1976 Dir rebellion

1976 Dir revolt refers to a rebellion by Kohistani tribesmen against the government of Pakistan from 3 September to 10 September 1976. The rebellion was suppressed and stabilised government control over the area.

1976 Dir rebellion
Date 3 September 1976 – 10 September 1976 Location Dir state Result Pakistani victory Suppression of rebellion
Belligerents
Pakistan Dir Levies	Dir rebels
Commanders and leaders
Z.A Bhutto	Unknown
Units involved
Pakistan Army XI Corps Armoured corps Artillery regiment Engineer corps   Pakistan Air Force Dir Levies	Sultan Khel Paidan Khel
Strength
~10,000	~2,000
Casualties and losses
~120 killed	~180 killed

Background

Dir was a Princely state under the British suzerainty and after the Partition of India, it became part of Pakistan. Its autonomy was reduced in 1955 and after a coup by Pakistani special forces in 1960, the area came under de facto Pakistani control. In 1969, the state of dir was officially abolished and it was fully incorporated into Pakistan. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto started a land reform project in which large sections of timber forest was confiscated. It was a vital source of income for the locals and they stated protesting against the reform. ^{[1] [2] [3]}

Rebellion

The rebellion initially started as a protest by the local tribesmen in the Shongan valley south of Dir. ^{[4] [5] [6] [3] [2] [1]} In an effort to disperse the protesters, Dir Levies started firing tear gas shells on the protesters. ^{[2] [3]} Upon hearing the sound of shelling, multiple tribesmen including Suktankhel and Paidankhel tribesmen carrying melee weapons from the surrounding areas also entered the battlefield and started attacking the troops of Dir Levies. ^{[2] [3]} The situation soon went out of the control of Dir Levies. The tribesmen had blockaded the main road to Dir city and they had put the town under siege. ^[1] They looted multiple military weapons storehouses, destroyed a government hospital, ^[2] and lowered Pakistani flags replacing them with the flags of Dir. ^[7] The Pakistani government decided to deploy the Pakistan army and Pakistan Air Force to quell the rebellion. ^{[4] [5] [8]} 10,000 troops of Pakistan army entered the area. ^{[2] [3]} They faced heavy resistance from the 2000 tribesmen. A team of Pakistani military engineers was ambushed by the tribesmen. ^[2] Infantry alone failed to quell the rebellion, and so tanks and artillery were used extensively. ^{[2] [3]} Sniper positions were established on multiple mountains. ^[2] Similarly Pakistani Air Force's Sabres also launched multiple air strikes on the tribesmen. ^{[2] [1]} Pakistani casualties were about 120 while the casualties for the tribesmen numbered at around 180. ^{[3] [2]} The military succeeded in suppressing the rebellion on 10 September. ^{[6] [4]}

Aftermath

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited the area after the rebellion. He expressed sorrow at the loss of life and blamed it on the irresponsible behaviour of Dir Levies. The land reforms went through without further problem.

References

1. "300 reportedly killed as Pakistani forces fight against rebels". The New York Times. 31 October 1976.
2. "Protest march".
3. "250 dead in Pakistan rebellion,tanks and jets used to quell tribesmen".
4. Burki, Shahid Javed (1980). Pakistan under Bhutto. Macmillan. ISBN   978-0-333-25673-2.
5. Verma, Anand K. (2001). Reassessing Pakistan. Lancer Publishers. ISBN   978-81-7062-287-1.
6. relations international. 1977.
7. Roberto Breschi. "Dir" . Retrieved 25 July 2013. The site cites J. D. McMeekin, Arms and Flags of the Indian Princely States, 3, sec. 12, 1990.
8. The military factor in Pakistan. Lancer Publishers. 2008. ISBN   978-0-9815378-9-4.