Ahmad Shah I آحمد شاه | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sultan of Pahang | |||||||||
Reign | 1475–1495 | ||||||||
Predecessor | Muhammad Shah | ||||||||
Successor | Mansur Shah I Abdul Jamil I | ||||||||
Born | Malacca | ||||||||
Died | 1519 | ||||||||
Issue | Raja Mansur Raja Putri Olah | ||||||||
| |||||||||
House | Malacca | ||||||||
Father | Mansur Shah | ||||||||
Mother | Putri Wanang Sri Lela Wangsa | ||||||||
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Sultan Ahmad Shah I ibni Almarhum Sultan Mansur Shah (died 1519) [1] was the second Sultan of Pahang from 1475 to 1495. [2] He succeeded his younger brother, Muhammad Shah as sultan after the latter's death by poisoning in 1475. [3] During his reign, relations between Pahang and its Malaccan overlord, deteriorated greatly, as a result of Sultan Ahmad's resentment towards his half-brother Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah of Malacca. Under Sultan Ahmad's rule, Pahang became increasingly unstable with Sultan Ahmad abdicating around 1495, in favour of his son, Raja Mansur. [2]
Sultan Ahmad was known as Raja Ahmad before his accession. He was the eldest of two sons of the sixth Sultan of Malacca, Mansur Shah by his wife Putri Wanang Sri Lela Wangsa, daughter of Dewa Sura, the last Pre-Malaccan ruler of Pahang, who was also a relative of the King of Ligor. [4] Both his mother and grandfather were captured and presented to the Sultan of Malacca after the conquest of Pahang in 1454. [5]
In 1470, his younger brother Raja Muhammad was banished from Malacca for committing murder, and was installed as the Sultan of Pahang. Soon afterwards, Raja Ahmad also left Malacca for Pahang after being installed as heir to the Pahangese throne by his father. It is speculated that this appointment was consolation after he had been passed over from the succession of the Malaccan throne [3] as his younger half-brother, Raja Husain was installed as the heir instead. [6] This event led to Raja Ahmad resenting his half-brother, leading to cold relations between both states during his reign. [2]
Sultan Ahmad married a daughter of Bendahara Tun Hamzah, and by her, had a son, Raja Mansur. [5]
The Bustanus Salatin records that Raja Ahmad succeeded his younger brother Muhammad as Sultan of Pahang, who, according to the Portuguese records, died of poisoning in 1475. [3] Two years later in 1477, following the death of their father Mansur Shah, his half-brother, Raja Husain ascended the Malaccan throne and took the title Alauddin Riayat Shah. [3] Relations between Malacca and Pahang deteriorated shortly after his accession. [2]
The Malay Annals narrates the event when Sultan Ahmad became furious after learning that, the head of the neighboring Terengganu chieftaincy, Tun Telanai, had recognised the overlordship of Malacca and paid his obeisance to Sultan Alauddin, without his knowledge. On the return of Tun Telanai to Terengganu, he was murdered by the head of Pahang Hulubalang, Seri Akar Raja, who later established his control over the chieftaincy. [3] The family of Tun Telanai complained about the matter to Sultan Alauddin, who later viewed the murder as an insult aimed directly at him. He initially wanted to go to war with Pahang but was later calmed by his ministers. Alauddin later exacted revenge when a Malaccan mission to Pahang, attacked and killed a cousin of Seri Akar Raja. [7]
Sultan Alauddin died in 1488 died at Pagoh on the Muar River. Rumours spread that the he was assassinated by poisoning, and among those implicated was Sultan Ahmad. The other potential perpetrators included the chief of Inderagiri, Raja Merlang, who lived in Malacca and had married Raja Bakal, the half-sister of Sultan Alauddin. [7] Sultan Alauddin was succeeded by his son Mahmud Shah who – because of the rumours surrounding the death of his father – had developed a strong animosity towards his uncle in Pahang. He would later become directly involved in a conflict with Sultan Ahmad, when he ordered the abduction of a beautiful Pahang noblewoman, Tun Teja, who was betrothed to the Pahang ruler. [6] Tun Teja was eventually won over and brought to Malacca to marry Sultan Mahmud. [8]
Sultan Ahmad was bitter over the slights and insults from Malacca and particularly took offense to Mahmud Shah's abduction of Tun Teja. Unable to get reveange and shamed before his subjects, he abdicated in favour of his very young son, Raja Mansur. The new ruler was placed under the guardianship of his cousins, the three sons of Muhammad Shah. In describing Ahmad Shah's life after the abdication, the Malay Annals noted: "his highness went upstream for so long as the royal drums could be heard; when he came to Lubuk Pelang (in present-day Jerantut constituency) there he resided, and the sound of the drums was no longer heard. He went into religious seclusion; he it is whom people call Marhum Syeikh." [6]
These events took place around 1495. Accounts in the Malay Annals relates it to the reign of Sultan Abdul Jamil instead of Sultan Ahmad, but scholars are in agreement that it was Sultan Ahmad who actually went into religious seclusion, and died at Lubuk Pelang where his possible unnamed tomb is located. [6] [9] Sultan Abdul Jamil (also pronounced 'Abdul Jalil'), on the other hand, is believed to have reigned and died at Pekan, instead of Lubuk Pelang, based on the discovery of a tombstone with his name at Makam Ziarat Raja Raden, Pekan. [10]
Centuries later in 1862, the shrine of Marhum Syeikh at Lubuk Pelang became the location where Wan Ahmad, the future Sultan Ahmad of modern Pahang, took his vows before routing the remaining forces of Tun Mutahir in the Pahang Civil War. [11]
The Malacca Sultanate was a Malay sultanate based in the modern-day state of Malacca, Malaysia. Conventional historical thesis marks c. 1400 as the founding year of the sultanate by King of Singapura, Parameswara, also known as Iskandar Shah, although earlier dates for its founding have been proposed. At the height of the sultanate's power in the 15th century, its capital grew into one of the most important transshipment ports of its time, with territory covering much of the Malay Peninsula, the Riau Islands and a significant portion of the northern coast of Sumatra in present-day Indonesia.
Bendahara Paduka Raja Tun Perak was the fifth and most famous bendahara, a Malay rank similar to a prime minister, of the Sultanate of Malacca. He served under four sultans from 1456 to 1498. Early in his life, Perak was a soldier-statesman for Malaccan rulers. In 1445, he led the Malaccan army to victory by defeating Siamese invaders. As a result, he was made bendahara in 1456.
Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Mansur Shah was a sultan of the Malacca Sultanate from 1477 to 1488.
Sultan of Pahang is the title of the hereditary constitutional head of Pahang, Malaysia. The current sultan is Al-Sultan Abdullah ibni Sultan Ahmad Shah. He is the Head of Islam in the state and the source of all titles, honours and dignities in the state. Historically, the title was also used by rulers of the Old Pahang Sultanate.
Sultan Muhammad Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Mansur Shah (1455–1475) was the founder of the old Pahang Sultanate and reigned from 1470 to 1475. A former heir apparent to the Malaccan throne, he was banished by his father Mansur Shah for committing murder, following an incident in a Sepak Raga game and went into exile in Pahang and was later installed as its first sultan in 1470.
Sultan Abdul Jamil Shah I ibni Almarhum Sultan Muhammad Shah was the third Sultan of Pahang from 1495 to 1512. He was installed by Sultan Mahmud of Malacca in 1495 following the abdication of his uncle, Ahmad Shah I. Earlier, his cousin and son of Ahmad Shah, Mansur Shah succeeded his father at a young age. Abdul Jamil took the responsibility as a regent and exercised greater authority in the government. He reigned jointly with Mansur Shah until his death in 1512.
Sultan Mansur Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Ahmad Shah I was the fourth Sultan of Pahang who reigned from 1495 to 1519. He succeeded on the abdication of his father, Ahmad Shah I in 1495, and reigned jointly with his cousin, Abdul Jamil Shah I. He only assumed full control after the death of the latter in 1512.
Sultan Mahmud Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Muhammad Shah was the fifth Sultan of Pahang who reigned from 1519 to 1530. He succeeded on the death of his cousin, Mansur Shah I in 1519. His eleven years reign was marked with close relations with his namesake Mahmud Shah, the last ruler of Melaka, in supporting the latter's struggle against the Portuguese in Malacca, directly bringing Pahang into a number of armed conflicts with the European power.
Sultan Muzaffar Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Mahmud Shah was the sixth Sultan of Pahang who reigned from 1530 to 1540. He succeeded on the death of his father, Mahmud Shah in 1530. Known as Raja Muzaffar before his succession, he was the eldest son of the fifth Sultan of Pahang, Mahmud Shah by his first wife, Raja Putri Olah binti al-Marhum Sultan Ahmad.
Sultan Zainal Abidin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Mahmud Shah was the seventh Sultan of Pahang who reigned from 1540 to 1555. He succeeded on the death of his elder brother in 1540.
Sultan Mansur Shah II ibni Almarhum Sultan Zainal Abidin Shah is the eighth Sultan of Pahang who reigned from 1555 to 1560. He succeeded on the death of his father, Zainal Abidin Shah in 1555.
Sultan Abdul Ghafur Muhiuddin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Kadir Alauddin Shah was the 12th Sultan of Pahang who reigned from 1592 to 1614. He was originally appointed as regent for his younger half-brother of a royal mother, Ahmad Shah II after the death of their father in 1590. He subsequently deposed his charge and assumed power two years later.
Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Ghafur Muhiuddin Shah was the 13th Sultan of Pahang who reigned from 1614 to 1615. He seized the throne after killing his father, Abdul Ghafur Muhiuddin Shah and elder brother, the heir apparent Raja Abdullah. His name is identified based on the discovery of a treaty with his seal attached, in the Portuguese National Archives in Lisbon.
Paduka Sri Sultan ‘Abdu’l Jalil IV Ri’ayat Shah Zillu’llah fi al-’Alam bin Dato’ Bendahara Sri Maharaja Tun Habib Abdul Majid was the Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Johor and Pahang and their dependencies, who reigned from 1699 to 1718.
Mahmud Ri’ayat Shah Zilu’llah fil’Alam Khalifat ul-Muminin ibni al-Marhum Sultan ‘Abdu’l Jalil Shah was the 17th Sultan of Johor and Johor's dependencies who reigned from 1770 to 1811. Exercising little power over the sultanate where actual power was held under the Bugis court faction, the Tuhfat al-Nafis nevertheless mentions him as an able statesman who did what he could against insurmountable odds, while Abdullah Abdul Kadir attests to his good character.
Sri Paduka Dato' Bendahara Sri Maharaja Tun Ali ibni Almarhum Dato' Bendahara Paduka Raja Tun Koris was the 23rd and the last Bendahara of Johor Sultanate, and the fourth Raja Bendahara of the Pahang Kingdom who reigned from 1806 to 1857.
Dewa Sura was a ruler of the Old Pahang kingdom who reigned in the middle of the 15th century. His name was described in the Malay Annals as the last Maharaja of Pahang, whose kingdom was conquered by Malacca Sultanate.
The Pahang Sultanate also referred as the Old Pahang Sultanate, as opposed to the modern Pahang Sultanate, was a Malay Muslim state established in the eastern Malay Peninsula in the 15th century. At the height of its influence, the sultanate was an important power in Southeast Asia and controlled the entire Pahang basin, bordering the Pattani Sultanate to the north and the Johor Sultanate to the south. To the west, its jurisdiction extended over parts of modern-day Selangor and Negeri Sembilan.
The Pahang Kingdom was a Malay state that existed from 1770 to 1881, and is the immediate predecessor of the modern Malaysian state of Pahang. The kingdom came into existence with the consolidation of power by the Bendahara family in Pahang, following the gradual dismemberment of Johor Empire. A self rule was established in Pahang in the late 18th century, with Tun Abdul Majid declared as the first Raja Bendahara. The area around Pahang formed a part of the hereditary domains attached to this title and administered directly by the Raja Bendahara. The weakening of the Johor sultanate and the disputed succession to the throne was matched by an increasing independence of the great territorial magnates; the Bendahara in Pahang, the Temenggong in Johor and Singapore, and the Yamtuan Muda in Riau.
Raja Bendahara is a Malay title of monarch ruler in Pahang Kingdom that existed from 1770 to 1881. The title is a combination of the Sanskrit word Raja ('king') and 'Bendahara'. The successive Bendaharas of Johor Empire were ruling Pahang as a fief from the late 17th century. By the end of 18th century, the Bendahara emerged as an absolute ruler over the fief, carrying the title 'Raja', following the decentralisation of Sultan's power and the dismemberment of the empire.