327–329. doi: 10.21273/HORTTECH.5.4.327 . Archived from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  6. ↑ Wilson, C.; Feuch, J. R. "Xeriscaping: Creative Landscaping". Colorado State University Extension. Colorado State University. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  7. ↑ "Denver Water Waterwise Landscape Handbook" (PDF). Denver Water. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  8. ↑ Loser, Marilyn. "Alamosa Trees » Xeriscape is Healthy, Zeroscape is Not!". alamosatrees.net. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  9. ↑ Ellefson, Connie Lockhart; Winger, David (2004). Xeriscape Colorado: the complete guide. Englewood, Colorado: Westcliffe Publishers. p. 15. ISBN   9781565794955.
  10. ↑ "The Enchanted Xeriscape: A Guide to Water-wise Landscaping in New Mexico" (PDF). New Mexico Office of the State Engineer. State of New Mexico. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  11. ↑ Alizadeh, Mohammad Reza; Adamowski, Jan; Nikoo, Mohammad Reza; AghaKouchak, Amir; Dennison, Philip; Sadegh, Mojtaba (September 2020). "A century of observations reveals increasing likelihood of continental-scale compound dry-hot extremes". Science Advances. 6 (39): eaaz4571. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.4571A. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz4571. ISSN   2375-2548. PMC   7531886 . PMID   32967839.
  12. ↑ "Xeriscape Colorado". Web. 23 May. 2016. http://coloradowaterwise.org/XeriscapeColorado Archived 14 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Çetin, Nefise; Mansuroğlu, Sibel; Önaç, Ayşe (12 March 2018). "Xeriscaping Feasibility as an Urban Adaptation Method for Global Warming: A Case Study from Turkey". Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 27 (3): 1009–1018. doi: 10.15244/pjoes/76678 . ISSN   1230-1485.
  14. ↑ "LEED Credit library | U.S. Green Building Council". www.usgbc.org. Archived from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  15. 1 2 HOAleader.com (27 December 2013). "What HOA Boards Need to Know About Xeriscaping". Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  16. ↑ McCracken, Maureen (1 February 2009). "Xeriscape: An Introduction". Master Gardeners of Mecklenburg County NC, Meckelburg County Cooperative Extension, part of the "North Carolina Cooperative Extension [Service]", (see NCSU College of Ag and Life Sciences). Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  17. ↑ "Environmental Fact Sheet: Recycling Grass Clippings" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency. United States. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  18. 1 2 3 Schirone, Bartolomeo; Salis, Antonello; Vessella, Federico (January 2011). "Effectiveness of the Miyawaki method in Mediterranean forest restoration programs". Landscape and Ecological Engineering. 7 (1): 81–92. doi:10.1007/s11355-010-0117-0. ISSN   1860-1871. S2CID   25256096.
  19. ↑ Alam, Hasnain; Khattak, Jabar Zaman Khan; Ppoyil, Shaijal Babu Thru; Kurup, Shyam S.; Ksiksi, Taoufik Saleh (6 November 2017). "Landscaping with native plants in the UAE: A review". Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture: 729–741. doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2017.v29.i10.319 . ISSN   2079-0538. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  20. 1 2 Chow, Winston T.L.; Brazel, Anthony J. (January 2012). "Assessing xeriscaping as a sustainable heat island mitigation approach for a desert city" . Building and Environment. 47: 170–181. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.027. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  21. ↑ Galbraith, Kate (31 January 2013). "Texas Bills Aim to Douse HOAs' [sic] Limits on Xeriscaping". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  22. ↑ Magers, Phil. "Texas bill cracks down on cactus poachers". UPI. United Press International. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Xeriscape Principles." Xeriscape Principles. Denver Water. https://www.denverwater.org/residential/rebates-and-conservation-tips/remodel-your-yard/xeriscape-plans/xeriscape-principles Archived 16 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine .
  24. ↑ Mustafa, Daanish, Thomas A Smucker, Franklin Ginn, Rebecca Johns, and Shanon Connely. "Xeriscape people and the cultural politics of turfgrass transformation." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 28.4 (2010): 600–617.
  25. ↑ Schindler, Sarah B.. "Banning Lawns (municipal police power to ban lawns as sustainability policy)." The George Washington law review 82.2 (2014): 394–454.
  26. ↑ Alyaseri, Isam; Zhou, Jianpeng; Morgan, Susan M.; Bartlett, Andrew (August 2017). "Initial impacts of rain gardens' application on water quality and quantity in combined sewer: field-scale experiment". Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering. 11 (4): 19. doi:10.1007/s11783-017-0988-5. ISSN   2095-2201. S2CID   103238454.
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