121st Brigade 116th Brigade | |
---|---|
Active | 10 December 1914–27 April 1915 (as 121st Bde) 27 April 1915–10 July 1919 (as 116th Bde) |
Country | United Kingdom |
Branch | New Army |
Type | Infantry |
Size | 3–4 Battalions |
Part of | 39th Division |
Engagements | Battle of the Somme Battle of the Ancre Third Battle of Ypres German spring offensive |
The 116th Brigade was an infantry formation of the British Army during World War I. Originally raised in December 1914 from locally-raised volunteer units of 'Kitchener's Army' known as 'Pals battalions', it was later redesignated and the number was transferred to a different 'Pals' brigade. It fought with 39th Division on the Somme and the Ancre, at Ypres and in the German spring offensive. After the appalling casualties in that campaign it was relegated to a training organisation preparing US Army units for active service. It was disbanded in 1919.
On 6 August 1914, less than 48 hours after Britain's declaration of war, Parliament sanctioned an increase of 500,000 men for the Regular British Army. The newly-appointed Secretary of State for War, Earl Kitchener of Khartoum, issued his famous call to arms: 'Your King and Country Need You', urging the first 100,000 volunteers to come forward. This group of six divisions with supporting arms became known as Kitchener's First New Army, or 'K1'. [1] [2] The K2, K3 and K4 battalions, brigades and divisions followed soon afterwards. But the flood of volunteers overwhelmed the ability of the Army to absorb them, and the K5 units were largely raised by local initiative rather than at regimental depots, often from men from particular localities or backgrounds who wished to serve together: these were known as 'Pals battalions'. The 'Pals' phenomenon quickly spread across the country, as local recruiting committees offered complete units to the War Office (WO). On 10 December 1914 the WO authorised the formation of another six divisions (37th–42nd) and their brigades to command these K5 units, including 116th Brigade in 39th Division and 121st Brigade in 40th Division. The original 116th Bde was to comprise three battalions of the Birmingham Pals and one pals battalion from Bristol: [3] [4]
However, on 10 April 1915 the WO decided to convert the K4 battalions into reserve units. The K4 divisions and brigades were broken up and the K5 formations took over their numbers, so that 116th Brigade in 39th Division became 95th Bde in 32nd Division. [3] [4] [6] Authorisation for three new infantry brigades – 116th, 117th and 118th – to constitute a new 39th Division was issued on 12 July 1915, but while 117th and 118th were newly-formed, 116th Brigade was created by renumbering 121st Bde. [6] [7]
The new 39th Division began to assemble around Winchester early in August 1915, but it was only after it had moved to Aldershot at the end of September that 116th Bde Headquarters (HQ) joined and its Pals battalions began arriving: first the 'South Downs' battalions, then the 'Portsmouth' battalion in October. Early in November the division moved to Witley Camp in Surrey, where it completed its training. Mobilisation orders were received during February 1916 and after some delays entrainment for Southampton Docks began on 2 March. The division embarked and sailed to Le Havre, and by 8 March had completed its landing. It then moved to the divisional concentration area at Blaringhem in First Army's area. [7] [8] [9] [10]
116th Brigade was constituted as follows: [7] [8]
The brigade took part in the following actions: [7] [8]
1916
1917
1918
Each brigade was now hardly stronger than a single battalion, and the infantry of 39th Division was reorganised as '39th Composite Brigade'. No 1 Battalion was formed from 11th Sussex and 1/1st Herts with the 1st Line transport of 1/1st Herts; 13th Sussex and its 1st Line transport joined No 2 Battalion, and the remainder of 116th Bde formed C Company of No 5 Battalion. The composite brigade then fought in the following actions with XXII Corps: [7] [8] [24] [25]
While the composite brigade was still in action, 39th Divisional HQ had moved to Éperlecques, north-west of Saint-Omer. No 5 Battalion returned to the division on 30 April and its components returned to their brigades; the rest of 39th Composite Bde was broken up and rejoined the division on 6 May. Following their crippling losses during the German spring offensive, the infantry brigades of 39th Division were withdrawn from active service. Their battalions were reduced to training cadres (TCs) and the TMBs broken up, the surplus personnel being drafted as reinforcements to other units. All three of 116th Bde's TCs left by the end of June to be reconstituted or disbanded, and it became a holding formation for a number of TCs from other divisions: [7] [8] [9] [12] [25] [27]
The 77th US Division had arrived at Éperlecques, and it began training under the guidance of the 39th Division TCs on 7 May. On 7 June 39th Divisional HQ moved to Wolphus, also near Saint-Omer, and over the next two months its TCs trained the 30th, 78th and 80th US Divisions in turn. In mid-August 39th Division moved to the French coast with 116th Bde at Étaples. On 1 November the division. was ordered to demobilise its remaining TCs, and 116th Bde completed this for its TF and SR battalions before hostilities with the Armistice with Germany on 11 November. 117th and 118th Bdes were disbanded shortly afterwards, but in December 116th Bde HQ went to Le Havre to form the staff of the embarkation camp, processing demobilised soldiers returning to the UK. 39th Divisional HQ and its remaining subordinate units closed down on 10 July 1919. [7]
The following officers commanded the brigade: [7]
39th Division's formation badge was a white square with three light blue vertical stripes. This was worn on the upper arm. [5] Within 116th Bde, the South Down battalions of the Royal Sussex wore a blue rectangle with one, two or three vertical stripes of orange (the traditional colour of the regimental facings) to denote 1st, 2nd or 3rd Bn. Originally this was worn as a vertical rectangle on the back, just below the collar; in the summer of 1917 the battalions were ordered to move the badge to the shoulder, so they cut them in half to form horizontal rectangles. The 14th Hants wore a triangle bisected vertically in yellow and black. [28] [29]
A new 116th Infantry Brigade Royal Marines was formed in the UK on 4 January 1945, with three Royal Marines battalions under command, and sent to reinforce 21st Army Group during the last stages of the war in North West Europe. [30]
The 32nd Division was an infantry division of the British Army that was raised in 1914, during the First World War. The division was raised from volunteers for Lord Kitchener's New Armies, made up of infantry 'Pals battalions' and artillery brigades raised by public subscription or private patronage. The division was taken over by the War Office in September 1915. It served in France and Belgium in the trenches of the Western Front for the duration of the war. It saw action at the Battle of the Somme, the Pursuit to the Hindenburg Line, the Defence of Nieuport, the German spring offensive, and the Allied Hundred Days Offensive beginning at the Battle of Amiens. After the Armistice it marched into Germany as part of the Army of Occupation.
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