Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans. This applies to industries that generate wastewater with high concentrations of organic matter, toxic pollutants or nutrients such as ammonia. Some industries install a pre-treatment system to remove some pollutants, and then discharge the partially treated wastewater to the municipal sewer system.
Mycoremediation is a form of bioremediation in which fungi-based remediation methods are used to decontaminate the environment. Fungi have been proven to be a cheap, effective and environmentally sound way for removing a wide array of contaminants from damaged environments or wastewater. These contaminants include heavy metals, organic pollutants, textile dyes, leather tanning chemicals and wastewater, petroleum fuels, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, pesticides and herbicides in land, fresh water, and marine environments.
Magnetospirillum is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic genus of magnetotactic bacteria, first isolated from pond water by the microbiologist R. P. Blakemore in 1975. They have a spiral (helical) shape and are propelled by a polar flagellum at each end of their cells. The three main species identified are M. magnetotacticum strain MS-1, M. griphiswaldense strain MSR-1, and M. magneticum strain AMB-1.
Rhodopseudomonas is a genus of bacteria from the family Nitrobacteraceae.
Wet Processing Engineering is one of the major streams in Textile Engineering or Textile manufacturing which refers to the engineering of textile chemical processes and associated applied science. The other three streams in textile engineering are yarn engineering, fabric engineering, and apparel engineering. The processes of this stream are involved or carried out in an aqueous stage. Hence, it is called a wet process which usually covers pre-treatment, dyeing, printing, and finishing.
Hydrogenophaga bisanensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium from the Comamonadaceae family, which was isolated from wastewater from a textile dye works in Korea. Colonies of H. bisanensis are moderate yellow in color.
Acinetobacter haemolyticus is a species of bacterium. Its type strain is ATCC 17906. It is potentially pathogenic.
Rhodoferax is a genus of Betaproteobacteria belonging to the purple nonsulfur bacteria. Originally, Rhodoferax species were included in the genus Rhodocyclus as the Rhodocyclus gelatinous-like group. The genus Rhodoferax was first proposed in 1991 to accommodate the taxonomic and phylogenetic discrepancies arising from its inclusion in the genus Rhodocyclus. Rhodoferax currently comprises four described species: R. fermentans, R. antarcticus, R. ferrireducens, and R. saidenbachensis. R. ferrireducens, lacks the typical phototrophic character common to two other Rhodoferax species. This difference has led researchers to propose the creation of a new genus, Albidoferax, to accommodate this divergent species. The genus name was later corrected to Albidiferax. Based on geno- and phenotypical characteristics, A. ferrireducens was reclassified in the genus Rhodoferax in 2014. R. saidenbachensis, a second non-phototrophic species of the genus Rhodoferax was described by Kaden et al. in 2014.
Acinetobacter rudis is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic bacterium from the genus Acinetobacter isolated from raw milk and wastewater.
Acinetobacter tjernbergiae is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic bacterium from the genus Acinetobacter isolated from a wastewater treatment plant.
Shewanella decolorationis is a gram-negative, dye-decolorizing bacterium first isolated from activated sludge of a waste-water treatment plant. It is motile by means of a single polar flagellum. The type strain is S12T. Its genome has been sequenced.
Mucilaginibacter defluvii is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Mucilaginibacter which has been isolated from a dye wastewater treatment facility in Korea.
Sphingobacterium pakistanense is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from the rhizosphere of the plant Vigna mungo in Pakistan. Sphingobacterium pakistanense is a plant growth promoting bacterium.
Cellulomonas pakistanensis is a plant-growth-promoting, facultatively anaerobic, moderately halotolerant rod-shaped and motile bacterium from the genus Cellulomonas which has been isolated from paddy grains from the National Agricultural Research Centre in Pakistan.
Nocardioides pakistanensis is a Gram-positive and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus Nocardioides which has been isolated from water from the hot spring Tatta Pani in Pakistan.
Acinetobacter celticus is a psychrotolerant bacterium from the genus of Acinetobacter which occurs in soil and water.
Microvirga pakistanensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, strictly aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Microvirga which has been isolated from desert soil from Cholistan desert in Pakistan.
Brevundimonas abyssalis is a Gram-negative, alkali tolerant, psychrotolerant, aerobic, dimorphic prosthecate and heterotrophic bacterium from the genus of Brevundimonas which has been isolated from deep-sea floor sediments from Japan.
Kushneria pakistanensis is a Gram-negative, moderately halophilic, rod-shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Kushneria which has been isolated from the rhizosphere of the grass Saccharum spontaneum from the Karak district in Pakistan.
