2021 Ethiopian general election

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2021 Ethiopian general election
Flag of Ethiopia.svg
←  2015 21 June 2021 (most regions)
30 September 2021 (Harari, SNNPR, and Somali)		2026 →
483 of 547 seats in the House of Peoples' Representatives
274 seats needed for a majority
Registered37 million [1]
Turnout90% [1]
 Majority partyMinority partyThird party
  Abiy Ahmed with LI Yong 2018 (cropped).jpeg Belete Molla.png Birhanu Nega.png
Leader Abiy Ahmed Belete Molla Berhanu Nega
Party Prosperity Party NaMA EZEMA
Seats won41054
Ethiopia-Election-2021.png
Results by region
Prime Minister before election

Abiy Ahmed
Prosperity Party

Elected Prime Minister

Abiy Ahmed
Prosperity Party

The 2021 Ethiopian general election to elect members of the House of Peoples' Representatives was held on 21 June 2021 and 30 September 2021. Regional elections were also held on those dates.

Contents

The election was initially scheduled for 29 August 2020, [2] but it was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [3] Regional and municipal council elections were also planned to be held at the same time. [4] In May 2020, the sitting House of Peoples' Representatives voted to postpone the election until 2021. [5] In late December 2020, the National Election Board of Ethiopia (NEBE) said the election would take place on 5 June 2021, [6] before it was further delayed [7] until 21 June. It was the first multi-party election in Ethiopia since the 2005 election. [8]

The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), the political coalition that had dominated Ethiopian politics since the overthrow of the Derg regime in 1991, was dissolved on 1 December 2019. Three of its four-member parties, the Amhara Democratic Party (ADP), Oromo Democratic Party (ODP) and Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement (SEPDM), merged to form the Prosperity Party, which inherited the EPRDF's role as the governing party. The last leader of the EPRDF, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, became the new party's first leader.[ citation needed ]

Bekele Gerba and Jawar Mohammed, members of the Oromo Federalist Congress (OFC), [9] were imprisoned on 30 June 2020, following a crackdown by the government after the murder of Hachalu Hundessa. [10] On 19 September 2020, both were charged with terrorism. [11] [9] Jawar denied the charges and claimed the arrests were politically motivated. [11] The OFC and the Oromo Liberation Front were planning to participate in the election but withdrew, [12] claiming that the results would be rigged under the Prime Minister. [13]

The election was a landslide victory for the Prosperity Party. [14] [15] On 30 September 2021, voting took place in 47 constituencies of the Harari, SNNPR, and Somali regions. [16] The House of Peoples' Representatives confirmed incumbent Abiy Ahmed as prime minister for a five-year term on 4 October 2021. [17] African Union described the election as an improvement compared to the 2015 election and positively overall, urging the government to continue the commitment to democracy. [18]

Background

Wollo, Amhara Region

A conflict between Oromo residents and Amhara Special Forces started in January 2021. According to Hassan Hadiya, a resident of Kemise, it started after Amhara Special Forces killed a person at the entrance of the grand mosque in Ataye, in the Oromia Zone of the Amhara Region. Another resident of Kemise, stated that the Amhara Liyu police were attacking civilians. Eyewitnesses blamed the regional Amhara Special Forces while the Amhara regional government accused both the OLF-Shene and TPLF of the violence. [19] [20] Two members of the Ethiopian parliament accused Amhara Liyu police of killing an Oromo civilian in Ataye, saying: "Amhara Militia used OLF-Shane as a pretext to commit war crime on Oromo farmers in Wollo for the three major reasons the MP said on 11th Session of parliament of Ethiopia. The reasons are: (1) their national identity (being an Oromo), (2) their religious identity (being Muslim), and (3) use the atrocity as a bargaining threat to fulfill all their demands in Oromia region." [21] With regard to the attack of Wallo Oromos in the Oromia Zone by Amhara militia in March 2021, the OPP and APP issued opposing statements, each blaming the other ethnic group for causing the violence and killings. [22] [23] The Borkena news website and an Amhara Region official claimed that the OLF targeted Ataye. [24]

Shashemene massacre

Shashamane, a town south of Addis Ababa, was the scene of a pogrom massacre [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] that targeted Orthodox Christians, ethnic Amharas, Gurages and other non-Oromos. The violence was triggered by the murder of singer Hachalu Hundessa in a Galan condominium. An umbrella humanitarian organization, OTAGE, has engaged a legal firm, specialising in international crimes, to bring those responsible to justice.

Tigray War

The Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), the dominant component of the EPRDF, was the only constituent party that had not merged into the Prosperity Party. In September 2020, the Tigray Region held a regional election that the Prosperity Party-led government deemed illegal. [30]

On 4 November, Tigray regional security forces attacked the headquarters of the Northern Command of the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF), leading to armed conflict in the between the government and the Tigray region. In late 2020, the Tigray Region government was replaced by the Transitional Government of Tigray. [31] TPLF was then dissolved by NEBE. [32] There have been reports of war crimes [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] committed against civilians since the breakout of the war.

Parties and coalitions

PartyMain ideologiesPolitical positionLeader
Prosperity Party Liberalism
Multiculturalism
Civic nationalism 		Centre [40] [41] Abiy Ahmed
National Movement of Amhara Amhara ethnic nationalism Right-wing Belete Molla
Ethiopian Citizens for Social Justice Liberalism
Federalism
Multiculturalism
Civic nationalism
Ethiopian nationalism 		Centre Berhanu Nega
Medrek Social democracy
Ethnic federalism
Ethnic nationalism 		Centre-left Merera Gudina
Ogaden National Liberation Front Somali ethnic nationalism Centre-left Mohammed Omar Osman
All Ethiopian Unity Party Ethnic federalism Centre-right Mamushet Amare
Balderas Party Conservative liberalism
Addis Ababa localism 		Centre-right Eskinder Nega
Freedom and Equality Party Liberalism
Federalism
Multiculturalism
Civic nationalism
Ethiopian nationalism 		Centre Abdulkadir Adem

Delays

In addition to the Tigray War, there have also been reports of delays in both constituencies and entire regions due to security concerns and logistics.

Constituencies

On 22 May, the NEBE announced that 40 constituencies in six regions would not hold elections on the same day, but later. According to the Board, this was from a lack of voter registration, logistical issues, and security problems in many constituencies. [42]

Regions

On 6 June, the NEBE stated that due to irregularities in printing ballot papers, the election in the Harari Region and the Somali Region would be held in a second round on 6 September. This also came when the board announced voting would not take place in the war-torn Tigray Region. Combined, these regions constitute 63 out of 547 seats. [43] In August, the voting date was moved once again to 30 September 2021. [44]

Results

On 10 July, partial election results were released with the Prosperity Party winning at least 410 seats, well enough to secure the majority and remain in power. [45] [46] The National Movement of Amhara won 5 seats, Ethiopian Citizens For Social Justice Party won 4 seats, Gedeo People's Democratic Party won 2 seats, and 1 seat went to an independent candidate. [47] [48] On 30 September 2021, the elections took place in 47 constituencies which had been delayed. Results from those constituencies were announced on 2 November 2021. On 4 October 2021, the House of Peoples' Representatives confirmed incumbent Abiy Ahmed as prime minister for a five-year term. [17]

Ethiopia House of Peoples' Representatives.svg
PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Prosperity Party 454New
National Movement of Amhara 5New
Ethiopian Citizens for Social Justice 4New
Gedeo People's Democratic Party 2–
Kucha People Democratic Party 1–
Independent4–
Total4700
Registered voters/turnout38,234,910–
Source: Nebe, Nebe, Nebe, Nebe

Reactions

USIP: oppositions accused the Prosperity Party of intimidating, widespread detention of party members and of interfering in voter registration. In addition, NAMA also reported the deaths of some of its supporters at the hands of the government. Other smaller parties also made similar complaints. [49]

Getachew Reda, a spokesperson for the TPLF, mocked the election in a tweet, saying the Tigray Defense Forces had captured hundreds of ENDF soldiers as a gift for Abiy's "coronation as the Naked Emperor of Ethiopia." [50]

The African Union, which observed the conduct of the elections, said in a statement:

It is noteworthy that the June 2021 general elections took place within the context of reforms that opened the political and civic space which enhanced the enjoyment of more basic rights and freedoms in comparison to the 2015 elections. Among the many positive political developments, the most prominent were the institutional strengthening of the NEBE, the release of political prisoners and the return of exiled political activists. The Mission concludes that despite some operational, logistical, security, political and COVID-19 related challenges, overall, the pre-election and Election Day processes were conducted in an orderly, peaceful and credible manner. There was nothing, in the Mission’s estimation, that distracted from the credible conduct of the elections. The Mission, therefore, commends all Ethiopians for the demonstrated commitment to the democratic development of the country. The AUEOM calls on all stakeholders to remain calm in the remaining electoral phase. The Mission urges any stakeholder that is dissatisfied with the electoral outcome to seek redress through the established legal and institutional mechanisms. [51]

Another observer delegation to the elections, a limited joint mission of the International Republican Institute and the National Democratic Institute, found that the elections had been preceded by promising political reforms, but that:

political space, participation, and competition were acutely limited by widespread insecurity, open conflicts, and other serious constraints in the electoral environment... Though there were important improvements over past elections, particularly relating to the national election body and election monitoring by political parties and civil society, the environment fell short of essential standards for civil liberties, equitable campaign conditions, and security. [52]

Other civil society organisations expressed similar misgivings, [53] [54] as did the United States Secretary of State, who said in a statement that the "electoral process... was not free or fair for all Ethiopians". [55] Five opposition parties – the Ethiopian Social Democratic Party, Balderas for True Democracy, National Movement of Amhara, Afar People's Party, and Ethiopian Citizens for Social Justice – submitted complaints about irregularities in the electoral process. [56]

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On 18 June 2022, the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) was accused of massacring over 500 Amhara civilians in the Gimbi county of Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Witnesses said that the OLA intentionally targeted ethnic Amhara people. This attack is part of a series of Amhara massacres that occurred in 2022.

Democratic backsliding in Ethiopia is ongoing, most notably under the administration of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed. Since assumption of power in April 2018, Ahmed has played crucial role of reforms in the Ethiopian politics and reversal of policies implemented by the former ruling party, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). Abiy immediately gained public approval and international recognition owing to liberalized policymaking including in media outlets, gender equality, internet freedom and privatization of economy. Furtherly, he was also warmly gained accolades for ending 20-years conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea, from which he awarded the 2019 Nobel Peace Prize, being the first Ethiopian to earn the title. In 2019, Ethiopia received a score of 19 out of 100 in the Freedom in the World metric, a significant improvement from previous years, although it is still characterized as "Not Free". In December 2019, he formed the Prosperity Party by dissolution of EPRDF and merged all its ethnic based regional parties while the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) refused to obey, resulting intense face-off with the federal government. He promised to hold free and fair upcoming election; although due to COVID-19 pandemic deterioration and other security and logistics issues, the election was postponed indefinitely in mid-2020. Opponents called this action as backdrop to "reconsolidate dictatorship" and "constitutional crisis". On 9 September 2020, the Tigray Regional election were held as the federal government deemed illegal election. According to the electoral commission, the TPLF won 98.2% of 152 seats were contested. The federal government and the Tigray authority relations aggravated by late 2020, culminating the Tigray War.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-Amhara sentiment</span> Ethnic hatred against Amhara people in Ethiopia

Anti-Amhara sentiment is opposition, hatred, discrimination and bias against Amhara people in Ethiopia. Amharas are subjected to longstanding ethnic hatred among the Tigrayan elites. Persecution of Amharas are typically stemmed from accusation of Amhara for atrocities and land acquisition during the colonial rule in the Ethiopian Empire; many Oromo activists and intellectualists pertained Amhara of being "Neftenya", a feaudal lord and vassal who manages the lands loyal to the imperial government.

References

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