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Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product of these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans is an extremely thermophilic anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium that has the interesting property of producing hydrogen as a waste product while feeding on carbon monoxide and water. It also forms endospores.
Klebsiella aerogenes, previously known as Enterobacter aerogenes, is a Gram-negative, oxidase negative, catalase positive, citrate positive, indole negative, rod-shaped bacterium. The bacterium is approximately 1–3 microns in length, and is capable of motility via peritrichous flagella.
Pigmentiphaga litoralis is a gram-negative, oxidase and catalase-positive, facultatively anaerobic non-spore-forming, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium from the genus Pigmentiphaga, which was isolated from a tidal flat sediment in the South China Sea in China. Colonies of P. litoralis are yellow colored.
Caminibacter hydrogeniphilus is a species of thermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium. It is anaerobic, rod-shaped, motile and has polar flagella. The type strain is AM1116T.
Ethanoligenens harbinense is a strictly anaerobic bacterium. It is Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, mesophilic and motile, its cells being regular rods. Its type strain is YUAN-3T.
Kaistia granuli is a Gram-negative, chemoorganotrophic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Kaistia which has been isolated from sludge from a wastewater treatment plant in Gongju in Korea.
Mucilaginibacter antarcticus is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, anaerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Mucilaginibacter which has been isolated from soil near Antarctic Peninsula.
Acetobacteroides is a bacterial genus from the family of Williamwhitmaniaceae with one known species.
Dysgonomonas macrotermitis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Dysgonomonas which has been isolated from the hindgut from the termite Macrotermes barneyi.
Macellibacteroides fermentans is a non-spore-forming, obligately anaerobic, rod-shaped and mesophilic bacterium from the genus of Macellibacteroides which has been isolated from an upflow anaerobic filter fore treating abattoir wastewaters in Tunisia.
Paludibacter propionicigenes is a Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Paludibacter which has been isolated from rice plant residue in Yamagata on Japan. Paludibacter propionicigenes produces propionate and acetate from glucose fermentation and is classified as a saccharolytic fermenter.
Clostridium amylolyticum is a Gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, mesophilic, amylolytic and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus Clostridium which has been isolated from UASB granules in China.
Clostridium bornimense is an anaerobic, mesophilic and hydrogen-producing bacterium from the genus Clostridium which has been isolated from a biogas reactor in Germany.
Clostridium carboxidivorans is a Gram-positive anaerobic, spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus Clostridium which has been isolated from an agricultural lagoon in Oklahoma in the United States.
Clostridium cavendishii is a Gram-positive, aerotolerant, anaerobic, spore-forming and motile hydrogen-producing bacterium from the genus Clostridium which has been isolated from contaminated groundwater in the United States.
Clostridium hydrogeniformans is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, hydrogen-producing, spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus Clostridium which has been isolated from groundwater in the United States.
Caloranaerobacter is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, anaerobic and chemoorganotrophic bacterial genus from the family of Clostridiaceae.
Bilophila wadsworthia is a Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic, catalase-positive, bile-resistant, and asaccharolytic bacillus. Approximately 75% of B. wadsworthia strains are urease positive. B. wadsworthia is linked to various diseases and is not well known due to frequent misidentification of the bacteria, and the National Center for Biotechnology Information is including it the phylum of Proteobacteria. The two unique characteristics of B. wadsworthia are the utilisation of the sulfated amino acid taurine in the production of hydrogen sulfide and the rapid catalase reaction. This bacterium is susceptible to the β-lactam antibiotics imipenem, cefoxitin, and ticarcillin.
References
- 1 2 Parte, A.C. "Acetobacteroides". LPSN .
- ↑ "Acetobacteroides hydrogenigenes Taxon Passport - StrainInfo". www.straininfo.net. Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
- ↑ "Acetobacteroides hydrogenigenes". www.uniprot.org.
- 1 2 "Details: DSM-24657". www.dsmz.de.
- ↑ Su, X.-L.; Tian, Q.; Zhang, J.; Yuan, X.-Z.; Shi, X.-S.; Guo, R.-B.; Qiu, Y.-L. (4 June 2014). "Acetobacteroides hydrogenigenes gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic hydrogen-producing bacterium in the family Rikenellaceae isolated from a reed swamp". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 64 (Pt 9): 2986–2991. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.063917-0 . PMID 24899658.
