ARMH1

Last updated
ARMH1
Identifiers
Aliases ARMH1 , NCRNA00082, p40, chromosome 1 open reading frame 228, C1orf228, armadillo-like helical domain containing 1, armadillo like helical domain containing 1
External IDs MGI: 2686507; HomoloGene: 28727; GeneCards: ARMH1; OMA:ARMH1 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

339541

381544

Ensembl

ENSG00000198520

ENSMUSG00000060268

UniProt

Q6PIY5

n/a

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001004307
NM_001145636

NM_001033774
NM_001145637

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001139108

n/a

Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 44.67 – 44.73 Mb Chr 4: 117.07 – 117.11 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Armadillo-like Helical Domain Containing 1 (ARMH1) is a protein which in humans is encoded by chromosome 1 open reading frame 228, also known as the ARMH1 gene. The gene shows expression levels significantly higher in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and testis. [5] Currently the function of this gene and subsequent protein is still uncertain.

Contents

Gene

The ARMH1 gene is found on the plus strand of chromosome 1 between base pairs 45,140,361 and 45,191,784. Other known aliases include P40, NCRNA00082, and most commonly C1orf228. The gene has 13 exons, most of which are concentrated near the poly-A site at the end of the gene and two located upstream from the start codon. The gene is highly expressed in bone marrow and lymph nodes, suggesting an immunological function. [6]

Gene expression

RNA seq data was produced using multiple samples of human tissues at varying stages of development. One study was acquired from 20 separate samples of human tissue showing significantly more expression of ARMH1 in the thymus, trachea, and lungs. [7] A second study shows 27 different tissues samples in 95 different individual subjects. The expression levels are significantly higher in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and testis. [8] A third shows high expression in white blood cells and testis again, corroborating previous studies. [9] A temporal study focused on expression in different stages of development collected 35 human fetal samples, from 6 distinct tissues, between 10 and 20 weeks gestational time and sequenced using Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA. The data slightly favored expression in the adrenal glands throughout development. In each of the other tissues there were no stark changes in expression through time, only a small decline of gene expression as development furthers. [10]

Gene transcripts

The ARMH1 gene has extensive abilities to alter its function and size through isoforms. Gene isoforms are mRNAs that are produced from the same locus but are different in their transcription start sites, protein coding DNA sequences and/or untranslated regions, potentially altering gene function. All known isoforms are organized and listed below with information gathered from NCBI gene, [11] and a Bioinformatics tool for calculating molecular weight. [12]

Protein IsoformProtein AccessionProtein LengthMolecular WeightmRNA IsoformmRNA AccessionmRNA length
X1XP_047275293446 aa49.58 KdaX5XM_0115413401693 bp
X2XP_011539647433 aa48.17 KdaX7XM_0115413451909 bp
X3XP_047275308431 aa47.39 KdaX8XM_0474193521782 bp
X4XP_047275309419 aa46.17 KdaX9XM_0474193531507 bp
X5XP_047275314405 aa44.49 KdaX12XM_0474193581588 bp
X6XP_016856631391 aa43.58 KdaX13XM_0170011421546 bp
X7XP_047275318379 aa41.32 KdaX14XM_0474193621393 bp
X8XP_011539651376 aa41.67 KdaX15XM_0115413491645 bp
X9XP_016856632365 aa40.47 KdaX16XM_0170011431468 bp
X10XP_047275323364 aa40.17 KdaX17XM_0474193671342 bp
X11XP_054192270338 aa37.06 KdaX18XM_0543362951264 bp
X12XP_054192271336 aa36.46 KdaX19XM_0543362961207 bp
X13XP_054192272333 aa36.84 KdaX20XM_0543362971474 bp
x14XP_047275327332 aa36.65 KdaX21XM_0474193711262 bp
x15XP_054192274274 aa30.61 KdaX23XM_0543362991670 bp
x16XP_016856635263 aa29.31 KdaX24XM_0170011461146 bp
x17XP_054192276242 aa27.05 KdaX25XM_0543363012306 bp
x18XP_054192277213 aa23.69 KdaX26XM_0543363021380 bp

mRNA

The mRNA for this gene can be spliced in many different ways, making way for approximately 20 known isoforms. The most common mRNA gets spliced down to a coding region that is about 1693 nucleotides long which makes up 440 amino acids in total. [13] In a comprehensive study on oral squamous cell carcinoma, the sixth most prevalent cancer worldwide, identified ARMH1 as a gene of interest by comparing healthy subjects mRNA against affected individuals. Through mRNA inhibition of ARMH1, researchers demonstrated significantly reduced leukemic cell proliferation (P=.0041) and leukemic cell migration (P=.0001), as well as a decreased resistance to the chemotherapy drug Cytarabine. [14] [15]

Protein

The protein encoded by the gene goes by the same name, Armadillo like containing helical domain 1. The isoelectric point of the ARMH1 protein is around a pH of 5.5. [16] The protein has 2 known major domains, one being a transmembrane domain and the other being a coiled coil. [17] Within the coiled coil domains, the ARMH1 protein has 24 alpha helices. [18] [19] [20] [21] The European Bioinformatics Institute's analysis of ARMH1 reveals clearly a significantly enriched lysine content as well as a significantly deficient proline count. [22] The protein has been proven to have one major interaction with the human protein known as ABAT. [23] Gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (ABAT) catalyzes the conversion of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) into succinic semialdehyde. Additionally, ABAT expression was associated with glycolysis-related genes, infiltrated immune cells, immunoinhibitors, and immunostimulators in HCC. [24]

AlphaFold, the state-of-the-art AI system developed by DeepMind, is able to computationally predict protein structures in 3D space. ARMH1 alphaphold.png
AlphaFold, the state-of-the-art AI system developed by DeepMind, is able to computationally predict protein structures in 3D space.

Homology and evolution

The ARMH1 gene is extremely diverse and is found in thousands of different species. From primates to fungus, this gene has been evolutionarily relevant for hundreds of millions of years. While in near relatives such as cows, the similarity score is 91% that of our genome, in species of fungi the similarity ranges between 20 and 30%. [26] While attempting to find homologs in any round or flat worms, single celled eukaryotes or prokaryotes, plants, or any fungi besides chitrids, there were no significantly similar genes found. Below is a table of orthologous genes in order of sequence similarity compared to the human ARMH1 isoform X1.

SpeciesCommon nameAccession numberDate of divergenceSequence length (AA)Sequence similaritySequence Identity
Homo sapiens HumanNP_0011391080 mya440100%100%
Microcebus murinus Grey Mouse LemurXP_012631405.174 mya44188%82%
Rattus norvegicus Brown RatNP_001119769.287 mya44180%78%
Bos taurus CowXP_005204913.194 mya44291%83%
Ornithorhynchus anatinus PlatypusXP_028938784.1180 mya45975%60%
Apteryx rowi Oktarito KiwiXP_025942684319 mya41973%59%
Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald EagleXP_010581029319 mya41870%56%
Gopherus flavomarginatus Bolson TortoiseXP_050817160319 mya42178%65%
Xenopus tropicalis Western Clawed FrogXP_017949069352 mya40970%55%
Danio rerio Zebra FishXP_001341083.1429 mya41071%53%
Leucoraja erinacea Little SkateXP_055497706462 mya40669%53%
Lytechinus pictus Painted UrchinXP_054764007619 mya40667%51%
Owenia fusiformisSegmented WormCAH1776102.1686 mya41071%51%
Aplysia californica California Sea HareXP_012936639.1708 mya41069%52%
Adineta sterineriRotiferaCAF4083605.1708 mya42056%37%
Pocillopora verrucosa Colonial CoralXP_058955966.1708 mya40467%49%
Geodia barretti Sea SpongeCAI8036895.1758 mya40450%35%
Blastocladiella britannicaChytridsKAI92186621275 mya42334%22%
Borealophlyctis nickersoniaeRhizophlyctidalesKAJ32891371275 mya45319%11%

Clinical significance

The ARMH1 gene and subsequent protein have been extensively linked to leukemia, specifically T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). [27] In mostly lymphatic tissue cell lines, T-ALL showed dramatically increased expression of the ARMH1 gene. Bone marrow samples were taken at the initial diagnosis and the conclusion of treatment and ARMH1 along with 5 other genes that were all found to be dramatically changed in expression. Researchers Dr. Manoj Bhasin and Dr. Mojtaba Bakhtiari from Emory University's Aflac Cancer Center have identified ARMH1, a novel cancer-associated gene, as being highly expressed in malignant blast cells across several pediatric hematologic malignancies, including AML, T/B-ALL, and T/B-MPAL. Importantly, ARMH1 expression is significantly elevated in patients with relapsed disease or high-risk cytogenetic profiles (e.g., MLL rearrangements) compared to those with standard-risk markers (e.g., RUNX1, inv(16)). Additionally, ARMH1 expression strongly correlates with the pediatric leukemia stem cell score (LSC6), a six-gene signature linked to poor prognosis.

Functional studies involving ARMH1 perturbation (via knockdown and overexpression) in leukemia cell lines revealed substantial effects on cell proliferation and migration. RNA sequencing of these modified cells highlighted associations between ARMH1 and pathways related to mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis and the cell cycle. Pharmacological inhibition of CPT1A, a key regulator of fatty acid synthesis in the mitochondrial matrix, led to ARMH1 downregulation, along with reduced CPT1A levels, ATP production, and oxygen consumption rates. Furthermore, ARMH1 knockdown caused a notable decrease in cell cycle regulators, including CDCA7 and EZH2.

The research also uncovered that ARMH1 physically interacts with EZH2, a protein implicated in multiple cancers, suggesting its critical role in oncogenesis. These findings establish ARMH1 as a key player in mitochondrial metabolism and cell cycle regulation, positioning it as a potential target for therapeutic intervention in pediatric hematologic malignancies. [28]

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References

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  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000060268 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ↑ Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Oksvold P, Kampf C, Djureinovic D, Odeberg J, et al. (February 2014). "Analysis of the human tissue-specific expression by genome-wide integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 13 (2): 397–406. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M113.035600 . PMC   3916642 . PMID   24309898.
  6. ↑ https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=ARMH1>
  7. ↑ Duff MO, Olson S, Wei X, Garrett SC, Osman A, Bolisetty M, et al. (May 2015). "Genome-wide identification of zero nucleotide recursive splicing in Drosophila". Nature. 521 (7552): 376–379. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..376D. doi:10.1038/nature14475. PMC   4529404 . PMID   25970244.
  8. ↑ Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Oksvold P, Kampf C, Djureinovic D, Odeberg J, et al. (February 2014). "Analysis of the human tissue-specific expression by genome-wide integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 13 (2): 397–406. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M113.035600 . PMC   3916642 . PMID   24309898.
  9. ↑ "Illumina bodyMap2 transcriptome (ID 204271) - BioProject - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
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  11. ↑ "ARMH1 armadillo like helical domain containing 1 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  12. ↑ "Protein Molecular Weight". www.bioinformatics.org. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  13. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/339541>
  14. ↑ Huang SN, Li GS, Zhou XG, Chen XY, Yao YX, Zhang XG, et al. (June 2020). "Identification of an Immune Score-Based Gene Panel with Prognostic Power for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma". Medical Science Monitor. 26: e922854. doi:10.12659/MSM.922854. PMC   7305786 . PMID   32529991.
  15. ↑ Bhasin SS, Thomas BE, Summers RJ, Sarkar D, Mumme H, Pilcher W, et al. (August 2023). "Pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia blast signature and MRD associated immune environment changes defined by single cell transcriptomics analysis". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 12556. Bibcode:2023NatSR..1312556B. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39152-z. PMC   10397284 . PMID   37532715.
  16. ↑ "ARMH1 (human)". www.phosphosite.org. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  17. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/IEB/Research/Acembly/av.cgi?c=geneid&org=9606&l=339541>
  18. ↑ "Bioinformatics Toolkit". toolkit.tuebingen.mpg.de. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  19. ↑ "JPred Secondary Structure Prediction". www.jalview.org. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  20. ↑ Jumper J, Evans R, Pritzel A, Green T, Figurnov M, Ronneberger O, et al. (August 2021). "Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold". Nature. 596 (7873): 583–589. Bibcode:2021Natur.596..583J. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2. PMC   8371605 . PMID   34265844.
  21. ↑ Rost B, Liu J (July 2003). "The PredictProtein server". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (13): 3300–3304. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg508. PMC   168915 . PMID   12824312.
  22. ↑ "SAPS Results". www.ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  23. ↑ Huttlin EL, Bruckner RJ, Paulo JA, Cannon JR, Ting L, Baltier K, et al. (May 2017). "Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks". Nature. 545 (7655): 505–509. Bibcode:2017Natur.545..505H. doi:10.1038/nature22366. PMC   5531611 . PMID   28514442.
  24. ↑ Gao X, Jia X, Xu M, Xiang J, Lei J, Li Y, et al. (2022-06-24). "Regulation of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Transaminase Expression and Its Clinical Significance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma". Frontiers in Oncology. 12: 879810. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.879810 . PMC   9280914 . PMID   35847853.
  25. ↑ Laura Howes (2020-12-05). "DeepMind AI predicts protein structures". Chemical & Engineering News: 4. doi:10.47287/cen-09847-leadcon. ISSN   1520-605X. S2CID   230619516.
  26. ↑ "ARMH1 armadillo like helical domain containing 1 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  27. ↑ Bhasin SS, Thomas BE, Summers RJ, Sarkar D, Mumme H, Pilcher W, et al. (August 2023). "Pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia blast signature and MRD associated immune environment changes defined by single cell transcriptomics analysis". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 12556. Bibcode:2023NatSR..1312556B. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39152-z. PMC   10397284 . PMID   37532715.
  28. ↑ https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2024.1445173
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