Fiqh is Islamic jurisprudence. Fiqh is often described as the human understanding and practices of the sharia, that is human understanding of the divine Islamic law as revealed in the Quran and the Sunnah. Fiqh expands and develops Shariah through interpretation (ijtihad) of the Quran and Sunnah by Islamic jurists (ulama) and is implemented by the rulings (fatwa) of jurists on questions presented to them. Thus, whereas sharia is considered immutable and infallible by Muslims, fiqh is considered fallible and changeable. Fiqh deals with the observance of rituals, morals and social legislation in Islam as well as economic and political system. In the modern era, there are four prominent schools (madh'hab) of fiqh within Sunni practice, plus two within Shi'a practice. A person trained in fiqh is known as a faqīh.
The Hanbali school is one of the four major traditional Sunni schools (madhahib) of Islamic jurisprudence. It is named after the Arab scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal, and was institutionalized by his students. The Hanbali madhhab is the smallest of four major Sunni schools, the others being the Hanafi, Maliki and Shafi`i.
The Maliki school is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. It was founded by Malik ibn Anas in the 8th century. The Maliki school of jurisprudence relies on the Quran and hadiths as primary sources. Unlike other Islamic fiqhs, Maliki fiqh also considers the consensus of the people of Medina to be a valid source of Islamic law.
Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥammad ibn Idrīs ash-Shāfiʿī was a Muslim theologian, writer, and scholar, who was one of the first contributors of the principles of Islamic jurisprudence. Often referred to as 'Shaykh al-Islām', al-Shāfi‘ī was one of the four great Sunni Imams, whose legacy on juridical matters and teaching eventually led to the formation of Shafi'i school of fiqh. He was the most prominent student of Imam Malik ibn Anas, and he also served as the Governor of Najar. Born in Palestine, he also lived in Mecca and Medina in the Hejaz, Yemen, Egypt, and Baghdad in Iraq.
The Muwaṭṭaʾ or Muwatta Imam Malik of Imam Malik (711–795) written in the 8th-century, is one of the earliest collections of hadith texts comprising the subjects of Islamic law, compiled by the Imam, Malik ibn Anas. Malik's best-known work, Al-Muwatta was the first legal work to incorporate and combine hadith and fiqh.
Dhia' ul-Dīn 'Abd al-Malik ibn Yūsuf al-Juwaynī al-Shafi'ī was a Persian Sunni scholar famous for being the foremost leading jurisconsult, legal theoretician and Islamic theologian of his time. His name is commonly abbreviated as al-Juwayni; he is also commonly referred to as Imam al Haramayn meaning "leading master of the two holy cities", that is, Mecca and Medina. He acquired the status of a mujtahid in the field of fiqh and usul al-fiqh. Highly celebrated as one of the most important and influential thinkers in the Shafi'i school of orthodox Sunni jurisprudence, he was considered as the virtual second founder of the Shafi'i school, after its first founder Imam al-Shafi'i. He was also considered a major figurehead within the Ash'ari school of theology where he was ranked equal to the founder, Imam al-Ash'ari. He was given the honorific titles of Shaykh of Islam, The Glory of Islam, The Absolute Imam of all Imams.
Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Mūsā al-Shāṭibī was an Andalusí Sunni Islamic legal scholar following the Maliki madhab. He died in 1388 in Granada. Imam Shatibi's full name was "Ibrahim bin Mosa bin Muhammad al-Shatibi al-Gharnati". His family descended from the Banu Lakhm. His kunya was "Abu Ishaq", and his surnames were "Al-Lakhmi", "Al-Gharnati", "Al-Maliki" and "As-Shatibi". The date and place of his birth are unknown. However, one of his surnames, "As-Shatibi", points to the city Xàtiva, which indicates that he was a descendant of migrants from that town.
Abū Muṣʿab Aḥmad ibn Abī Bakr al-Qāsim ibn al-Ḥārith al-Zuhri, 767–856 CE / 150–242 AH, was a Muslim scholar and judge who was a student of Malik ibn Anas.
ʿIyāḍ ibn Mūsā (1083–1149), was a Maghrebi Sunni polymath and considered the leading scholar in maliki fiqh and hadith in his time. He was a prominent theologian, historian, poet, and genealogist.
Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn 'Arafa al-Disūqī known as ad-Desouki or ad-Dusuqi was a prominent late jurist in the Maliki school from Desouk in modern-day Egypt.
'Abu Bakr Muhammad at-Turtushi, better known as At-Turtushi was one of the most prominent Andalusian political philosophers of the twelfth century. His book Kitāb Sirāj al-Mulūk was one of the most important works of political theory to be produced in the medieval Islamic world. At-Turtushi was also an accomplished jurist in the Maliki school.
Muhammad ibn al-Hassan al-Bannani, more commonly referred to in books of Islamic law as al-Bannani or Imam al-Banani, was an 18th-century Muslim jurist from Fes, Morocco, and a scholar in the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh).
Muhammad Abu 'Abd Allah ibn Muhammad at-Tarabulsi al-Hattab al-Ru'yani, more commonly referred to in Islamic scholarship as al-Hattab or Imam al-Hattab, was a 16th-century CE Muslim jurist from Tripoli, the capital of modern-day Libya. Al-Hattab was a scholar of the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). His book Mawahib al-Jalil, which was one of the first major commentaries on Khalil's Mukhtassar, is considered one of the best and most thorough commentaries in the Maliki school of law.
Ali ibn Ziyad at-Tarabulsi al-'Absi, more commonly referred to in Islamic scholarship as Ali ibn Ziyad or Imam al-Tarabulsi, was an 8th-century CE Libyan Muslim jurist from Tripoli. Ibn Ziyad was an important early scholar of the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and a companion of Imam Malik. Ali ibn Ziyad was responsible for bringing the Muwatta of Imam Malik to Ifriqiya. He died in 799 CE and is buried in the remains of the Silsila Cemetery in the Qasba quarter of Tunis's medina (old-town).
Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Omar ibn Muhammad al-Tamimi al-Maziri, simply known as Al-Maziri or as Imam al-Maziri and Imam al-Mazari, was an important Arab Muslim jurist in the Maliki school of Sunni Islamic Law. He was one of the most important figures in the school and his opinions are well known and respected to this day. Al-Maziri was one of four jurists whose positions were held as authoritative by Khalil ibn Ishaq in his Mukhtassar, which is the most important of the later texts in the relied upon positions of the school. It is for this reason that he is referred to simply as al-Imam within the Maliki school.
Imam Sheikh Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Jamal al-Din Abdullah bin Ali al-Kharshi al-Maliki, historical name Muhammad al-Kharashi) was an Egyptian cleric, author and Islamic scholar who was reportedly the first Grand Imam of the Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo.
Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Tabbani, also known as Abu Hamid ibn Marzuq was an Algerian Maliki jurist (faqih), Ash'ari theologian, Hadith scholar (muhaddith), historian (mu'arrikh), and a genealogist (nassāba), who was the Imam of the Great Mosque in Mecca in his time.
