Al-Hawl refugee camp

Last updated

The camp in October 2019 VOA in Al-Hol Camp, Syria, 17 October 2019.jpg
The camp in October 2019

The al-Hawl refugee camp (also al-Hol refugee camp [1] ) is a refugee camp on the southern outskirts of the town of al-Hawl in northern Syria, close to the Syria-Iraq border, which holds individuals displaced from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. [2] The camp is nominally controlled by the US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) but according to the U.S. Government, much of the camp is run by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant who use the camp for indoctrination and recruitment purposes. [3]

Contents

As of February 2021, the camp's population was more than 60,000 [4] having grown from 10,000 at the beginning of 2019 after the SDF took the last of the Islamic State's territory in Syria in the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani. [5] The refugees are women and children from many countries, primarily Syria and Iraq. [6]

As of mid-2023, the camp population had fallen below 50,000 due to repatriations. [7]

Background

The camp was originally established for Iraqi refugees in early 1991, during the Gulf War, [8] [9] and was later reopened after the 2003 invasion of Iraq as one of three camps at the Iraqi–Syrian border. [10]

Demographics

Population breakdown by nationality (as of 11 October 2020) [11]

While at the beginning of 2019 the camp held about 10,000 people its size increased dramatically with the collapse of ISIS. [5] By February 2021, the camp's population was estimated at more than 60,000. [4] An estimate in September 2019 indicated that the camp held about 20,000 women and 50,000 children from the former Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) guarded by 400 SDF militia fighters. [5]

Administration and conditions in the camp

In the context of the Syrian Civil War and the takeover of al-Hawl by the SDF, the camp, alongside the Ayn Issa refugee camp has become a center for refugees from the fighting between the SDF and ISIL during the SDF campaign in Deir ez-Zor and the camp held approximately 10,000 refugees in early December 2018. [12] In April 2018, a typhoid outbreak killed 24 people in the camp. [13]

During the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani in December 2018, the camp saw a massive influx of refugees in a series of massive civilian evacuations, with people fleeing the fierce fighting between the SDF and ISIL. Conditions along the road to the camp, including in screening centers for ISIL operatives, have been described as "extremely harsh" with limited food, water, shelter and no health services. As of 4 February 2019, at least 35 children and newborns had also reportedly died either en route or shortly after arriving in the camp, mostly due to hypothermia. Aid organizations feared dysentery and other diseases could break out from the overflowing camp. The UN stated that 84 people, mostly children, died on the way to al-Hawl since December 2018. Families of Daesh fighters are kept at a separate guarded section of the camp after repeated violent incidents between them and other members of the camp. [14] [15] [16] [17]

Voice of America report on the al-Hawl refugee camp, 7 February 2019

In February 2019, Zehra Duman, an Australian who married an Australian jihadi fighter shortly after her arrival, told her mother she and her two young children were living in the camp. [2] She told her mother that there was a terrible shortage of food, and she feared her six-month-old daughter would starve to death. In early 2019, pregnant ISIL member Shamima Begum was found in the al-Hawl camp. [18] [19] Her newborn son died within weeks of birth. [20] In March 2019, the former American citizen and former ISIL member Hoda Muthana and her 18-month-old son were also reported to be living in the camp. [21]

At least 100 people have died during the trip, or shortly after arriving at the camp since December 2018. [22]

In April 2019, women and girls at the camp told a female journalist, "Convert, convert!" urging her to recite the shahada. They told her, "If you became Muslim and cover (your body and face) like us and became a member of our religion, you would not be killed". Many of them prayed for the caliphate of ISIL to return. [23] The women justified the genocide of Yazidis by ISIL and ISIL's taking of Yazidi sex slaves. An Iraqi woman said, "If they don't convert to Islam and they don't become Muslim like us and worship Allah, then they deserve it." [24]

In a report published in April 2019, BBC journalist Quentin Sommerville described the camp as "an overflowing vessel of anger and unanswered questions," where some women "cling to their hate-fuelled ideology, others beg for a way out - a way home." Quentin quoted a Moroccan-Belgian woman, a former nurse who grabbed her niqab saying: "This is my choice. In Belgium I couldn't wear my niqab - this is my choice. Every religion did something wrong, show us the good." The woman saw there was no need to apologise for the IS attack in Brussels in 2016 and blamed the West and its air-strikes on Baghouz for their dire conditions. [25]

Refugees at the camp on 16 October 2019. VOA in Al-Hol Camp, Syria, 16 October 2019 01.jpg
Refugees at the camp on 16 October 2019.

A report in The Washington Post from September 2019 describes the increased radicalization within the camp where conditions are dismal, security lax, and people who do not follow ISIS ideology live in fear. [5]

On 28 November 2019, the Syrian Arab Red Crescent announced that over 36,000 of the camp's inhabitants had received aid from the organization at clinics established in the camp and via a mobile medical team there. [26] In October 2020, in an attempt to address the situation of the overpopulation of the camp, it was announced that the authorities of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES) decided to release all the Syrian nationals from the camp, which account for about half of the population of the camp. There would still remain over 25,000 Iraqi and 10,000 people from other nationalities in the refugee camp. [27]

In October 2020, SDF announced plans to free thousands of Syrians held at the Al-Hawl refugee camp. [28] The process was slow, at the beginning of 2022 there were still around 56,500 people living in the camp. [29]

During January and February 2021, 21 people were killed by cells of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant which was more than triple the number of people killed in recent months in what the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights described as the "Al-Hawl mini-state." [4] [30]

Repatriation efforts

Repatriation is difficult as many camp residents have become radicalized and pose a potential threat to their home country. [5] Sommerville indicated that "western governments prevaricate" or may not have plans to take people back. [25]

It was reported in September 2020 that Kurdish authorities had transferred 50 Australian nationals from al-Hawl camp to the smaller Roj camp where, it was claimed that there was more of a focus on re-education and rehabilitation. The Australian government has lacked the political will to repatriate its nationals from Syria in fear of bringing radicalized individuals into the country. [31]

Finland has said (as of Q3 2023) that it is unable to repatriate remaining children that have a Finnish parent mainly due to their mothers' lack of cooperation. [32]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Syriac Military Council</span> Assyrian/Syriac military organisation in Syria

The Syriac Military Council is an Assyrian/Syriac military organisation in Syria, part of the Syrian Democratic Forces. The establishment of the organisation was announced on 8 January 2013. According to the Syriac Military Council, the goal of the organisation is to stand up for the national rights of and to protect Assyrians in Syria. It operates mostly in the densely populated Assyrian areas of Al-Hasakah Governorate, and is affiliated to the Syriac Union Party.

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) is proscribed as a terrorist organisation by the United Kingdom. British citizens have fought as members of the group, and there has been political debate on how to punish them. On 26 September 2014, Parliament voted to begin Royal Air Force airstrikes against ISIL in northern Iraq at the request of the Iraqi government, which began four days later, using Tornado GR4 jets. On 2 December 2015, the UK Parliament authorised an extension to the Royal Air Force airstrike campaign, joining the US-led international coalition against ISIL in Syria. Hours after the vote, Royal Air Force Tornado jets began bombing ISIL-controlled oilfields.

The condition of human rights in the territory controlled by the Islamic State (IS) is considered to be among the worst in the world. The Islamic State's policies included acts of genocide, torture and slavery. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) stated in November 2014 that the Islamic State "seeks to subjugate civilians under its control and dominate every aspect of their lives through terror, indoctrination, and the provision of services to those who obey". Many Islamic State actions of extreme criminality, terror, recruitment and other activities have been documented in the Middle East.

The Bethnal Green trio are Amira Abase, Shamima Begum, and Kadiza Sultana, three British girls who attended the Bethnal Green Academy in London before leaving home in February 2015 to join the Islamic State. According to the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, they were among an estimated 550 women and girls from Western countries who had travelled to join IS—part of what some have called "a jihadi, girl-power subculture", the so-called Brides of ISIL. As of 2024, one girl has been reported killed (Sultana), one girl has been stripped of her British citizenship and denied re-entry into the country (Begum) while the third's fate is unknown (Abase).

Al-Hawl, also spelled al-Hole, al-Hol, al-Hool and al-Houl, is a town in eastern al-Hasakah Governorate, northeastern Syria, under control of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria. It is the administrative center of the Al-Hawl Subdistrict consisting of 22 municipalities. At the 2004 census, the town had a population of 3,409. Al-Hawl is the site of the Al-Hawl refugee camp.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 al-Hawl offensive</span> Offensive during the Syrian Civil War

The 2015 al-Hawl offensive was an offensive launched by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) during the Syrian Civil War, in order to capture the strategic town of al-Hawl and the surrounding countryside from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). The offensive consisted of separate operations in three different areas: Tell Brak, al-Hawl, and the southern al-Hasakah city countryside.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)</span> Battle in 2016, during the Syrian civil war

The al-Shaddadi offensive (2016), also known as Operation Wrath of Khabur, was an offensive launched by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) during the Syrian Civil War, in February 2016. The main goal of this offensive was to capture the strategic city of Al-Shaddadi and the remainder of the southern al-Hasakah Governorate from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). During the offensive, the US-led coalition conducted more than 86 airstrikes in Al-Shaddadi and the nearby areas, in support of the SDF advances.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)</span> Raid by ISIS

The Battle of Tel Abyad was a raid by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant on the YPG-held town of Tell Abyad at the end of February 2016, during the Syrian Civil War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)</span> Military operation by Syrian Democratic Forces during the Syrian Civil War

The Deir ez-Zor campaign, codenamed the al-Jazeera Storm campaign, was a military operation launched by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in Syria's Deir ez-Zor Governorate in 2017 during the Syrian Civil War with the goal of capturing territory in eastern Syria, particularly east and north of the Euphrates river. The U.S.-led Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF–OIR) anti-ISIL coalition provided extensive air support while SDF personnel composed the majority of the ground forces; OIR special forces and artillery units were also involved in the campaign.

Al-Baghuz Fawqani is a town in Syria, located in Abu Kamal District, Deir ez-Zor. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Al-Baghuz Fawqani had a population of 10,649 in the 2004 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Syria insurgency</span> Armed insurgency

The Eastern Syria insurgency is an armed insurgency being waged by remnants of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and both pro and anti-Syrian government Arab nationalist insurgents, against the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES), its military, and their allies in the US-led Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF–OIR) coalition.

The following is a timeline of the Syrian Civil War from January to April 2019. Information about aggregated casualty counts is found at Casualties of the Syrian Civil War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Baghuz Fawqani</span> Battle during the Syrian Civil War involving the Islamic State and Syrian Democratic Forces

The Battle of Baghuz Fawqani was an offensive by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), assisted by Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF-OIR) coalition airstrikes, artillery, and special forces personnel, that began on 9 February 2019 as part of the Deir ez-Zor campaign of the Syrian Civil War. The battle—which was composed of a series of ground assaults—took place in and around the Syrian town of Al-Baghuz Fawqani in the Middle Euphrates River Valley near the Iraq–Syria border, and was the territorial last stand of the Islamic State (IS) in eastern Syria.

Shamima Begum is a British-born woman who entered Syria to join the ISIS terrorist group at the age of 15 and was consequently stripped of UK citizenship. As of 2024, she was living in al-Roj detention camp in Syria.

Hoda Muthana is a U.S.-born Yemeni woman who emigrated from the United States to Syria to join ISIS in November 2014. She surrendered in January 2019 to coalition forces fighting ISIS in Syria and has been denied access back to the United States after a U.S. court ruling rejected her claim to American citizenship. When she was born, her father was a Yemeni diplomat, making her ineligible for American citizenship by birth.

Beginning in 2012, dozens of girls and women traveled to Iraq and Syria to join the Islamic State (IS), becoming brides of Islamic State fighters. While some traveled willingly, others were brought to Iraq and Syria as minors by their parents or family or forcefully.

Zehra Duman is an Australian-born Turkish woman who travelled to Daesh territory where she married a jihadi fighter. Born in Melbourne, Duman is reported to have been a friend of Tara Nettleton and Khaled Sharrouf, who travelled from Australia to Daesh territory, with their five children, in 2014. Duman's online recruiting activities have been the subject of scholarly attention.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of US intervention in the Syrian civil war</span>

The US intervention in the Syrian civil war is the United States-led support of Syrian opposition and the Federation of Northern Syria during the course of the Syrian Civil War and active military involvement led by the United States and its allies — the militaries of the United Kingdom, France, Jordan, Turkey, Canada, Australia and more — against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and al-Nusra Front since 2014. Since early 2017, the U.S. and other Coalition partners have also targeted the Syrian government and its allies via airstrikes and aircraft shoot-downs.

<i>Begum v Home Secretary</i> 2021 Supreme Court of the United Kingdom case

Begum v Home Secretary [2021] UKSC 7 is the short name of three closely connected proceedings considered together in the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, R v Special Immigration Appeals Commission; R v Secretary of State for the Home Department; and Begum v Secretary of State for the Home Department, concerning Shamima Begum, a woman born in the United Kingdom who at the age of 15 travelled to Syria to join the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS). Her intention to return to England in 2019 resulted in a public debate about the handling of returning jihadists.

The following is a timeline of the Syrian civil war for 2022. Information about aggregated casualty counts is found in Casualties of the Syrian civil war.

References

  1. Sommerville, Quentin (12 April 2019). "The women and children no-one wants". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  2. 1 2 Naima Brown (28 February 2019). "EXCLUSIVE: Mother of Australian 'IS bride' begs government 'please bring my daughter home'". Dateline . Archived from the original on 12 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019. Now, she is believed to be waiting alongside fellow former IS brides British Shemima Begum and American Hoda Muthana in Al-Hol, a makeshift camp for displaced people in Syria and is hoping to come home to Australia.
  3. "Islamic State down but not out in Syria and Iraq: Pentagon report", AL MONITOR, 26 November 2021, https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/11/islamic-state-down-not-out-syria-and-iraq-pentagon-report
  4. 1 2 3 "Syria refugee camp 'womb' for new generation of IS extremists as killings surge". Sky News. 18 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021 via www.news.sky.com.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Louisa Loveluck, Souad Mekhennet (3 September 2019). "At a sprawling tent camp in Syria, ISIS women impose a brutal rule". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  6. Wintour, Patrick (12 March 2019). "Ministers urged to help UK families of foreign fighters in Syria". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077. Archived from the original on 18 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  7. Spyer, Jonathan (5 April 2024). "ISIS has implemented their rule of terror: A report from the Al-Hawl camp in Syria". Archived from the original on 7 May 2024.
  8. World Refugee Report. Washington D.C.: Bureau for refugee programs, Department of state. 1992. p. 158.
  9. Third World Institute, ed. (2005). The World Guide: A View from the South 2005/06. Oxfam. p. 533. ISBN   978-1-904456-11-7.
  10. Mohsen Moh'd Saleh, ed. (2007). The Palestinian Strategic Report 2007. Beirut: Al-Zaytouna Center. p. 357. ISBN   978-9953-500-676 . Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  11. "Syrian Arab Republic: North East Syria: Al Hol camp As of 11 October 2020". ReliefWeb. 11 October 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  12. Francesca Paris (31 January 2019). "WHO Warns Of Dire Conditions, Deaths Of Children At Refugee Camp In Syria". National Public Radio . Archived from the original on 13 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019. At least 29 children and newborns have died over the past two months in or on their way to the al-Hol refugee camp in northeastern Syria, the World Health Organization says, as the camp struggles to deal with cold winter conditions and an influx of displaced people.
  13. "By the Beginning of April 2018, 24 Deaths of Typhoid were Recorded in the Camp, mostly Women and Children, Besides 269 Infections". Syrians for Truth and Justice . 30 April 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  14. "At least 84 die fleeing Daesh in Deir Ezzor in east Syria: UN". Arab News . Geneva. 1 March 2019. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019. At least 84 people, two thirds of them children, have died since December on their way to Al-Hol camp in northeastern Syria after fleeing Daesh in the Deir Ezzor region, the United Nations said on Friday.
  15. "Flash Update 1: Displacement from Hajin, Deir-ez-Zor Governorate". UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 4 February 2019. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019. The camp currently hosts more than 35,000 people and has largely surpassed its maximum capacity. Since 22 January 2019, some 10,000 people have arrived at the camp, straining response capacities.
  16. Romeo Langlois, James Andre (8 February 2019). "FRANCE 24 exclusive: The battle-hardened foreign jihadi brides trapped in Syria". France 24 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019. Almost all of the women in the Kurdish-controlled al-Hol camp in northeastern Syria are foreign nationals who travelled to Syria at the height of the IS group's so-called caliphate. They are held in a fenced-off area away from the other camp residents.
  17. "After the caliphate: Has IS been defeated?". 7 February 2019. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  18. Sophia Evans (8 March 2019). "ISIS bride Shamima Begum's baby son 'dies in Syria'". The Mirror (UK) . Archived from the original on 9 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019. In recent weeks, Begum was said to have fled the al-Hawl camp with Jarrah to another squalid base after a 'price was put on her head'.
  19. Bradley Jolly (8 March 2019). "Shamima Begum: Inside 'village of the damned' camp where pregnant IS bride lived". The Mirror (UK) . Archived from the original on 9 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019. Shamima was one of around 33,000 women and children who fled to the al-Hawl refugee camp in northern Syria.
  20. Eliza Mackintosh and Hamdi Alkhshali (8 March 2019). "British ISIS bride Shamima Begum's baby died in Syria". CNN. Archived from the original on 10 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  21. Rukmini Callimachi, Catherine Porter (19 February 2019). "2 American Wives of ISIS Militants Want to Return Home". The New York Times . Al-Hawl Refugee Camp, Syria. p. A1. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. She surrendered last month to the coalition forces fighting ISIS, and now spends her days as a detainee in a refugee camp in northeastern Syria.
  22. "Syria's Al Hol Camp: Families in Desperate Need". 22 March 2019. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  23. "'We Pray For The Caliphate To Return': ISIS Families Crowd Into Syrian Camps". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019.
  24. "'We Pray For The Caliphate To Return': ISIS Families Crowd Into Syrian Camps". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Asked about the Yazidi minority, which ISIS targeted with a campaign of genocide, the women shout: "Devil worshippers!" Misconceptions about the ancient Yazidi religion have led to dozens of massacres over the centuries. When ISIS took over a third of Iraq in 2014, thousands of Yazidis were killed or captured as sex slaves.
  25. 1 2 "Islamic State: The women and children no one wants". BBC. 12 April 2019. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  26. @SYRedCrescent (28 November 2019). "For 9 months now, 36.993 people in Al-Hol #Camp #northeast #Syria received medical services by @SYRedCrescent #clinics and #medical mobile team" (Tweet). Retrieved 21 June 2023 via Twitter.
  27. "Kurdish-led authorities to remove Syrians from al-Hol camp". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  28. "The SDF Seeks a Path Toward Durable Stability in North East Syria". reliefweb.int/. 25 November 2020.
  29. "The New Humanitarian – Leaving Syria's notorious al-Hol camp, civilians find little to go home to – Rojava Information Center". rojavainformationcenter.com. 16 January 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  30. "21 murders so far in 2021 | Iraqi refugee shot dead in "Al-Hawl mini-state" • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights . 20 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  31. "Australian families at al-Hawl camp moved by Kurdish authorities". 16 September 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  32. https://yle.fi/a/74-20043690. YLE.fi. Retrieved 2023-08-05

Further reading

36°22′32″N41°08′55″E / 36.3755°N 41.1485°E / 36.3755; 41.1485