Jalalabad is the fifth-largest city of Afghanistan. It has a population of about 356,274,and serves as the capital of Nangarhar Province in the eastern part of the country,about 130 kilometres (80 mi) from the capital Kabul. Jalalabad is located at the junction of the Kabul River and the Kunar River in a plateau to the south of the Hindu Kush mountains. It is linked by the Kabul-Jalalabad Road to the west and Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan,to the east through Torkham and the Khyber Pass.
Mohammad Najibullah Ahmadzai,commonly known as Dr. Najib,was an Afghan politician who served as the General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan,the leader of the one-party ruling Republic of Afghanistan from 1986 to 1992 and as well as the President of Afghanistan from 1987 until his resignation in April 1992,shortly after which the mujahideen took over Kabul. After a failed attempt to flee to India,Najibullah remained in Kabul. He lived in the United Nations headquarters until his assassination during the Taliban's capture of Kabul.
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar is an Afghan politician,former mujahideen leader and drug trafficker. He is the founder and current leader of the Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin political party,so called after Mohammad Yunus Khalis split from Hezbi Islami in 1979 to found Hezb-i Islami Khalis. He has twice served as Prime Minister during the 1990s.
Gul Agha Sherzai,also known as Mohammad Shafiq,is a politician in Afghanistan. He is the former governor of Nangarhar province in eastern Afghanistan. He previously served as Governor of Kandahar province,in the early 1990s and from 2001 until 2003. In October 2013,Sherzai resigned from his post as governor and formally announced himself as a candidate for Afghanistan's 2014 Presidential Election,and served as the minister of border and tribal affairs until the Taliban victory in 2021.
Kandahār is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan,located in the southern part of the country,sharing a border with Pakistan,to the south. It is surrounded by Helmand in the west,Uruzgan in the north and Zabul Province in the east. Its capital is the city of Kandahar,Afghanistan's second largest city,which is located on the Arghandab River. The greater region surrounding the province is called Loy Kandahar. The Emir of Afghanistan sends orders to Kabul from Kandahar making it the de facto capital of Afghanistan,although the main government body operates in Kabul. All meetings with the Emir take place in Kandahar,meetings excluding the Emir are in Kabul.
Lieutenant General Hamid GulHI(M) SI(M) SBt was a Pakistani three-star general and defence analyst. Gul was notable for serving as the Director-General of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI),Pakistan's premier intelligence agency,between 1987 and 1989. During his tenure,Gul played an instrumental role in directing ISI support to Afghan resistance groups against Soviet forces in return for funds and weapons from the US,during the Soviet–Afghan War,in co-operation with the CIA.
Abdul Haq was an Afghan mujahideen commander who fought against the Soviet-backed People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan,the de facto Afghan government in the 1980s. He was killed by the Taliban in October 2001 while trying to create a popular uprising against the Taliban in Afghanistan in the wake of the September 11th attacks.
The 1989–1992 Afghan Civil War,also known as the FirstAfghan Civil War,took place between the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan and the end of the Soviet–Afghan War on 15 February 1989 until 27 April 1992,ending the day after the proclamation of the Peshawar Accords proclaiming a new interim Afghan government which was supposed to start serving on 28 April 1992.
The 1992–1996 Afghan Civil War,also known as the Second Afghan Civil War,took place between 28 April 1992—the date a new interim Afghan government was supposed to replace the Republic of Afghanistan of President Mohammad Najibullah—and the Taliban's conquest of Kabul establishing the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan on 27 September 1996.
The Barakzai dynasty also known as the Muhammadzai dynasty ruled modern day Afghanistan from 1823 to 1978 when the monarchy ended de jure under Musahiban Mohammad Zahir Shah and de facto under his cousin Sardar Mohammad Daoud Khan. The Barakzai dynasty was established by Dost Mohammad Khan after the Durrani dynasty of Ahmad Shah Durrani was removed from power. As the Pahlavi era in Iran,the Muhammadzai era was known for its progressivist modernity in which Afghanistan was referred to as the "Switzerland of Asia".
The Afghan Mujahideen (Pashto:افغانمجاهدين) were Islamist resistance militias that fought the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union during the Soviet–Afghan War and the subsequent First Afghan Civil War.
Mohammad Yousef Pashtun is an Afghan technocrat and politician. He served as Minister of Urban Development and Housing for two terms and as Governor of Kandahar province in 2003,replacing Gul Agha Sherzai under President Hamid Karzai's administration. In 2010,he was appointed as Senior Adviser to President Karzai on Construction,Mines,Water &Energy. In 2014,minister Pashtun continued to serve as Senior Adviser to President Ashraf Ghani. Yِousef Pashtun is also chairing the Kabul New City Development Authority Board.
Tourism in Afghanistan is regulated by the Ministry of Information and Culture. There are at least 350 tourism companies operating in Afghanistan. Tourism was at its peak before the 1978 Saur Revolution,which was followed by the decades of war. Between 2013 and 2016,Afghan embassies issued between 15,000 and 20,000 tourist visas annually.
Ismatullah Muslim,also called Ismatullah Achakzai or just Ismat,was an Afghan militia leader,who in 1979 joined the mujahideen opposed to the communist PDPA and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan,before coming over to the side of the government in 1984. Despite his military successes,Ismatullah Muslim was known for the many abuses he committed against civilians,making him a much hated figure throughout Afghanistan,except within his own tribe.
The Afghan conflict refers to the series of events that have kept Afghanistan in a near-continuous state of armed conflict since the 1970s. Early instability followed the collapse of the Kingdom of Afghanistan in the largely non-violent 1973 coup d'état,which deposed Afghan monarch Mohammad Zahir Shah in absentia,ending his 40-year-long reign. With the concurrent establishment of the Republic of Afghanistan,headed by Mohammad Daoud Khan,the country's relatively peaceful and stable period in modern history came to an end. However,all-out fighting did not erupt until after 1978,when the Saur Revolution violently overthrew Khan's government and established the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Subsequent unrest over the radical reforms that were being pushed by the then-ruling People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) led to unprecedented violence,prompting a large-scale pro-PDPA military intervention by the Soviet Union in 1979. In the ensuing Soviet–Afghan War,the anti-Soviet Afghan mujahideen received extensive support from Pakistan,the United States,and Saudi Arabia in a joint covert effort that was dubbed Operation Cyclone.
The National United Party of Afghanistan is a political party in Afghanistan.
The Sacrifice Front,more commonly known as Fidai Mahaz,is a Taliban splinter group and faction in the War in Afghanistan. It is led by Mullah Najibullah,also known as Omar Khitab,a former Taliban commander.
The Battle of Jalalabad,also known as Operation Jalalabad or the Jalalabad War,occurred in the spring of 1989. It involved the Seven-Party Union based in Peshawar,also known as the Afghan Interim Government or the "Government in exile",supported by the Pakistani intelligence agency ISI,attacked Jalalabad. The ISI's Director Gul wanted to see a mujahideen government over Afghanistan,led by Hekmatyar.
Abdul Jabar Qahraman was an Afghan Army general,militia leader and politician who came to prominence for his ability to mobilize large amounts of men to join his pro government militias. Qahraman played a significant role in Afghan politics in the late 1980s and early 90s. He transitioned from a militia leader to a party leader in the 2010s. Qahraman was assassinated by the Taliban on October 18,2018.
Afghanistan 
Afghan Army 
Lieutenant General