 F4 damage to the Lublin slaughterhouse after the tornado | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Date | July 20,1931 |
| F4 tornado | |
| on the Fujita scale | |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 6 |
| Injuries | 100+ |
| Areas affected | Lublin,Poland |
Part of the Tornadoes of 1931 | |
On July 20,1931,a violent tornado struck the city of Lublin in Poland. [1] [2] [3] [4] The damage from the tornado was rated F4 on the Fujita scale by the European Severe Storms Laboratory. [1] The tornado killed six people and injured at least 100 others. [1] [2]
The tornado destroyed several buildings in Lublin. Some structures had walls that were 50 centimetres (20 in) thick. Train railroad cars were overturned and some were moved a few meters away. Industrial chimneys were thrown by the tornado. Structures made out of iron were bent. [2] Buildings made of wood in the path of the tornado were leveled to the ground. These included sawmills,homes,and barns. The Lublin slaughterhouse and sugar factory were completely destroyed. [2] Other industrial buildings were destroyed as well. [2] Some buildings had debris thrown over a mile away. [2] A city bus was picked up and thrown by the tornado. [2] The tornado traveled around 20 kilometres (12 mi) and was described as being a narrow “dark mass in the shape of a funnel”. In total,the tornado killed six people and injured over 100 others. [1] [2]
The Polish Weather Service estimated that the tornado had winds between 246 to 324 mph (396 to 521 km/h). [1] [3] This mean it was potentially at F5 intensity,as F5 tornadoes begin with winds at 261 mph (420 km/h). [1] [3] Staff of the University of Warsaw and Adam Mickiewicz University in Poland as well as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the United States also believe the tornado may have been F5 intensity. [2] [3] A lot of the information about this tornado was documented by Polish scientist Dr. Romuald Gumiński. [4] Gumiński was the vice-director of the Polish government Meteorological Department. [5] [4]
From May 2 to 8,1999,a large tornado outbreak took place across much of the Central and parts of the Eastern United States,as well as southern Canada. During this week-long event,152 tornadoes touched down in these areas. The most dramatic events unfolded during the afternoon of May 3 through the early morning hours of May 4 when more than half of these storms occurred. Oklahoma experienced its largest tornado outbreak on record,with 70 confirmed. The most notable of these was the F5 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado which devastated Oklahoma City and suburban communities. The tornado killed 36 people and injured 583 others;losses amounted to $1 billion,making it the first billion-dollar tornado in history. Overall,50 people lost their lives during the outbreak and damage amounted to $1.4 billion. For these reasons,the outbreak is known in Oklahoma as the May 3rd outbreak or the Oklahoma tornado outbreak of 1999.
From April 9–11,1947,a significant tornado outbreak produced catastrophic effects over portions of the southern Great Plains,in the contiguous United States. The outbreak generated at least 12,and possibly 17 or more,tornadoes,many of which were significant. On Wednesday,April 9,a series of related tornadoes spawned by a single supercell,dubbed the Glazier–Higgins–Woodward tornadoes,swept through the U.S. states of Texas,Oklahoma,and Kansas. Most of the damage and nearly all of the deaths are still blamed on one large tornado,known as the Glazier–Higgins–Woodward tornado,that traveled 98 mi (158 km) from Texas to Oklahoma,beginning over the South Plains. This event,up to nearly 2 mi (3.2 km) in width,was often compared to the Tri-State tornado,because it was originally thought to have left a 198-to-221-mile-long path,was similarly large and intense for much of its path,and was also retroactively rated F5 on the modern-day Fujita scale,but it is now believed to have been part of a 125-to-170-mile-long family of nine or 10 tornadoes.
This article lists various tornado records. The most "extreme" tornado in recorded history was the Tri-State tornado,which spread through parts of Missouri,Illinois,and Indiana on March 18,1925. It is considered an F5 on the Fujita Scale,holds records for longest path length at 219 miles (352 km) and longest duration at about 3+1⁄2 hours. The 1974 Guin tornado had the highest forward speed ever recorded in a violent tornado,at 75 mph (121 km/h). The deadliest tornado in world history was the Daulatpur–Saturia tornado in Bangladesh on April 26,1989,which killed approximately 1,300 people. In the history of Bangladesh,at least 19 tornadoes killed more than 100 people each,almost half of the total for the world. The most extensive tornado outbreak on record was the 2011 Super Outbreak,which resulted in 367 tornadoes and 324 tornadic fatalities,whereas the 1974 Super Outbreak was the most intense tornado outbreak on tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis's outbreak intensity score with 578,as opposed to the 2011 outbreak's 378.
The Enhanced Fujita scale rates tornado intensity based on the severity of the damage they cause. It is used in some countries,including the United States and France. The EF scale is also unofficially used in other countries,including China.
From April 2–3,1956,a large,deadly tornado outbreak affected the Great Plains,parts of the South,and the upper Midwest in the contiguous United States,especially the Great Lakes region. The outbreak produced at least 55 tornadoes,including an F5 that devastated the Grand Rapids metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Michigan on April 3. It was one of three tornadoes to move across southwest Lower Michigan on that day. A fourth tornado struck north of the Manistee area,in the northern part of the peninsula. The Hudsonville–Standale tornado killed 18 and injured 333. It remains the fourth deadliest tornado on record in Michigan and is the most recent F5 on record there. Several other deadly,intense,long-tracked tornadoes also occurred during the outbreak. In addition to the fatalities in Kansas,Oklahoma,Michigan and Berlin,Wisconsin,three people were killed in Tennessee,one person in Kentucky and two more people in Wisconsin. In total,39 were killed during the entire event.
From May 19–22,1957,a tornado outbreak took place across the US Central Plains. A total of 59 tornadoes were reported from Colorado to the Mississippi Valley. The most destructive tornado of the severe weather event—likely part of a long-lived family—was rated at F5,the highest level,and is often called the Ruskin Heights tornado,after the site of its worst damage,a suburb and housing development in southern Kansas City,Missouri. Additionally,a powerful F4 tornado virtually destroyed Fremont,Missouri,claiming seven lives,and an F3 tornado killed eight others in and near Belgrade,Missouri. A pair of F4s—one in Minnesota,the other in Kansas—also neared F5 intensity. In all,59 people were killed during the outbreak,including 44 in the Ruskin Heights tornado.
A violent severe weather outbreak struck the Southeast on April 4–5,1977. A total of 22 tornadoes touched down with the strongest ones occurring in Mississippi,Alabama,and Georgia. The strongest was a catastrophic F5 tornado that struck the northern Birmingham,Alabama,suburbs during the afternoon of Monday,April 4. In addition to this tornado,several other tornadoes were reported from the same system in the Midwest,Alabama,Georgia,Mississippi and North Carolina. One tornado in Floyd County,Georgia,killed one person,and another fatality was reported east of Birmingham in St. Clair County. In the end,the entire outbreak directly caused 24 deaths and 158 injuries. The storm system also caused the crash of Southern Airways Flight 242,which killed 72 and injured 22.
Stójków is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lądek-Zdrój,within Kłodzko County,Lower Silesian Voivodeship,in south-western Poland.
On April 21–24,1968,a deadly tornado outbreak struck portions of the Midwestern United States,primarily along the Ohio River Valley. The worst tornado was an F5 that struck portions of Southeastern Ohio from Wheelersburg to Gallipolis,just north of the Ohio–Kentucky state line,killing seven people and injuring at least 93. Another long-tracked violent tornado killed six people,injured 364 others,and produced possible F5 damage as it tracked along the Ohio River. At least one other violent tornado caused an additional fatality and 33 injuries in Ohio. In the end,at least 26 tornadoes touched down,leaving 14 dead,including five in Kentucky and nine in Ohio.
On March 16–17,1942,a deadly late-winter tornado outbreak struck a large area of the Central and Southern United States,killing 149 people and injuring at least 1,312. At least five states reported violent tornadoes,from Illinois and Indiana south to Mississippi,beginning with an F4 tornado in the morning in Illinois. Intense activity spread south to the Gulf Coast and north to the Michigan–Indiana border as the day went on. Seven violent tornadoes were reported,one of which was a powerful F5 in Illinois. A long-tracked F4 tornado family in Mississippi claimed 63 lives as well,becoming the deadliest event of the outbreak. Another long-lived F4 in Tennessee killed 15 more people,and a series of intense tornadoes caused 24 other deaths in Kentucky. The outbreak also produced 18 tornadoes that caused at least one death—ranking eighth on a list of similar events since 1880 by tornado researcher Thomas P. Grazulis.
The 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado was a large,long-lived and exceptionally powerful F5 tornado in which the highest wind speed ever measured globally was recorded at 321 miles per hour (517 km/h) by a Doppler on Wheels (DOW) radar. Considered the strongest tornado ever recorded to have affected the Oklahoma City metropolitan area,the tornado devastated southern portions of Oklahoma City,Oklahoma,United States while near peak intensity,along with surrounding suburbs and towns to the south and southwest of the city during the early evening of Monday,May 3,1999. Parts of Bridge Creek were rendered unrecognizable. The tornado covered 38 miles (61 km) during its 85-minute existence,destroying thousands of homes,killing 36 people,and leaving US$1 billion in damage,ranking it as the fifth-costliest on record not accounting for inflation. Its severity prompted the first-ever use of the tornado emergency statement by the National Weather Service.
On April 18–20,1880,a tornado outbreak impacted the Midwestern United States,producing numerous strong tornadoes,killing at least 166 people,and injuring more than 516 others. The outbreak generated five violent tornadoes,including three long-tracked F4 tornadoes in Missouri that killed at least 144 people. Two of the tornadoes followed parallel paths and occurred simultaneously near Springfield,one of which devastated the town of Marshfield,causing 92 fatalities there. Other deadly,intense tornadoes occurred in the Great Lakes region and in Arkansas,including another F4 tornado that destroyed a third of El Paso,Arkansas,killing four or more people.
A rare,violent,and deadly long-tracked tornado struck several villages in the Hodonín and Břeclav districts of the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic in the evening of 24 June 2021,killing six people and injuring 576 others. This tornado is the widest on record in Europe,at 3.5km maximum width. The tornado struck seven municipalities,with the worst damage in the villages of Hrušky,MoravskáNováVes,Mikulčice and Lužice.
This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1946,primarily in the United States. Most recorded tornadoes form in the U.S.,although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.
The 1764 Woldegk tornado on June 29,1764,was one of the strongest tornadoes ever documented in history,receiving the unique T11 rating on the TORRO scale along with an F5 rating on the Fujita scale and had winds estimated to be at least 480 kilometres per hour (300 mph). The tornado traveled 30 kilometres (19 mi) and reached a maximum width of 900 metres (980 yd). Most of the information known about this tornado came from a detailed 77-paragraph study by German scientist Gottlob Burchard Genzmer,which was published one year after the tornado occurred. The tornado completely destroyed several structures,and several tree branches reportedly thrown into the atmosphere. Many areas were covered with up to 2 centimetres (0.8 in) of ice. The storm which produced the tornado was dry,with almost no rain reported. Large hail,reportedly reaching 15 centimetres (6 in) in diameter covered the ground. The hail caused significant crop and property damage,killed dozens of animals,and injured multiple people in a large stretch around the tornado and to the northwest of the tornado's path.
The following is a list of weather events that occurred on Earth in the year 1946. There were several natural disasters around the world from various types of weather,including blizzards,cold waves,droughts,heat waves,wildfires,floods,tornadoes,and tropical cyclones.
This is a timeline of scientific and technological advancements as well as notable academic or government publications in the area of atmospheric sciences and meteorology during the 21st century. Some historical weather events are included that mark time periods where advancements were made,or even that sparked policy change.
The history of tornado research spans back centuries,with the earliest documented tornado occurring in 200 and academic studies on them starting in the 18th century. This is a timeline of government or academic research into tornadoes.
Dr. Romuald Guminski, vice-director, non- Party, is in charge of the Meteorological Department.