1971 WANFL season

Last updated

1971 WAFL season
Teams8
Premiers West Perth
14th premiership
Minor premiers East Perth
13th minor premiership
Sandover Medallist David Hollins (East Fremantle)
Bernie Naylor Medallist Austin Robertson, Jr. (Subiaco)
Matches played88
  1970
1972  

The 1971 WANFL season was the 87th season of the various incarnations of the Western Australian National Football League, and the forty-first (including three wartime under-age seasons) under that moniker.

Contents

Following half a decade dominated with the exception of two challenges from South Fremantle by the three Perth clubs and Austin Robertson's goalkicking, 1971 saw a changing of the guard, with Perth, in Mal Atwell’s last season as coach, dropping to second from bottom owing to the weakness of their forward line, [1] and Subiaco also fell out of the four after an off-season disrupted by efforts to thwart potential clearances of goal machine Robertson, half-forward George Young, and promising young players Stephen Heal and Peter Featherby. [2]

After a promising season in 1970 and the acquisition of Colin Tully from Collingwood, John Evans from St. Kilda and 30-possession-per-game rover Ross Parker from VFA club Prahran, [3] Claremont became early favourites for the flag. [4] [5] The Tigers faltered later on however, and despite playing finals for only the fourth time since 1942 and the first since 1965, were regarded as disappointing. East Perth, despite a noticeable roving weakness owing to the injury-related retirement of Keith Doncon, [6] won fifteen of seventeen matches but failed in the Grand Final before rivals West Perth, who after a disappointing 1970 returned to second position and sent champion ruckman “Polly” Farmer out on a high note with his sixth senior premiership and second as their captain-coach. More significantly, East Fremantle, after four disastrous seasons, reached the preliminary final under the coaching of future Hawthorn premiership mentor Alan Joyce and nearly overcame the Cardinals in a heart-stopping preliminary.

Although the season did not quite reach the previous season's record average score of 100.76 points per team per game, it did see a record-high losing score and the highest score and greatest winning margin for over a decade.

Home-and-away season

Round 1 (Easter weekend)

Round 1
Saturday, 10 April (2:15 pm) South Fremantle 26.20 (176)def. Subiaco 11.17 (83) Fremantle Oval (crowd: 12430)
Saturday, 10 April (2:15 pm) Claremont 17.20 (122)def. by East Fremantle 19.12 (126) Claremont Oval (crowd: 10713) [7]
Monday, 12 April (2:15 pm) West Perth 12.13 (85)def. by Perth 14.9 (93) Leederville Oval (crowd: 16444)
Monday, 12 April (2:15 pm) Swan Districts 10.17 (77)def. by East Perth 19.18 (132) Bassendean Oval (crowd: 11230)
  • 1970 premiers South Fremantle suggest by their devastating ball movement to ten-goal full forward Graham Scott during a second half where they score 17.11 (113) to 3.5 (23) that they will be even more formidable in 1971. [8]
  • Perth obtain a short-lived dividend from using rover Graham Jenzen in the troubling full-forward position, where he scores eight goals including six in the first half, which combines with the Demons’ efficient defence to defeat the Cardinals. [9]

Round 2

Round 2
Saturday, 17 April (2:15 pm) Subiaco 8.7 (55)def. by West Perth 15.16 (106) Subiaco Oval (crowd: 8857) [10]
Saturday, 17 April (2:15 pm) Perth 14.20 (104)drew with Swan Districts 15.14 (104) Lathlain Park (crowd: 7662)
Saturday, 17 April (2:15 pm) East Perth 11.10 (76)def. by Claremont 13.13 (91) Perth Oval (crowd: 11732) [11]
Saturday, 17 April (2:15 pm) East Fremantle 17.13 (115)def. by South Fremantle 18.15 (123) East Fremantle Oval (crowd: 14956)
  • 1968 and 1970 wooden spooners Swan Districts outplay Perth until major positional changes by Mal Atwell – notably moving Cable to the centre where he had played most of his junior football – drives a Demons comeback for a thrilling draw. [12]
  • South Fremantle run off a four-goal deficit halfway through the final quarter “in the time it takes to run a fast mile”; then – led by Don Haddow – hang on to win a thrilling local derby. [13]

Round 3

Round 3
Saturday, 24 April (2:15 pm) South Fremantle 12.12 (84)def. by Perth 15.12 (102) Fremantle Oval (crowd: 13401)
Saturday, 24 April (2:15 pm) East Perth 19.17 (131)def. Subiaco 12.9 (81) Perth Oval (crowd: 8688)
Saturday, 24 April (2:15 pm) Claremont 8.17 (65)def. by West Perth 9.4 (58) Claremont Oval (crowd: 12023)
Saturday, 24 April (2:15 pm) Swan Districts 15.21 (111)def. East Fremantle 11.9 (75) Bassendean Oval (crowd: 8804)
  • Claremont’s inaccuracy, despite completely controlling the play, casts doubt over their much-touted premiership chances. Blind punts by skilful captain-coach Dennis Marshall were especially common and ineffective. [14]
  • A number of experimental moves by Royals captain-coach Brown fail before he reverses them and the winless Lions are crushed in the second half. [15]
  • Despite the retirement of Pat Dalton, and Cable aiming for the Claremont coaching job, Perth reverse the 1970 Grand Final against a weakened Bulldog team who play several unfit key men. [16]

Round 4

Round 4
Saturday, 1 May (2:15 pm) West Perth 16.16 (112)def. South Fremantle 12.10 (82) Leederville Oval (crowd: 13117)
Saturday, 1 May (2:15 pm) Perth 17.14 (116)def. East Perth 11.14 (80) Lathlain Park (crowd: 12031)
Saturday, 1 May (2:15 pm) Swan Districts 6.12 (48)def. by Claremont 19.13 (127) Bassendean Oval (crowd: 9989) [17]
Saturday, 1 May (2:15 pm) East Fremantle 12.12 (84)def. by Subiaco 15.19 (109) East Fremantle Oval (crowd: 6677)
  • Barry Cable is best afield at centre, whilst rovers Brian Cousins and Greg Bennett are too good for East Perth, whose attack cannot match Perth’s close-checking defence. [6]
  • In “Polly” Farmer’s Australian-record three hundred and thirty ninth senior match, West Perth’s superior teamwork exposes South Fremantle except during the third quarter. Farmer and Whinnen expose South’s weakness in the centre position and give Phil Smith great service – to which he responds by kicking 9.4 (58). [18]

Round 5

Round 5
Saturday, 8 May (2:15 pm) Swan Districts 7.7 (49)def. by West Perth 14.15 (99) Bassendean Oval (crowd: 9000)
Saturday, 8 May (2:15 pm) Subiaco 16.13 (109)def. Perth 11.6 (72) Subiaco Oval (crowd: 8332)
Saturday, 8 May (2:15 pm) Claremont 20.13 (133)def. South Fremantle 14.11 (95) Claremont Oval (crowd: 12863)
Saturday, 8 May (2:15 pm) East Fremantle 23.16 (154)def. East Perth 18.17 (125) East Fremantle Oval (crowd: 8071) [19]
  • Claremont, after the Bulldogs kicked 7.2 (44) to 0.2 (2) with the wind in the first half of the third quarter, then score 13.3 (81) to nothing until the last minute as the Tigers take complete ruck control from Fred Seinor and rover Roley Daw – with the result that the Bulldog defence is completely overrun. [20]
  • Perth’s lack of a spearhead to compete with the Austin Robertson’s nine goals, along with a rejuvenated Maroon half-forward line, ends the Demons’ undefeated opening as well as Subiaco’s extremely worrying start after three successive finals berths. [21]

Round 6

Round 6
Saturday, 15 May (2:15 pm) South Fremantle 17.21 (123)def. Swan Districts 15.12 (102) Fremantle Oval (crowd: 7183) [22]
Saturday, 15 May (2:15 pm) West Perth 9.10 (64)def. by East Perth 19.14 (128) Leederville Oval (crowd: 12420)
Saturday, 15 May (2:15 pm) Claremont 22.20 (152)def. Subiaco 17.8 (110) Claremont Oval (crowd: 10923) [5]
Saturday, 15 May (2:15 pm) Perth 14.12 (96)def. by East Fremantle 19.11 (125) Lathlain Park (crowd: 8557)
  • Mal Brown’s move of himself into the ruck and Ken McAullay to a half-back flank leads West Perth into error after error and overcomes a worrying beginning to 1971 by the Royals. [23]
  • Much-hyped former Central District full-forward Ric Vidovich kicks twelve goals as East Fremantle inflict a second defeat upon the highly regarded Perth defence, who fail to stop his fast leading. [24]

Round 7

Round 7
Saturday, 22 May (2:15 pm) Subiaco 9.13 (67)def. by Swan Districts 13.14 (92) Subiaco Oval (crowd: 3729)
Saturday, 22 May (2:15 pm) East Perth 11.11 (77)def. South Fremantle 10.11 (71) Perth Oval (crowd: 7209)
Saturday, 22 May (2:15 pm) Claremont 8.15 (63)def. by Perth 9.10 (64) Claremont Oval (crowd: 6924)
Saturday, 22 May (2:15 pm) East Fremantle 9.5 (59)def. West Perth 6.11 (47) East Fremantle Oval (crowd: 6657) [25]
  • West Perth score only 2.3 (15) to three-quarter time in wind and rain [26] – their lowest three-quarter time score for 51 years [27] – before a charge with the wind is thwarted by inaccuracy.
  • East Perth score a crucial victory over a gallant South Fremantle weakened by the loss of captain-coach Mann (ill in bed) whose inaccuracy prevents the exploitation of a weak Royal defence in the muddy conditions. [28]
  • The attempt by Claremont to turn ruckman John Spry into a makeshift full-forward fails completely, so that the Tigers lose a thrilling battle between the top two and Demon full-back John Quartermaine – thrashed in the two previous rounds – exploits his severe ground-level weakness in very wet weather. [29]

Round 8

Round 8
Saturday, 29 May (2:15 pm) Subiaco 26.9 (165)def. South Fremantle 20.21 (141) Subiaco Oval (crowd: 9562)
Saturday, 29 May (2:15 pm) Perth 21.4 (130)def. by West Perth 21.12 (138) Lathlain Park (crowd: 11037) [30]
Saturday, 29 May (2:15 pm) East Perth 23.16 (154)def. Swan Districts 7.14 (56) Perth Oval (crowd: 9457)
Saturday, 29 May (2:15 pm) East Fremantle 16.10 (106)def. by Claremont 27.13 (175) East Fremantle Oval (crowd: 13569) [31]
  • Barry Cable kicks a career-high nine goals but Perth still fail against the eventual premiers despite remarkable accuracy. [32]
  • Claremont’s score remains their highest at East Fremantle Oval and was the highest by a visiting team there until 1980, [33] as a long drop-kick goal on the quarter-time siren by Tully is followed by a brilliant second quarter of 11.3 (69) to 1.3 (9) from which Old Easts cannot recover.
  • South Fremantle kick the highest losing score in the WANFL to that point, beating their own record of 21.13 (139) from the previous season but falling three points shy of that record aggregate score. [34]
  • Subiaco, after a sluggish start, rebound with the return to the field of coach Bunton junior, Cam Blakemore and Col Williams, in the process holding off a South Fremantle comeback that saw them nearly take the lead in the last quarter. [35]

Round 9 (Foundation Day)

Round 9
Saturday, 5 June (2:15 pm) West Perth 16.17 (113)def. Subiaco 12.9 (81) Leederville Oval (crowd: 12295) [36]
Saturday, 5 June (2:15 pm) Swan Districts 7.11 (53)def. by Perth 11.16 (82) Bassendean Oval (crowd: 6085) [37]
Monday, 7 June (2:15 pm) Claremont 11.14 (80)def. by East Perth 11.17 (83) Claremont Oval (crowd: 15882)
Monday, 7 June (2:15 pm) South Fremantle 12.19 (91)def. by East Fremantle 24.10 (154) Fremantle Oval (crowd: 11890)

East Perth snatch a win after an all-day thriller with seventeen seconds remaining in front of a record Claremont Oval crowd, following what critics regarded as the finest match of the season. [38]

Round 10

Round 10
Saturday, 12 June (2:15 pm) Perth 13.9 (87)def. by South Fremantle 13.15 (93) Lathlain Park (crowd: 9268) [39]
Saturday, 12 June (2:15 pm) Subiaco 17.14 (116)def. by East Perth 19.15 (129) Subiaco Oval (crowd: 9888)
Saturday, 12 June (2:15 pm) West Perth 15.9 (99)def. Claremont 13.13 (91) Leederville Oval (crowd: 14576)
Saturday, 12 June (2:15 pm) East Fremantle 19.19 (133)def. Swan Districts 9.16 (70) East Fremantle Oval (crowd: 7179)
  • A depleted East Perth team almost end Subiaco’s finals chances as the Maroons finish poorly after bridging 27 points of a 38-point half-time deficit during the third quarter. [40]
  • East Fremantle’s accurate kicking and the lack of stamina from Swan Districts – with Bill Walker clearly unfit – sees Old Easts come from thirty-two points behind at quarter time to score 13.12 (90) to 0.7 (7) in the second half. [41]

Round 11

Round 11
Saturday, 19 June (2:15 pm) South Fremantle 11.9 (75)def. by West Perth 11.17 (83) Fremantle Oval (crowd: 11340) [42]
Saturday, 19 June (2:15 pm) East Perth 20.11 (131)def. Perth 16.11 (107) Perth Oval (crowd: 13846)
Saturday, 19 June (2:15 pm) Claremont 18.12 (120)def. Swan Districts 14.11 (95) Claremont Oval (crowd: 7170) [43]
Saturday, 19 June (2:15 pm) Subiaco 21.8 (134)def. East Fremantle 13.9 (87) Subiaco Oval (crowd: 7952)

Subiaco, after many selection controversies – notably dropping George Young and Keith Watt to the reserves – produce their best performance of 1971 with three quarters of masterful teamwork. [44]

Round 12

Round 12
Saturday, 26 June (2:15 pm) West Perth 31.18 (204)def. Swan Districts 6.10 (46) Leederville Oval (crowd: 7092)
Saturday, 26 June (2:15 pm) Perth 14.15 (99)def. Subiaco 12.9 (81) Lathlain Park (crowd: 9140)
Saturday, 26 June (2:15 pm) South Fremantle 20.13 (133)def. Claremont 18.17 (125) Fremantle Oval (crowd: 9877)
Saturday, 26 June (2:15 pm) East Perth 20.13 (133)def. East Fremantle 14.10 (94) Perth Oval (crowd: 10288)
  • With Phil Smith kicking ten goals, [32] West Perth kick the first double-century score in the WANFL since East Perth score 32.19 (211) against Claremont in 1958. [45]
  • Cardinal wingman Alan Watling has an astonishing forty-five kicks and nineteen marks as Swans offer no resistance save for that from John O‘Neill and ex-Saint Ian Cooper. [46]
  • Perth’s tight defence places them back in the four and virtually eliminates Subiaco as a contender. Austin Robertson scores only two goals against strong full-back Quartermaine, whilst Perth’s 7.4 (46) in the third quarter of a low-scoring match proves decisive. [47]
  • In veteran Tom Grljusich’s last match before a seven-week overseas business journey, South Fremantle’s wing dominance through Peter Troode and Alan Rose gives them an upset win over a Claremont team plagued by weakness in key positions. [48]

Round 13

Round 13
Saturday, 3 July (2:15 pm) Swan Districts 16.16 (112)def. South Fremantle 12.9 (81) Bassendean Oval (crowd: 4116) [49]
Saturday, 3 July (2:15 pm) East Perth 27.16 (178)def. West Perth 12.8 (80) Perth Oval (crowd: 10783)
Saturday, 3 July (2:15 pm) Subiaco 17.14 (116)def. Claremont 9.15 (69) Subiaco Oval (crowd: 6606) [50]
Saturday, 3 July (2:15 pm) East Fremantle 14.15 (99)def. Perth 14.13 (97) East Fremantle Oval (crowd: 6727)
  • The 98-point winning margin remains East Perth’s biggest over their bitter rivals, [51] as the depleted Royals make an overdue premiership look a formality against a slow and undersized Cardinal defence where eighteen-year-old full-back Wayne Blockland is “thrown to the wolves”. [52]
  • East Fremantle achieved the best of a number of notable comebacks when they came from 33 points down at three-quarter time to defeat Perth, whose attack is undermanned by Mal Atwell’s decision to play their forwards as defensive loose men and cannot capitalise upon impressive determination and power in the centre. [53]

Round 14

Round 14
Saturday, 10 July (2:15 pm) Swan Districts 16.6 (102)def. by Subiaco 18.22 (130) Bassendean Oval (crowd: 6783)
Saturday, 10 July (2:15 pm) South Fremantle 16.8 (104)def. by East Perth 18.12 (120) Fremantle Oval (crowd: 10224) [54]
Saturday, 10 July (2:15 pm) Perth 15.9 (99)def. Claremont 13.14 (92) Lathlain Park (crowd: 10816)
Saturday, 10 July (2:15 pm) West Perth 9.10 (64)def. by East Fremantle 13.14 (92) Leederville Oval (crowd: 10774)
  • The move of Bill Walker to centre and Peter Manning to rover misfires, as Cam Blakemore and Keith Watt prove the difference for the Maroons against dogged opposition in “Ocker” Robertson’s two hundredth match – he kicked 5.2 (32) but had to work for all of that. [55]
  • Barry Cable’s amazing workrate and inspiring on-field leadership inflicts Claremont’s sixth defeat in eight matches and puts the Demons back in the four – leaving critics thinking Claremont unlikely to get back. [56]
  • East Fremantle score 6.12 (48) to 3.2 (20) after half-time to demoralise West Perth, who could have wrapped up the game in the first half – as it was the Cardinals’ lack of application left their finals berth in jeopardy. [57]

Round 15

Round 15
Saturday, 24 July (2:15 pm) South Fremantle 15.13 (103)def. Subiaco 11.14 (80) Fremantle Oval (crowd: 4443) [58]
Saturday, 24 July (2:15 pm) West Perth 10.13 (73)def. Perth 9.13 (67) Leederville Oval (crowd: 5849)
Saturday, 24 July (2:15 pm) Swan Districts 13.8 (86)def. East Perth 11.16 (82) Bassendean Oval (crowd: 3879)
Saturday, 24 July (2:15 pm) Claremont 16.11 (107)def. East Fremantle 7.14 (56) Claremont Oval (crowd: 6031)
  • Swan Districts end East Perth’s run of nine victories as their tight defence and centreman Manning combine with fanatical desire in the wet. [59] [60]
  • East Fremantle’s ill-advised short play in wet conditions and Dennins Marshall’s fanatical pre-match address drives the Tigers to a big victory. 0.0 (0) to 3.1 (19) in arrears after five minutes the Tigers score fifteen goals to four for the remainder of the match. [61]
  • In a match where neither side showed a high standard in the rain, Perth’s ruck weakness showed them out of premiership contention, as VFL veterans Peter Steward and “Polly” Farmer prove the matchwinners for the Cardinals. [62]

Round 16

Round 16
Saturday, 31 July (2:15 pm) Subiaco 13.14 (92)def. West Perth 8.10 (58) Subiaco Oval (crowd: 7616) [63]
Saturday, 31 July (2:15 pm) Perth 16.11 (107)def. Swan Districts 14.13 (97) Lathlain Park (crowd: 6369) [64]
Saturday, 31 July (2:15 pm) East Perth 11.13 (79)def. Claremont 10.7 (67) Perth Oval (crowd: 12126)
Saturday, 31 July (2:15 pm) East Fremantle 7.14 (56)def. by South Fremantle 18.12 (120) East Fremantle Oval (crowd: 9407)
  • Three brilliant long goals, and a verve reminiscent of their 1970 premiership run, see South Fremantle only a game from fourth position as East Fremantle’s follies of dropping full-forward Vidovich and attempting to use half-forward Fred Lewis at full-back backfires. Old Easts score only one goal in each of three quarters and are left insecure with a very poor percentage. [65]
  • East Perth produce another impressive win with seventeen fit players after full-forward Phil Tierney was concussed, as Ron Alexander in the spearhead role and a fanatical defence prove too good for the rejuvenated Tigers. [66]

Round 17

Round 17
Saturday, 7 August (2:15 pm) South Fremantle 11.10 (76)def. Perth 7.13 (55) Fremantle Oval (crowd: 10075)
Saturday, 7 August (2:15 pm) East Perth 14.11 (95)def. Subiaco 7.13 (55) Perth Oval (crowd: 10148) [67]
Saturday, 7 August (2:15 pm) Claremont 7.5 (47)def. by West Perth 16.12 (108) Claremont Oval (crowd: 10394)
Saturday, 7 August (2:15 pm) Swan Districts 9.9 (63)def. by East Fremantle 13.15 (93) Bassendean Oval (crowd: 5250)
  • West Perth’s tight defence and some surprising team changes ensure they crush Claremont in showery conditions. [68] The recalled Norm Knell and newcomers Peter Curley, Graeme Hadley and Tony Dragan completely revitalise the Cardinals. [69]
  • South Fremantle maintain hope of defending their 1970 pennant with an irresistible final quarter burst produced by countering Perth’s roving strength through Rowley Daw and Brian Ciccosto. [70]

Round 18

Round 18
Saturday, 14 August (2:15 pm) West Perth 14.15 (99)def. South Fremantle 10.8 (68) Leederville Oval (crowd: 9096)
Saturday, 14 August (2:15 pm) East Perth 7.15 (57)def. Perth 6.9 (45) Perth Oval (crowd: 7080)
Saturday, 14 August (2:15 pm) Swan Districts 10.9 (69)def. by Claremont 14.7 (91) Bassendean Oval (crowd: 3480)
Saturday, 14 August (2:15 pm) East Fremantle 12.18 (90)def. Subiaco 8.21 (69) East Fremantle Oval (crowd: 4511)
  • East Perth skipper Mal Brown’s control and ability to move from position to position, plus their more direct approach in very wet weather, [68] ensures a much more comfortable win over the Demons than the scoreboard implies. [71]
  • “Polly” Farmer’s 350th senior match sees the veteran champion dominate against younger and taller rivals to jeopardise South Fremantle’s hopes of defending its premiership – the Bulldogs lose several key players as well as the match. [72]
  • The switch of David Hollins to the centre helps move East Fremantle to third and leave an inaccurate Subiaco out of finals contention, as the Maroons’ inaccurate attack constantly breaks down. [73]

Round 19

Round 19
Saturday, 21 August (2:15 pm) Swan Districts 12.11 (83)def. by West Perth 20.16 (136) Bassendean Oval (crowd: 6051)
Saturday, 21 August (2:15 pm) Perth 10.12 (72)def. by Subiaco 14.10 (94) Lathlain Park (crowd: 6833) [74]
Saturday, 21 August (2:15 pm) Claremont 25.15 (165)def. South Fremantle 17.8 (110) Claremont Oval (crowd: 10600)
Saturday, 21 August (2:15 pm) East Fremantle 15.19 (109)def. East Perth 12.13 (85) East Fremantle Oval (crowd: 8924)
  • East Fremantle’s fleet of small players inflicts only East Perth’s second loss since the fifth round, and effectively seals their finals berth besides giving them an opportunity to take the double chance from West Perth should the latter lose two tough games. [75]
  • After a very sluggish beginning, Claremont, led by centre half-forward Lindsay Carroll, produce a precision display of attacking football to end the Bulldogs’ hopes of a premiership defence. The Tigers’ precise and direct kicking produces 23.11 (149) to 10.4 (64) after quarter-time. [76]

Round 20

Round 20
Saturday, 28 August (2:15 pm) South Fremantle 27.14 (176)def. Swan Districts 19.16 (130) Fremantle Oval (crowd: 4201)
Saturday, 28 August (2:15 pm) West Perth 12.13 (85)def. by East Perth 15.10 (100) Leederville Oval (crowd: 16478) [77]
Saturday, 28 August (2:15 pm) Subiaco 14.14 (98)def. Claremont 8.11 (59) Subiaco Oval (crowd: 8854) [78]
Saturday, 28 August (2:15 pm) Perth 13.11 (89)def. by East Fremantle 13.16 (94) Lathlain Park (crowd: 7778)
  • 25 points behind at half-time, South Fremantle, adopting so-called “Hawthorn tactics” which virtually eliminated the half-backs and half-forwards, kicked 20.9 (129) to 9.5 (59) in the second half of which full-forward Scott kicks ten. [79] It was then the second most points in a second half of a WANFL match, and remains the highest against Swan Districts. [80]
  • Perth’s poor forward play again prevents them capitalising on their midfield dominance resulting from Trevor Parsons’ ruck dominance, effectively sealing the four [a] and leaving East Fremantle to battle with West Perth for second position. [81]

Round 21

Round 21
Saturday, 4 September (2:15 pm) Subiaco 16.13 (109)def. Swan Districts 15.13 (103) Subiaco Oval (crowd: 4260)
Saturday, 4 September (2:15 pm) East Perth 20.13 (133)def. South Fremantle 8.9 (57) Perth Oval (crowd: 8117)
Saturday, 4 September (2:15 pm) Claremont 13.18 (96)def. Perth 6.7 (43) Claremont Oval (crowd: 6566)
Saturday, 4 September (2:15 pm) East Fremantle 9.11 (65)def. by West Perth 16.14 (110) East Fremantle Oval (crowd: 12229)
  • Perth, shorn of all initiative and with full-back John Quartermaine completely out of place at full-forward, score only 1.3 (9) in the second half in good conditions. [4]
  • A crushing first half with 11.8 (74) to 1.5 (11) ensures West Perth clinch the double chance, as Farmer signals his farewellwith his best performance of the season, featuring sixteen kicks, ten marks, and sixteen effective handballs. East Fremantle came back to within four goals early in the last quarter before the Cardinals kicked away again with the strong wind. [82]
  • Austin Robertson’s eleven goals almost single-handedly wins over a spirited Swan Districts team and gives “Ocker” a record seventh season as WANFL leading goalkicker. [b] [83]

Ladder

1971 ladder
PosTeamPldWLDPFPAPPPts
1 East Perth 21165023081795128.664
2 West Perth (P)21138020211746115.852
3 East Fremantle 2112902066214096.548
4 Claremont 211110021371871114.244
5 Subiaco 21101102034213395.440
6 South Fremantle 2191202182228895.436
7 Perth 2181211826192494.934
8 Swan Districts 2141611748242572.118
Source: WAFL Footy Facts
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) percentage; 3) number of points for.
(P) Premiers

Finals

First semi-final

First semi-final
Saturday, 11 September (2:15 pm) East Fremantle 18.21 (129)def. Claremont 11.16 (82) Subiaco Oval (crowd: 27,813) [84]

With regular full-back Neil Dedman kicking seven goals at full-forward, East Fremantle overrun favourites Claremont in the second half, [85] as the Tigers’ expected ruck and key forward superiority is never observed. [86]

Second semi-final

Second semi-final
Saturday, 18 September (2:15 pm) East Perth 9.8 (62)def. West Perth 7.10 (52) Subiaco Oval (crowd: 25,667) [87]

With winds gusting to 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) and heavy, squalling rain, [88] the move of Eddie Pitter onto the field and of Bygraves to full-forward drives East Perth to a fourth victory over the Cardinals for 1971, [85] after West Perth looked safe at half-time.

Preliminary final

Preliminary final
Saturday, 25 September (2:15 pm) West Perth 12.7 (79)def. East Fremantle 11.10 (76) Subiaco Oval (crowd: 23,447)
  • With Phil Smith kicking eight goals on a ground drenched by Perth’s wettest September since 1923 [89] the Cardinals hang on to deny East Fremantle a fairytale. [85]
  • Despite West Perth suffering from panic in the last quarter, they hang on when Gary Fenner misses everything from 40 yards (37 m) out and straight in front with under a minute remaining. [90]

Grand Final

1971 WANFL Grand Final
Saturday, 2 October East Perth def. by West Perth Subiaco Oval (crowd: 50,975) [91]
2.1 (13)
3.5 (23)
5.10 (40)
 9.15 (69)
Q1
Q2
Q3
 Final
6.6 (42)
9.10 (64)
11.14 (80)
 14.17 (101)
Umpires: Lindsay Johnston
Simpson Medal: Shane Sheridan (West Perth)
Tierney 5, Verstegen, McPherson, Michalczyk, BygravesGoalsSmeath 4, Smith 2, Arnott 2, Dyson 2, Miller 2, Farmer, Sheridan
McAullay, Chadwick, Tierney, Burns, Gillespie, Brown, HayesBestSheridan, Farmer, Steward, McAuliffe, Dempsey, Watling, O‘Dwyer, Whinnen, Miller
Mihalczyk (foot)InjuriesMiller (bruised shoulder)
Arnott (cramp)

In champion ruckman “Polly” Farmer’s farewell after 356 senior matches, West Perth’s runners dominate over the favoured Royals, who suffer their seventh consecutive loss in grand finals, leading to severe questioning of the Royals’ mental toughness. [92]

Notes

a Had Perth won, the last-round match at Claremont Oval would have determined fourth position.
b George Doig (in 1934 to 1937, 1940 and 1941) and Bernie Naylor (in 1946 to 1948 and 1952 to 1954) previously held the record with six.

Related Research Articles

The 1986 WAFL season was the 102nd season of the various incarnations of the West Australian Football League. It was the last season before the introduction of the West Coast Eagles in the VFL which would relegate the WAFL to a second-level league from 1987, and already all WAFL clubs were in severe financial difficulties as attendances were stagnant at best since 1970 and the financial power of wealthy VFL clubs drew most top players away and left below-market transfer fees as WAFL clubs' inadequate main income source.

The 1985 WAFL season was the 101st season of the West Australian Football League and its various incarnations. The season opened on 30 March and concluded on 21 September with the 1985 WAFL Grand Final contested between East Fremantle and Subiaco.

The 1983 WAFL season was the 99th season of the West Australian Football League in its various incarnations. The season opened on 31 March and concluded on 17 September with the 1983 WAFL Grand Final contested between Claremont and Swan Districts.

The 1982 WAFL season was the 98th season of the West Australian Football League and its various incarnations. The season opened on 27 March 1982 and concluded on 18 September 1982 with the 1982 WAFL Grand Final contested between Claremont and Swan Districts. Under the coaching of John Todd, Swans won the 1982, 1983 and 1984 premierships before the financial lure of the VFL deprived it one by one of the stars of this period. The black and whites’ win was marred a little, however, by their decision to play a virtual reserve grade lineup against Richmond in an Escort Cup quarter-final after the game was postponed twice[a] and the VFL Tigers refused to play the match at Subiaco Oval on a Monday afternoon – Richmond won 33.16 (214) to 4.4 (28) and Swan Districts were suspended from the competition until 1985, despite the WAFL approving of their decision after Todd argued it was normal practice among VFL clubs to play reserves players in the Escort Cup.

The 1981 WAFL season was the 97th season of the West Australian Football League in its various incarnations. The season opened on 11 April and concluded on 3 October with the 1981 WAFL Grand Final between Claremont and South Fremantle. It was the last WAFL season to begin in April and end in October; from 1982 the league shifted the schedule of the season forward by a week and in later years by another.

The 1980 WAFL season was the 96th season of the West Australian Football League in its various incarnations.

The 1932 WANFL season was the 48th season of the Western Australian National Football League. The premiership was won by West Perth for the first time since 1905. The Cardinals’ win ended both a run of four consecutive premierships by East Fremantle, which won its fifth of seven successive minor premierships but lost both finals it played to be eliminated in the preliminary final, and West Perth's longest premiership drought in its history. West Perth's win was highlighted by the success of champion full forward Ted Tyson, who headed the goalkicking with eighty-four goals including a record eight in the Grand Final[a]. Tyson went on to kick an unprecedented 1,203 goals during a twelve-season career with the Cardinals, but their rise from winning only six matches in 1931 was due to the development of second-year defender Max Tetley, the discovery of a third pre-war Cardinal stalwart in Norm McDiarmid,[b] brother of star ruckman Jack, plus further outstanding youngsters Jim Morgan and Bob Dalziell.

The 1931 WANFL season was the 47th season of the Western Australian National Football League and the first under that moniker, having been called the West Australian Football League (WAFL) until 1930.

The 1978 WANFL season was the 94th season of the Western Australian National Football League in its various incarnations, and the second-last under that moniker.

The 1930 WAFL season was the 46th season of the West Australian Football League in its various incarnations, and the last before it changed its name to the ‘Western Australian National Football League’. The season saw East Fremantle win the premiership for the third consecutive season, marking the second time that the club had achieved the feat; the club was never seriously challenged as the best team except during the interstate break and achieved the unusual feat of being the only club with a percentage of over 100.[a] Jerry Dolan said in retrospect that East Fremantle's 1930 team was the greatest he had ever played in or coached – including even the unbeaten team of 1946.

The 1929 WAFL season was the 45th season of the West Australian Football League in its various incarnations.

The 1976 WANFL season was the 92nd season of the Western Australian National Football League in its various incarnations.

The 1975 WANFL season was the 91st season of senior Australian rules football in Perth and the forty-fifth as the “Western Australian National Football League”. The season saw West Perth, after unexpectedly falling to last in 1974, rise under former Fitzroy coach Graham Campbell to a remarkable premiership win over South Fremantle by a record 104 points in front of what was then the biggest WANFL crowd on record and has since been only exceeded by the 1979 Grand Final. The Bulldogs, apart from Claremont the least successful WANFL club between 1957 and 1974, rose with arrival of Aboriginal stars Stephen Michael and Maurice Rioli to their first finals appearance in five years and began their greatest era since their golden days of the middle 1950s. With East Perth, revitalised after injuries affected their 1974 campaign, and the inconsistent but at times incomparable Swan Districts, they comprised a top four that remained unchanged for the final fourteen rounds.

The 1936 WANFL season was the 52nd season of the Western Australian National Football League. The most conspicuous features were the rise of Claremont to their first finals appearance since entering the WAFL ten years beforehand after having won only forty of its first 183 games, and the thrilling finals series in which East Perth rose to their first premiership for nine years after holding on to a thrilling struggle for fourth position where all eight clubs were in the running well into August, then winning two finals by a solitary point. In the process the Royals set a record for the most losses by an eventual premiership club in major Australian Rules leagues,[a] but won their last open-age premiership until 1956. The Royals overcame much adversity to win the premiership, including a crippling injury toll and a schedule modified to allow them to tour Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania between 4 July and the first week of August.

The 1974 WAFL season was the 90th season of the various incarnations of senior football in Perth and the forty-fourth as the "Western Australian National Football League". It continued the fluctuating fortunes of clubs that had been part and parcel of the league since 1970, with East Perth, the most consistent player in the competition for eight years, missing finals participation for the only time in seventeen seasons between 1966 and 1982 due largely to injuries to key defenders Gary Malarkey, who missed the second half of the season, and Ken McAullay who did not play at all. West Perth fell from runners-up to their worst season since 1939, largely owing to the loss of 1973 leading goalkicker Phil Smith which left a gaping hole in their attack.

The 1973 WANFL season was the 89th season of the Western Australian National Football League. It is most famous for Subiaco breaking the longest premiership drought in the history of the competition, winning for the first time since 1924 after having been a chopping block for most of the middle third of the century. Under the coaching of former St Kilda champion Ross Smith, the Lions, as they became christened in July, bounced back from two disappointing seasons to lose only two of their final sixteen home-and-away games for their first minor premiership since 1935, then in a low-scoring Grand Final comfortably defeated a much more hardened West Perth team.

The 1972 WANFL season was the 88th season of the various incarnations of the Western Australian National Football League. It saw East Perth, after five Grand Final losses in six seasons and a frustrating seven since their last premiership in 1959, break the drought against a Claremont team that had achieved its first minor premiership since Johnny Leonard’s days, despite kicking into the wind after winning the toss.

The 1970 WANFL season was the 86th season of the Western Australian National Football League. After four years of dominance by the three Perth clubs, 1970 saw 1969 wooden spooners South Fremantle, aided by a tough pre-season training program under coach “Hassa” Mann and the arrival of Len Clark and John O‘Reilly from the VFL, rise to take their first premiership since the 1947–1954 dynasty. The Bulldogs upset Perth in two finals in wet conditions, while 1969 premiers West Perth fell to sixth with only ten victories: indeed this was the first season since 1955 with East Perth that legendary ruckman “Polly” Farmer had played for a team that missed the finals. The Cardinals were affected by the loss of John Wynne to Norwood, backup ruckmen Brian Sampson and Neil Evans to retirement and Greg Astbury to a major stomach problem, plus a dispute over Bill Valli, whose clearance to Collingwood was refused by the WANFL and the club's severe lack of depth in its reserves. Of the lower sides from previous seasons, in addition to South Fremantle's surprise flag Claremont showed major improvement due to such young players as Moss, winning more games than in any season since 1965, and would have done much better but for long-term injuries to rover Bruce Duperouzel and centre half-forward Lindsay Carroll in the second half of the season, when they fell out of the four after looking like a second semi-final berth.

The 1969 WANFL season was the 85th season of the Western Australian National Football League. It saw continued dominance by the three Perth clubs and Subiaco, who occupied the top half of the ladder constantly from the fourth round onwards, and finished four games clear of the other four clubs, who were all in a “rebuilding” mode with varying success – late in the season both Swan Districts and Claremont fielded some of the youngest teams in the competition's history, whilst the Tigers, who fielded thirteen first-year players including Graham Moss, Russell Reynolds and Bruce Duperouzel, began disastrously but four wins in five games paved the way to impressive record from 1970 to 1972. Among the top four, Perth failed to achieve a fourth consecutive premiership[a] that at one point looked very much in their grasp due to the overwork of Barry Cable which robbed him of some brilliance, early-season injuries to key players Iseger and Page and a couple of surprising losses to lower clubs, whilst East Perth, who won consistently without being impressive for most of the season, failed for the fourth time in as many seasons in the Grand Final, this time to West Perth and in a much more decisive manner than any of their Perth defeats.

The 1967 WANFL season was the 83rd season of the various incarnations of the Western Australian National Football League. Its most salient feature was the decline of East Fremantle, the league's most successful club, to its worst season since its inaugural 1898 season. Old Easts – having during the first two-thirds of the century never won fewer than ten matches in a season – won only seven and finished second-last after looking set for a still-worse record during the first fifteen rounds. Their appointed captain-coach Bert Thornley resigned after twelve matches due to the club's bad form and his desire to play for Carlton in 1968. The blue and whites suffered severely from a bad run of injuries and form lapses amongst senior players like Sorrell, Spriggs, Rogers and Casserly, plus a serious weakness in attack due to the loss of Bob Johnson. Despite regaining Austin Robertson and acquiring Johnson, Subiaco continued their disastrous form of late 1966 for their worst season since 1953, as the loss of Slater and injuries to Brian Sarre left them decrepit in the ruck and defence.

References

  1. East, Alan; From Redlegs to Demons: the Story of the Perth Football Club from 1899; pp. 132, 214
  2. Spillman, Ken; Diehards: The Story of the Subiaco Football Club 1946–2000; pp. 143-144. ISBN   0957818505
  3. Collingwood, Ted; ‘Claremont’s Hopes’; The West Australian , 27 March 1971, p. 91
  4. 1 2 Lee, Jack; ‘Claremont May Fulfil Early Prediction’; The West Australian, 6 September 1971, p. 51
  5. 1 2 de Mori, Gino; ‘Claremont Again Fall into Error’; The West Australian, 17 May 1971, p. 63
  6. 1 2 Brakey, Dale; ‘Perth Rovers Show Up East Perth Weakness’; The West Australian, 3 May 1971, p. 59
  7. Christian, Geoff; ‘East Fremantle Show Great Spirit’; The West Australian, 12 April 1971, p. 47
  8. Brakey, Dale; ‘South Sound Warning in First Match’; The West Australian, 12 April 1971, p. 47
  9. Christian, Geoff; ‘Eight Goals by Jenzen Check West Perth’; The West Australian, 13 April 1971, p. 60
  10. de Mori, Gino; ‘Subiaco Fail’; The West Australian, 19 April 1971, p. 43
  11. Lee, Jack; ‘Zig-Zag Pattern Pays Off for Claremont’; The West Australian, 19 April 1971, p. 43
  12. Brakey, Dale; ‘Swans Rise in Status’; The West Australian, 19 April 1971, p. 43
  13. Christian, Geoff; ‘Late Revival Gives South Victory in Port Derby’; The West Australian, 19 April 1971, p. 43
  14. Lee, Jack; ‘Claremont Need Crash Course in Kicking’; The West Australian, 26 April 1971, p. 39
  15. Brakey, Dale; ‘East Perth’s Moves Fail’; The West Australian, 26 April 1971, p. 39
  16. Christian, Geoff; ‘Perth Men Ready to Vindicate Atwell’s Decisions’; The West Australian, 26 April 1971, p. 39
  17. Christian, Geoff; ‘Strong Ruck, Centreline Give Claremont Easy Win’; The West Australian, 3 May 1971, p. 59
  18. de Mori, Gino; ‘South Lack Teamwork’; The West Australian, 3 May 1971, p. 59
  19. Lee, Jack; ‘Ruck Lifts Port Team’; The West Australian, 10 May 1971, p. 47
  20. Christian, Geoff; ‘Claremont Show Spirit, Stamina’; The West Australian, 10 May 1971, p. 47
  21. de Mori, Gino; ‘Robertson Supreme’; The West Australian, 10 May 1971, p. 47
  22. Lee, Jack; ‘South Overcome Loss of Leading Players’; The West Australian, 17 May 1971, p. 63
  23. Christian, Geoff; ‘Brown Shows Shrewdness in Team Changes’; The West Australian, 17 May 1971, p. 63
  24. Brakey, Dale; ‘Vidovich Pays Off at Last’; The West Australian, 17 May 1971, p. 63
  25. Christian, Geoff; ‘East Fremantle Too Accurate’; The West Australian, 24 May 1971, p. 39
  26. Perth Regional Office (009034) May 1971 rainfall
  27. See West Perth: Lowest Scores
  28. Ammon, Charlie; ‘Jubilant East Perth Move to Third Place’; The West Australian, 24 May 1971, p. 39
  29. Lee, Jack; ‘Claremont Unfair to Spry’; The West Australian, 24 May 1971, p. 39
  30. Ammon, Charlie; ‘West Perth Triumph – In Spite of Cable’; The West Australian, 31 May 1971, p. 47
  31. Christian, Geoff; ‘Claremont Turn Attack into Rout’; The West Australian, 31 May 1971, p. 47
  32. 1 2 WANFL Match Results 1971 (archived)
  33. "WAFL Footy Facts: East Fremantle Oval". Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  34. "West Australian Football League: Highest Match Aggregates". Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  35. de Mori, Gino; ‘Subiaco Show Fighting Spirit’; The West Australian, 31 May 1971, p. 35
  36. Christian, Geoff; ‘Chances Wasted by West Perth’; The West Australian, 7 June 1971, p. 35
  37. de Mori, Gino; ‘Key Forward Failure Costs Swans Dearly’; The West Australian, 7 Jule 1971, p. 35
  38. Christian, Geoff; ‘East Perth Snatch Victory in Last Minute’; The West Australian, 8 June 1971, p. 52
  39. de Mori, Gino; ‘South Break Losing Run’; The West Australian, 14 June 1971, p. 55
  40. Christian, Geoff; ‘Makeshift East Perth Brush Off Weak Challenge’; The West Australian, 14 June 1971, p. 55
  41. Lee, Jack; ‘East Fremantle Find Their Kicking Boots’; The West Australian, 14 June 1971, p. 55
  42. Lee, Jack; ‘Peter Steward as the Match-Winner’; The West Australian, 21 June 1971, p. 51
  43. de Mori, Gino; ‘Claremont Players Fail Again in Second Half’; The West Australian, 21 June 1971, p. 51
  44. Ammon, Charlie; ‘Selectors Justified’; The West Australian, 21 June 1971, p. 51
  45. "West Australian Football League: Highest Scores". Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  46. Brakey, Dale; ‘Watling in Great Form’; The West Australian, 28 June 1971, p. 51
  47. Christian, Geoff; ‘Perth Defence too Tight for Subiaco Forwards’ The West Australian, 28 June 1971, p. 51
  48. Lee, Jack; ‘Big Three Help South’; The West Australian, 28 June 1971, p. 51
  49. Brakey, Dale; ‘Secret Meeting Gives Swans New Outlook’; The West Australian, 5 July 1971, p. 39
  50. McGrath, John; ‘Claremont’s Downhill Slide Continues’; The West Australian, 5 July 1971, p.39
  51. "WAFL Footy Facts: East Perth v West Perth". Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  52. Lee, Jack, ‘East Perth, with Seven Out, Made It Look Easy’; The West Australian, 5 July 1971, p. 39
  53. de Mori, Gino; ‘Easts Find New Spirit’; The West Australian, 5 July 1971, p. 39
  54. de Mori, Gino; ‘East Perth too Fit’; The West Australian, 12 July 1971, p. 39
  55. Lee, Jack; ‘Swans Use Champions in Wrong Positions’; The West Australian, 12 July 1971, p. 39
  56. Brakey, Dale; ‘Perth Can Thank Cable’; The West Australian, 12 July 1971, p. 39
  57. Christian, Geoff; ‘East Fremantle Give West Perth a Lesson’; The West Australian, 12 July 1971, p. 39
  58. de Mori, Gino; ‘South Win, Hopes Rise’; The West Australian, 26 July 1971, p. 47
  59. Perth Regional Office (009034) July 1971 rainfall
  60. Brakey, Dale; ‘Swans Learn from Loss, Beat Leaders’; The West Australian, 26 July 1971, p. 47
  61. Christian, Geoff; ‘Marshall Talks, Claremont Find Form and Spirit’; The West Australian, 26 July 1971, p. 47
  62. Lee, Jack; ‘Veterans Revel in Slush’; The West Australian, 26 July 1971, p. 47
  63. de Mori, Gino; ‘West Perth in False Position’; The West Australian, 2 August 1971, p. 55
  64. Brakey, Dale; ‘Lucky Breaks Help Perth’; The West Australian, 2 August 1971, p. 55
  65. Lee, Jack; ‘South’s Final-Four Hopes Look Bright’; The West Australian, 2 August 1971, p. 55
  66. Christian, Geoff; ‘East Perth’s Fanatical Last Term Crushes Claremont’; The West Australian, 2 August 1971, p. 55
  67. Brakey, Dale; ‘Brown Back, Odd Shorten’; The West Australian, 9 August 1971, p. 47
  68. 1 2 Perth Regional Office (009034) August 1971 rainfall
  69. de Mori, Gino; ‘Revival Week for Wests’; The West Australian, 9 August 1971, p. 47
  70. Christian, Geoff; ‘Rainbow Round the Corner at Fremantle’; The West Australian, 9 August 1971, p. 47
  71. Lee, Jack; ‘Brown Masterminds East Perth Victory’; The West Australian, 16 August 1971, p. 51
  72. Christian, Geoff; ‘West Perth Hail Farmer’s Return’; The West Australian, 16 August 1971, p. 51
  73. de Mori, Gino; ‘Hollins Plays Vital Role at Centre’; The West Australian, 16 August 1971, p. 51
  74. Brakey, Dale; ‘Switch Pays Dividends for Subiaco‘; The West Australian, 23 August 1971, p. 35
  75. Lee, Jack; ‘Little Men Give East Fremantle a Big Lift’; The West Australian, 23 August 1971, p. 35
  76. Christian, Geoff; ‘Claremont Move into Overdrive’; The West Australian, 23 August 1971, p. 35
  77. Christian, Geoff; ‘East Perth Easily Pass Test of Strength’; The West Australian, 30 August 1971, p. 55
  78. Brakey, Dale; ‘Subiaco Deal Body-Blow’; The West Australian, 30 August 1971, p. 54
  79. Lee, Jack; ‘“12-a-side” Game Leads to Goal-Scoring Orgy’; The West Australian, 30 August 1971, p. 55
  80. "WAFL Footy Facts: Most Points in Second Half". Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  81. de Mori, Gino; ‘Perth Crash to Seventh Position’; The West Australian, 30 August 1971, p. 55
  82. Christian, Geoff; ‘East Fremantle Dream Turns into a Nightmare’; The West Australian, 6 September 1971, p. 51
  83. de Mori, Gino; ‘Robertson Triumphs’; The West Australian, 6 September 1971, p. 51
  84. Christian, Geoff; ‘East Fremantle Issue Strong Challenge to Rivals’; The West Australian, 13 September 1971, p. 39
  85. 1 2 3 Cardies Hang On (archived)
  86. Lee, Jack; ‘Role of Underdog an Aid to Victory’; The West Australian, 13 September 1971, p. 39
  87. Christian, Geoff; ‘Triumph of Team Spirit’; The West Australian, 20 September 1971, p. 51
  88. Perth Regional Office (009034) September 1971 rainfall
  89. Perth Regional Office (009034) September rainfall
  90. Christian, Geoff; ‘West Perth Prove Masters against a Stiff Wind’; The West Australian, 27 September 1971, p. 35
  91. Christian, Geoff; ‘West Perth Lesser Lights Answer the Call’; The West Australian, 4 October 1971, p. 39
  92. Lee, Jack; ‘East Perth Need a New Approach’; The West Australian, 4 October 1971, p. 39