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An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require molecular oxygen for growth. It may react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present. In contrast, an aerobic organism (aerobe) is an organism that requires an oxygenated environment. Anaerobes may be unicellular or multicellular. Most fungi are obligate aerobes, requiring oxygen to survive. However, some species, such as the Chytridiomycota that reside in the rumen of cattle, are obligate anaerobes; for these species, anaerobic respiration is used because oxygen will disrupt their metabolism or kill them. Deep waters of the ocean are a common anoxic environment.
Ruminants are hoofed herbivorous grazing or browsing mammals that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions. The process, which takes place in the front part of the digestive system and therefore is called foregut fermentation, typically requires the fermented ingesta to be regurgitated and chewed again. The process of rechewing the cud to further break down plant matter and stimulate digestion is called rumination. The word "ruminant" comes from the Latin ruminare, which means "to chew over again".
Weaning is the process of gradually introducing an infant human or another mammal to what will be its adult diet while withdrawing the supply of its mother's milk.
Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming pathogenic bacterium of the genus Clostridium. C. perfringens is ever-present in nature and can be found as a normal component of decaying vegetation, marine sediment, the intestinal tract of humans and other vertebrates, insects, and soil. It has the shortest reported generation time of any organism at 6.3 minutes in thioglycolate medium.
Dairy cattle are cattle bred for the ability to produce large quantities of milk, from which dairy products are made. Dairy cattle generally are of the species Bos taurus.
Coliform bacteria are defined as either motile or non-motile Gram-negative non-spore forming Bacilli that possess β-galactosidase to produce acids and gases under their optimal growth temperature of 35-37°C. They can be aerobes or facultative aerobes, and are a commonly used indicator of low sanitary quality of foods, milk, and water. Coliforms can be found in the aquatic environment, in soil and on vegetation; they are universally present in large numbers in the feces of warm-blooded animals as they are known to inhabit the gastrointestinal system. While coliform bacteria are not normally causes of serious illness, they are easy to culture, and their presence is used to infer that other pathogenic organisms of fecal origin may be present in a sample, or that said sample is not safe to consume. Such pathogens include disease-causing bacteria, viruses, or protozoa and many multicellular parasites.
Braxy is an infectious disease which causes sudden death in sheep. It is caused by the bacterium Clostridium septicum.
Gas gangrene is a bacterial infection that produces tissue gas in gangrene. This deadly form of gangrene usually is caused by Clostridium perfringens bacteria. About 1,000 cases of gas gangrene are reported yearly in the United States.
The omasum, also known as the bible, the fardel, the manyplies and the psalterium, is the third compartment of the stomach in ruminants. The omasum comes after the rumen and reticulum and before the abomasum. Different ruminants have different omasum structures and function based on the food that they eat and how they developed through evolution.
Blackleg, black quarter, quarter evil, or quarter ill is an infectious bacterial disease most commonly caused by Clostridium chauvoei, a Gram-positive bacterial species. It is seen in livestock all over the world, usually affecting cattle, sheep, and goats. It has been seen occasionally in farmed bison and deer. The acute nature of the disease makes successful treatment difficult, and the efficacy of the commonly used vaccine is disputed.
The mental nerve is a sensory nerve of the face. It is a branch of the posterior trunk of the inferior alveolar nerve, itself a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3), itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). It provides sensation to the front of the chin and the lower lip, as well as the gums of the anterior mandibular (lower) teeth. It can be blocked with local anaesthesia for procedures on the chin, lower lip, and mucous membrane of the inner cheek. Problems with the nerve cause chin numbness.
The reticulum is the second chamber in the four-chamber alimentary canal of a ruminant animal. Anatomically it is the smaller portion of the reticulorumen along with the rumen. Together these two compartments make up 84% of the volume of the total stomach.
Clostridium septicum is a gram positive, spore forming, obligate anaerobic bacterium.
Colitis X, equine colitis X or peracute toxemic colitis is a catchall term for various fatal forms of acute or peracute colitis found in horses, but particularly a fulminant colitis where clinical signs include sudden onset of severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, shock, and dehydration. Death is common, with 90% to 100% mortality, usually in less than 24 hours. The causative factor may be Clostridium difficile, but it also may be caused by other intestinal pathogens. Horses under stress appear to be more susceptible to developing colitis X, and like the condition pseudomembranous colitis in humans, an association with prior antibiotic use also exists. Immediate and aggressive treatment can sometimes save the horse, but even in such cases, 75% mortality is considered a best-case scenario.
Clostridium perfringens beta toxin is one of the four major lethal protein toxins produced by Clostridium perfringens Type B and Type C strains. It is a necrotizing agent and it induces hypertension by release of catecholamine. It has been shown to cause necrotic enteritis in mammals and induces necrotizing intestinal lesions in the rabbit ileal loop model. C. perfringens beta toxin is susceptible to breakdown by proteolytic enzymes, particularly trypsin. Beta toxin is therefore highly lethal to infant mammals because of trypsin inhibitors present in the colostrum.
Anaerobic infections are caused by anaerobic bacteria. Obligately anaerobic bacteria do not grow on solid media in room air ; facultatively anaerobic bacteria can grow in the presence or absence of air. Microaerophilic bacteria do not grow at all aerobically or grow poorly, but grow better under 10% carbon dioxide or anaerobically. Anaerobic bacteria can be divided into strict anaerobes that can not grow in the presence of more than 0.5% oxygen and moderate anaerobic bacteria that are able of growing between 2 and 8% oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria usually do not possess catalase, but some can generate superoxide dismutase which protects them from oxygen.
Ruminal tympany, also known as ruminal bloat, is a disease of ruminant animals, characterized by an excessive volume of gas in the rumen. Ruminal tympany may be primary, known as frothy bloat, or secondary, known as free-gas bloat.
Clostridium colinum is a Gram-positive, anaerobic and spore-forming bacterium from the genus Clostridium which has been isolated from a chicken. Clostridium colinum can cause ulcerative enteritis in chicken.
Displaced abomasum in cattle occurs when the abomasum, also known as the true stomach, which typically resides on the floor of the abdomen, fills with gas and rises to the top of the abdomen, where it is said to be ‘displaced’. When the abomasum moves from its normal position it prevents the natural passage of gas and feed through the digestive system, creating a restriction. As cattle are ruminants, which have a 4 chambered stomach composed of a rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. Ruminants require this specialized digestive system in order to properly process and break down their high fiber and cellulose rich diets. As this type of digestive system is quite complex it is at a greater risk for incidence. Due to the natural anatomy of cattle it is more common to have the abomasum displace to the left, known as a left-displaced abomasum, than to the right, right-displaced abomasum. When the abomasum becomes displaced there also becomes a chance of an abomasal volvulus, twist, developing. An abomasal volvulus occurs when the abomasum, which is already out of place, will rotate and cut off blood and nutrient supply to the abomasum. Cattle which develop an abomasal twist require immediate vet attention to regain blood supply and food passage through the digestive system or the abomasum will begin to shut down due to lack of blood supply and toxicity development.
Vaccinations for cattle involves the process of applying subcutaneous injections of biological microorganisms in a weakened state to help the immune system develop protection by providing active acquirement of immunity to a particular disease. Cattle are bovine livestock and are thus very susceptible to diseases. Vaccinations for cattle are widely used in the livestock industries of the Australian agriculture sector by farmers to prevent harmful and deadly diseases from infecting their livestock, avoiding any economical or biological harm. Farmed livestock industries account for 45% of the gross value of Australian agricultural output, beef cattle being the largest farmed livestock nationally with around 26.2 million head of cattle nationwide. The beef industry within Australia generates a gross value of approximately $8 billion AUD in beef exports and a total gross value of $11.4 billion in farm production (2017–18). Thus, vaccinations play a vital role in protecting, sustaining and growing the beef cattle industry in the Australian agriculture sector.
References
- ↑ Jones, Megan E. B.; Gasper, David J.; Mitchell (née Lane), Emily (2018-01-01), Terio, Karen A.; McAloose, Denise; Leger, Judy St. (eds.), "Chapter 5 - Bovidae, Antilocapridae, Giraffidae, Tragulidae, Hippopotamidae", Pathology of Wildlife and Zoo Animals, Academic Press, pp. 117–147, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805306-5.00005-5, ISBN 978-0-12-805306-5 , retrieved 2023-04-06
- ↑ Schamber, G.J.; Berg, I.E.; Molesworth, J.R. (April 1986). "Braxy or Bradsot-like Abomastitis Caused by Clostridium septicum in a Calf". The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 27 (4): 194. ISSN 0008-5286. PMC 1680202 . PMID 17422653.
- 1 2 3 4 Navarre, Christine B.; Baird, A. N.; Pugh, D. G. (2012-01-01), Pugh, D. G.; Baird, A. N. (eds.), "Chapter 5 - Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System", Sheep and Goat Medicine (Second Edition), W.B. Saunders, pp. 71–105, ISBN 978-1-4377-2353-3 , retrieved 2019-12-13
- 1 2 Prescott, John F.; Menzies, Paula I.; Fraser, Russell S. (2016-04-08), "Clostridial Abomasitis", Clostridial Diseases of Animals, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 205–220, doi:10.1002/9781118728291.ch17, ISBN 978-1-118-72829-1
- ↑ Glenn Songer, J.; Miskimins, Dale W. (2005-10-01). "Clostridial abomasitis in calves: Case report and review of the literature". Anaerobe. 11 (5): 290–294. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2004.12.004. ISSN 1075-9964. PMC 7111123 . PMID 16701586.
- ↑ Constable, Peter D.; Hinchcliff, Kenneth W.; Done, Stanley H.; Grünberg, Walter, eds. (2017-01-01), "7 - Diseases of the Alimentary Tract: Nonruminant", Veterinary Medicine (Eleventh Edition), W.B. Saunders, pp. 175–435, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-5246-0.00007-3 , ISBN 978-0-7020-5246-0, S2CID 53848139 , retrieved 2019-12-13
- 1 2 3 Constant, Caroline; Francoz, David; Babkine, Marie; Desrochers, André (2016). "Imaging Diagnosis—Traumatic Abomasitis Caused by Foreign Bodies in a Cow". Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound. 57 (6): E63–E66. doi:10.1111/vru.12368. ISSN 1740-8261. PMID 27144594.
- 1 2 3 Fubini, Susan L.; Yeager, Amy E.; Divers, Thomas J. (2018-01-01), Peek, Simon F.; Divers, Thomas J. (eds.), "5 - Noninfectious Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract", Rebhun's Diseases of Dairy Cattle (Third Edition), Elsevier, pp. 168–248, ISBN 978-0-323-39055-2 , retrieved 2019-12-13