Battle of Jalalabad (1989)

Battle of Jalalabad
Part of Afghan Civil War (1989–1992), Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
Date 5 March – end of June 1989 [1] Location Jalalabad, Afghanistan and Salang Pass Result Afghan government victory [2] ISI failure to install a government under Gulbuddin's leadership Hamid Gul sacked as head of the ISI CIA takes on a more direct role Gulbuddin Hekmatyar drops support for the "Afghan Interim Government" Battle won without direct Soviet involvement [3] Territorial changes ROA regains full control of Jalalabad from opposition forces
Belligerents
Afghanistan Supported by:   Soviet Union	Pakistan [4] [5] [6] ISI AIG [7] [8] [9] HIG NIFA IULA HIK Al-Qaeda Saudi Arabia [10] Wahhabi volunteers Supported by:   United States CIA
Commanders and leaders
Afghanistan President Najibullah Shahnawaz Tanai [8] Mukhtar Gul Zadran   † Nur ul-Haq Ulumi General Barakzai   † Mohammad Sardar Bajauri Khushal Peroz Abdul Rashid Dostum Mohammed Ehsan M. A. Delawar Rasul Pahlawan Haneef Atmar  (WIA)   Soviet Union Boris Gromov	Pakistan Hamid Gul [11] [12] [13] Mirza Aslam Beg [14] Nasir Khan [8] Aitzaz Ahsan HIG Gulbuddin Hekmatyar NIFA Ahmed Gailani IULA Abdul Rasul Sayyaf Saudi Arabia ibn Al-Khattab Osama bin Laden  (WIA)
Units involved
Afghan Army [8] 9th Infantry Division 53rd Infantry Division 55th Motorized Infantry Brigade 10th Engineer-Sapper Regiment 11th Infantry Division 66th Motorized Infantry Brigades 71st Motorized Infantry Brigades 81st Motorized Infantry Brigade 11th Tactical Ballistic Missile Battalion 91st Artillery Regiment Unknown Mechanized battalion Unknown Howitzer battalion Afghan Commando Forces 37th Commando Brigade Ministry of Interior [8] 7th Operative Regiment (Sarandoy) 12th Mountain Battalion (Sarandoy) 8th Border Guard Brigade 10th Border Guard Brigade WAD 904th Battalion Afghan National Guard [8] 1st Motorized Infantry Brigade 88th Heavy Artillery Regiment 22nd Guards Regiment Afghan Air Force [6] 355th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment 377th Helicopter Regiment 373rd Air Transport Regiment 12th Squadron 99th Missile Brigade Defense of the Revolution [8]	Pakistan : Pakistani Army 11th Infantry Division Khyber Rifles (alleged by Kabul) [8] Pakistani Mercenaries AIG HIG: 5 battalions including a mechanized battalion (during the First Battle of Jalalabad Airport) [8]
Strength
Afghanistan 15,000 soldiers.	Pakistan 5,000 soldiers. [15] 2 Border Brigades AIG HIG [8] 3,300 soldiers. 11 T-54Ms 3 BMPs 2 BTR-60PB 2 BRDM-2 55 mortars 12 howitzers 79 rocket launchers HIK [8] 500 soldiers. NIFA [8] 1,700 soldiers. IULA [8] 1,300 soldiers. JNM 1,300 soldiers HEI 1,500 soldiers Saudi Arabia [8] 1,300 soldiers. Total Estimate: 14,000
Casualties and losses
Afghanistan 3,000 killed [6] 1 Antonov An-26 transport plane destroyed 2 airport employees killed	Pakistan 1000-2700 killed (Mostly dressed as mujahideen, concealing their identity)[ citation needed ] 500± arrested (surrendered) AIG 10,000–15,000 killed [4] [16] Heavy losses of armor [8] Saudi Arabia ~100+ killed
Civilian casualties: 12,000–15,000 killed

The Battle of Jalalabad, also known as Operation Jalalabad or the Jalalabad War, occurred in the spring of 1989, marking the beginning of the Afghan Civil War. ^[17] The Peshawar-based Seven-Party Union (an alliance of seven Afghan mujahideen groups also known as the Afghan Interim Government or "government-in-exile"), ^{[1] [18]} supported by the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence, attacked Jalalabad, which was then under the administration of the Soviet-backed Republic of Afghanistan. ^{[1] [11]} Though the mujahideen quickly captured the Jalalabad Airport and Samarkhel, the former base of the Soviet 66th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade, the Afghan Armed Forces recaptured them and claimed victory. ^[19]

Background

The Soviet Union officially withdrew from Afghanistan on February 15, 1989, marking the end of the Soviet-Afghan War. The war was fought between mujahideen guerilla groups (supported by Pakistan, the United States, Saudi Arabia, China, Iran, and other nations) and the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. ^{[20] [21]} However, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, which the mujahideen perceived as a "puppet government" remained in power after the withdrawal.

The Mujahideen were supported by Pakistani intelligence. ISI Director Hamid Gul's stated goal was to establish a mujahideen government in Afghanistan, ^[11] led by Hezb-e Islami leader Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. ^{[12] [7]} Analysts disagree as to whether Pakistan's Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was kept in the dark about the ISI's plan to overturn Afghanistan ^[11] or was aware of the attack. ^[12] One analyst stated that United States Ambassador to Pakistan Robert B. Oakley was exhortating^{[ clarification needed ]} this mujahideen attack. ^[12]

The Americans reportedly were motivated by their wish to humiliate the Marxists and send them out of Afghanistan "clinging to their helicopters" to avenge the fall of South Vietnam. Pakistan wished to establish a friendly government in Kabul that would not support Baloch and Pashtun separatists in western Pakistan. ^[22] The plan was for Jamiat-e Islami to close the Salang Pass, paralyzing the Afghan Government's supply lines. ^{[23] [24]} The plan was to establish an interim government in Jalalabad that would be recognized by western nations as the legitimate government of Afghanistan. ^[23]

Al-Qaeda positions in Nangarhar Province

According to Mustafa Hamid, an Egyptian journalist and Al-Qaeda member who had close connections to Jalaluddin Haqqani, ^[1] claimed that the Arab fighters were positioned in a crescent-shaped line surrounding the city, extending from the Saracha line to the left of the main road up to the Jalozai area, covering a distance of about 15 kilometers. They had established approximately 30 posts or bases, with each post housing between 8 to 145 or 300 fighters. These positions were strategically aligned for the occupation of Jalalabad, and they launched a broad offensive against the city. ^[25]

• In Samar Khel, three posts—two at the bottom of the Samar Khel mountain and the third along the main road leading to Jalalabad. The peak of the mountain was used as an Al-Qaeda observation center, but it was elevated and lacked water, so personnel were rotated every 24 hours
• Karez-e-Buzurg Village, located two kilometers south of the Jalalabad Airport
• Zahrani Base (also known as "Farm Two” or “Olive Farms”). Large trenches were dug here and covered with roofs. Heavy weapons were stored here, and at one point, 3,500 BM-14 rockets were kept. It also served as a resting place for Al-Qaeda fighters.
• Several logistical and reserve bases located in Zahrani (referred to as “Farm Four”)
• Lalmai Village: One of the most important bases, named "Suraqa”, housed thirty Al-Qaeda fighters. Other groups were also concentrated in Lalmai, including Abu Tariq's and Zamari's groups, who eventually captured the Dawlatzai area. This served as the command center for Al-Qaeda jihadists in Jalalabad
• Ibrahim Bahraini Base, located between Dawlatzai and Lalmai, commanded by Zamari
• Three posts positioned ahead of Saracha Bridge. They were well-equipped, including anti-armor weapons. These groups would ambush in the canals leading to the main road
• A post near the Afghan Army’s 11th Infantry Division. In this post, alongside Arabs, forty Bengali fighters were also stationed
• Another large post, not far from the 11th Division headquarters, under the command of Abu Humam Saidi. In this base, in addition to Arab fighters, forty Bengali fighters were present and were equipped with a BM-12 device. Over a kilometer to the west, they had another post equipped with a BM-12
• Jalozai Post: Two active tanks were stationed there under the command of Abu Ali Yemeni, while Abu Khalid Masri trained fighters on tank operations. Abu Ali Yemeni was previously a soldier in South Yemen
• The command center post in Lalmai Village had about thirty personnel
• The forward command center post in Lalmai Village was named Sakhri. The Sabaa Layl post was behind the command center in the Lalmai village and was equipped with a BM-12 device
• Qaba Base, situated atop the Samar Khel Mountain, responsible for reporting intelligence on the movements of government forces to other bases
• Behind Qaba Post One, a command center equipped with 82mm mortars was active
• Ghani Khel Post, near the Markore mountain and another post at the junction of the main road with the secondary road leading to Ghani Khel village
• Al-Qaeda base at the Torkham border crossing

Battle

Beginning of the battle

Involved in the operation were forces of Hekmatyar's Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, Abdul Rasul Sayyaf's Ittehad-e Islami and Arab fighters totaling 14,000 men. Before the battle, Afghan Arab mujahideen volunteers reportedly cut the corpses of surrendering Afghan Army soldiers and displayed them to other units in the area. General Quddus, writer of the Epic of the Battle of Jalalabad, additionally claims that the Pakistani Army shelled the city for 4 months. The intense rocket and artillery bombardments on Jalalabad, marked by their scale and severity, not only highlighted the actions of the aggressors but also necessitated the creation of underground shelters, commonly referred to as “bunkers.” In response, Jalalabad quickly transformed into a network of bunkers, as local authorities in Nangarhar Province recognised the importance of safeguarding civilians alongside defending the city. Faced with ongoing attacks from the Pakistani Army and its jihadist affiliates, authorities prioritized the protection of Jalalabad’s residents. Orders were issued permitting the use of trees from roads and public streets for shelter construction. Local councils, urban organizations, and members of the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (then referred to as the Watan Party of Afghanistan) coordinated efforts to provide medical services, food, water, and other essential supplies to the population. Within a week, Jalalabad had become an underground city, with daily life continuing under the constant threat of bombardment. ^[25]

The attack began on March 5, 1989, and went well at first for the mujahideen, who captured the Jalalabad airfield before facing a counterattack. ^{[26] : 138} When government troops began to surrender, the attacking forces were soon blocked by the main Afghan Army positions held by the 11th Division, which were protected by bunkers, barbed wire and minefields. The government troops received on intensive air support, as the Afghan Air Force flew 20 sorties a day over the battlefield. An-12 transport aircraft, modified to carry bombs, flew at high altitude out of range of the Stinger missiles used by the mujahideen; cluster bombs were used intensively. ^{[26] : 139} Three Scud firing batteries deployed around Kabul, specifically the 99th Missile Brigade, fired more than 400 missiles in support of the Jalalabad garrison. ^{[27] [28]}

Despite their lack of precision, these weapons had a significant effect on the morale of the mujahideen, who were unable to defend against them. ^{[29] [30]} The Battle of Jalalabad is considered to be the most concentrated ballistic missile campaign since the V2 Attacks on London during the Second World War. ^{[27] [28] [30]}

By the middle of May, the mujahideen had made little progress against the defences of Jalalabad, and were running low on ammunition.^{[ citation needed ]} In July, they failed to prevent the Afghan Army from retaking the army base in Samarkhel. Jalalabad remained under Najibullah’s government control. The mujahideen suffered an estimated 3,000 casualties during this battle. Arab foreign fighters sustained over 300 casualties. ^[31] Approximately 12,000–15,000 civilians were killed, and 10,000 fled the conflict. ^[32] The Afghan Army reported around 1,500 casualties during the battle. ^[33] towards the end of the battle, the ISI-backed Hezb-i-Islami (led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar) launched an attack Jamiat-e Islami forces in Takhar Province, resulting in the deaths of 36 of Ahmad Shah Massoud’s commanders. In retaliation, Massoud pursued and executed the perpetrators of the ambush after a trial. ^[34]

Aftermath

Contrary to American and Pakistani expectations, this battle proved that the Afghan Army could fight without Soviet help, and greatly increased the confidence of government supporters. Conversely, the morale of the mujahideen involved in the attack slumped and many local commanders of Hekmatyar and Sayyaf concluded truces with the government. ^[35]

Both the Pakistani and the American governments were frustrated with the outcome. As a result of this failure, General Hamid Gul was immediately sacked by Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and replaced with General Shamsur Rahman Kallu as the Director-General of the ISI. Kallu pursued a more classical policy of support to the Afghan guerillas. ^[29] In this respect he cut off the barrier that his predecessors, Akhtar Abdur Rahman and Gul had placed between the mujahideen and the American secret service, which for the first time had direct access to the mujahideen.^{[ citation needed ]}

The former Pakistani spies, such as Gul, had argued that this gave the United States an opportunity to both undercut Pakistan's interests as well as to weave discord among the mujahideen (something which Pakistan's promotion of Hekmatyar had of course done as well).^{[ citation needed ]}

With direct American access to the mujahideen – in particular that of the envoy Peter Tomsen, whose attitude towards independent Afghans was arrogant and arguably hostile in that he deemed them dangerous extremists without direct US supervision – any segment of mujahideen unity crumbled.^{[ citation needed ]} Traditionally independent mujahideen leaders, such as Yunus Khalis and Jalaluddin Haqqani, who had tried to unite the mujahideen rivals Massoud and Hekmatyar, now moved closer towards Pakistan because of their suspicion of the United States' intentions.^{[ citation needed ]} (See also Haqqani network).

Others, like Abdul Haq and Massoud, instead favoured the United States because of their tense relations with Pakistan.^{[ citation needed ]} While Abdul Haq remained hostile towards the communist government and its militias, Massoud would go on to make controversial alliances with former communist figures.^{[ citation needed ]} Massoud claimed that this was an attempt to unite Afghanistan, but his enemies such as Hekmatyar attacked him for this.^{[ citation needed ]}

Hekmatyar's push was also supported by Pakistan, so that by 1990 there was a definite (if loose) pair of competing axes. One was promoted by Pakistan and included Hekmatyar, Khalis, Jalaluddin Haqqani and other mujahideen leaders who were unsympathetic to Hekmatyar. The competing axis was promoted by the United States and led by Massoud, but also including other leaders such as Abdul Haq who were unsympathetic to Massoud.^{[ citation needed ]}

The government forces further proved their worth in April 1990, during an offensive against a fortified complex at Paghman. After a heavy bombardment and assault that lasted until the end of June, the Afghan Army spearheaded by Dostum's militia, was able to clear the mujahideen entrenchments. ^[31] During the final stages of the battle, Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin reportedly ambushed Jamiat-e Islami fighters, killing 36 of Ahmad Shah Massoud’s fighters and 7 important commanders. Massoud retaliated and captured the perpetrators of the attack, executing them after a trial. ^[34]

Criticism

Afghanistan

The Jalalabad operation was seen as a grave mistake by some mujahideen leaders such as Ahmad Shah Massoud and Abdul Haq, who did not believe the mujahideen had the capacity to capture a major city in conventional warfare. ^[36]

Neither Massoud nor Abdul Haq have participated in the attack on Jalalabad. ^{[37] [38]} Massoud claimed it was by BBC radio that he learned about the operation, although other sources allege 500 men from Jamiat-e-Islami took part in the beginning of the battle. ^[39] Massoud was tasked with closing the Salang Pass, but he advised against it, saying the plan was unsound and would risk the lives of his men, therefore refusing to take part. ^[40] Haq advocated the pursuit of coordinated guerilla warfare that would gradually weaken the Afghan government and cause its collapse through internal divisions.^{[ citation needed ]}

Abdul Haq was also quoted as asking: "How is that we Afghans, who never lost a war, must take military instructions from the Pakistanis, who never won one?" ^[32] Ahmad Shah Massoud criticized the go-it-alone attitude of Pakistan and their Afghan followers stating: "The damage caused by our (Mujahideen forces) lack of a unified command is obvious. There is a total lack of coordination, which means we are not launching simultaneous offensives on different fronts. As a result, the government can concentrate its resources and pick us off one by one. And that is what has happened at Jalalabad." ^[39]

Pakistan

Former Pakistani Minister of Interior Aitzaz Ahsan claimed that the civilian government knew about the "Jalalabad Operation" beforehand and opposed Hamid Gul's proposal but let the operation happen anyway. ^[41]

Foreign Fighters

Jihad magazine, an Arabic propaganda magazine known for glorifying the achievements of the Arab foreign fighters in Afghanistan, could not downplay the disastrous defeat at Jalalabad. In its report of the battle, the magazine reported the Afghan communist forces had rained down Scud missiles with two thousand-pound warheads on the Arab fighters resulting in the slaughter of more than a hundred Arab fighters, and that each fallen warrior was soon followed by another rocket taking down another jihadist.^{[ citation needed ]}

In the account of the battle by Osama bin Laden, the founder of Al-Qaeda, bin Laden claimed that the defeat at Jalalabad had inflicted greater casualties on the Arab fighters than they had sustained in the entire war against the Soviets. ^[42]

The defeat in Jalalabad led to internal squabbles between Al-Qaeda and Maktab al-Khidamat. Ayman al-Zawahiri turned Osama bin Laden against Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, accusing him of mishandling the MAK. Zawahiri accused Azzam of being a puppet of the United States and the Saudi Arabian monarchy. He distributed leaflets in Peshawar, depicting Azzam as a questionable Muslim and advising Arabs not to pray with him.^{[ citation needed ]}

Azzam was later killed by a bomb in November of the same year. While the identity of Azzam's killer remains uncertain, it is possible that it was the work of Al-Qaeda or al-Jihad affiliated jihadists operating in Pakistan, although bin Laden himself is unlikely to have been involved, as he was in Saudi Arabia at the time of the murder and still on (relatively) good terms with Azzam. ^[43] The assassination of Azzam has also been attributed to KhAD. ^[44]

Further reading

• What Happened in Jalalabad
• AFGHANISTAN REBELS LOSE KEY BATTLE
• Rebels Without a Cause
• The Epic of the Battle of Jalalabad by General Syed

References

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