Alan R. Emery

Last updated
Alan R. Emery
Alan Emery photographer.jpg
Born
Alan Roy Emery

February 1939 (age 85)
Trinidad, WI
NationalityCanadian
Alma mater University of Toronto
McGill University
University of Miami
Occupation(s)marine biologist, environmental researcher, museum professional
SpouseFrances Emery (nee Ruttan)

Alan R. Emery (born February 1939) is a Canadian marine biologist, museum professional, environmental researcher, documentary writer, and photographer/videographer. [1] He is currently CEO of KIVU Nature Inc. [2] and founding member of the Stable Climate group. [3] Alan Emery was a research scientist with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (1968-1972), curator of Ichthyology and Herpetology at the Royal Ontario Museum (1969-1983), and director/president of the Canadian Museum of Nature (1983-1996, retired). [1] Emery has researched and published in ichthyology, marine science, museum management, traditional environmental knowledge, and climate change science. He is also a nature photographer, [4] videographer, and documentary writer. [5] He is recognized for his work on marine and freshwater fishes, particularly coral reef and damselfish ecology, his role as director/president overseeing transitions in the history of the Canadian Museum of Nature, for creating guidelines for best practice in the collaborative integration of Traditional Environmental Knowledge into environmental science and management decisions, and for his work on environmental impacts and climate change.

Contents

Early life and education

Alan R. Emery was born in 1939 in Pointe-à-Pierre, Trinidad, West Indies, of Canadian parents, Roy W. and Ruth I. (nee Jackson), the eldest of three children.[ citation needed ] Alan Emery received his Bachelor of Science at the University of Toronto [6] and his Master of Science at McGill University in Montreal in 1964 with a study of ocean currents and their role in distributing larval marine organisms in the Caribbean. [7] He received his Ph.D. in 1968 from the School of Marine Sciences at the University of Miami in Florida. [1] His doctoral research included studies of the ecology and evolution of coral reefs with special emphasis on damselfish. [8]

Career

Emery's work as an ichthyologist began with his graduate years, [9] and many of the fishes he collected as a doctoral student at the University of Miami are now curated in the Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida where the University of Miami ichthyological collections were transferred in the 1970s. [10] Emery and UM colleagues named several new species, for example, the Cirrhilabrus rubrisquamis Randall & Emery, 1983. [11]

Emery began his professional career as a research scientist with the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, where he was in charge of exploratory fisheries (1964-1965), and later with the Department of Lands and Forests, Ministry of Natural Resources in Ontario (1968-1974) [1] where he documented the impact of nuclear power generating-station runoff on the environment, [12] the impact of oil runoff on the Canadian Great Lakes, [13] and the structure of Canadian shield lakes. [14] While working as a senior scientist for the Sublimnos project, the first Canadian underwater habitat placed for open science research in the waters of Tobermory, Georgian Bay, [15] [16] he was the first to report the "thermal pollution" impacts of a 100 ft high natural seiche intrusion. [17] Emery was also one of the first to reveal under-ice overwintering by frogs in Ontario. [18]

Curator, Royal Ontario Museum

From 1969-1974, he was a research associate with the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), and in 1974, he became assistant curator of Ichthyology there and adjunct assistant professor at the University of Toronto until 1983. [1] As curator, he conducted field and laboratory work on fish taxonomy, evolution, and ecology, describing the impact of various environmental and population factors on species richness in arctic, boreal, and tropical lakes and marine environments. [19] [20] His early work on fish communication and the effect of depth on underwater photography was innovative, [21] as was his development of a method for setting and photographing fish specimens in the field. [22]

Emery's 1979 expedition to the Chagos Archipelago, particularly the island of Diego Garcia as part of the Joint Services Chagos Research Expedition, [23] resulted in the collection of about 40 new fish taxa [24] and is cited as "the most comprehensive collection of fishes at Chagos..." [25] in addition to the discovery of Trimmatom nanus , at the time "the smallest vertebrate yet to be described." [24] [26] His 1983 expedition, co-directed with fellow Royal Ontario Museum ichthyologist and curator Richard Winterbottom, documented the origins of the Fiji fish fauna and studied the fisheries potential and tourism impacts on the Dravuni communities. This expedition was a cooperative effort between the Institute of Marine Resources of the University of the South Pacific in Suva, Fiji, the Royal Ontario Museum of Canada, and the Canadian Armed Forces. [27]

Director and president, Canadian Museum of Nature

In 1983, he left the Royal Ontario Museum to take the position of director (later, president) of the Canadian Museum of Nature (then Canadian Museum of Natural Sciences) in Ottawa, Ontario, where he remained until his retirement from the institution in 1996. [28]

In 1989, Emery worked closely with government, the public, and leaders in Canadian mining to raise $5 million [29] to purchase for Canada "one of the greatest collections of minerals in the world" from William Pinch, a Rochester resident and avocational collector. The largest donation toward the cause was 1.25 million from Viola MacMillan after whom Emery named the CMN gallery "The Viola MacMillan National Mineral Exhibition Gallery." [30] [31] [32]

In 1990, Emery enabled the designation of the Victoria Memorial Museum Building as a National Historic Site of Canada, [33] [34] [35] and was instrumental in the renaming of the Canadian Museum of Natural Sciences to the Canadian Museum of Nature (CMN) and its establishment by the Museums Act as "a Crown corporation named in Part I of Schedule III to the Financial Administration Act" shifting the institution from its prior position as a government entity under the jurisdiction of the National Museums of Canada. [35]

Also in 1990, Emery hosted Raisa Gorbachev, the wife of Russian President Mikhail Gorbachev, along with Canadian First Lady Mila Mulroney at the CMN, [36] a visit described in Prime Minister Mulroney's memoirs. [37]

Emery's design for an aquarium installation on LeBreton Flats that would combine water features, nature areas, and retail space, based on work starting in 1986 [38] [39] with the architectural firm Cambridge Seven Associates, [40] won a competitive National Capital Commission bid for the construction in 1990, [41] [42] but the development was not implemented due to deep cuts to the National Capital Commission budgets in the same year as the successful bid [43] and complications caused by soil and water contamination from a long history of industrial uses. [44]

On October 29, 1991, Emery hosted Princess Diana to open the CMN Whales exhibit at the World Exchange Plaza [31] during her last royal tour to Canada. [45] The spelling of "Diana of Whales" caught the eye of several news media outlets. [46]

Between 1993 and 1997, Emery implemented a program of major renovations of the Victoria Building including cleaning and repairing the heritage stonework exterior "...to stabilize and restore the VMMB's exterior envelope as the first phase of the VMMB's long-term rehabilitation program." [47] Also beginning in 1993, Emery oversaw the development of a new state-of-the-art consolidated research and collections curation facility to replace those scattered among 11 buildings located around the National Capital Region [48] named the Natural Heritage Campus. [49] The new research facility opened in spring 1997, shortly after Emery's retirement, and was lauded as one of the principal museum facilities of the country. [50]

CEO, KIVU Nature Inc.

In 1997, following his retirement from the Canadian Museum of Nature, Emery established KIVU Nature Inc., standing for Knowledge, Imagery, Vision, and Understanding, [51] facilitating workshops and publishing on the integration of traditional knowledge into the environmental assessments, [52] teaching at the Banff Centre emphasizing the use of traditional knowledge in environmental assessments, [53] and consulting and publishing on museum management. [54]

Most recently, Emery and colleagues established the Stable Climate collaboration with the mission to build a healthy, stable climate, established through sensible economic and ecological principles using a wide array of energy sources, land use practices, and personal efforts. [3] Their vision is a world with a carefully managed, benign and stable climate with optimum conditions for human well-being and long-term sustainable use of resources and energy. As part of that work, Emery has published [55] and presented at various venues [56] on topics related to global climate change. Emery is a Sigma Xi member, emeritus of the University of Toronto chapter, and a regular writer in the Sigma Xi "Lab Conversations." In 2015, he was invited to provide a guest post in the "Keyed-In" blog, reporting on the resistance of Canadian scientists to political efforts to reduce funding and support for science. [57]

Science communication in media and entertainment

Throughout his career, Emery has been active in communicating science to the public including publications in the Royal Ontario Museum public-interest series "Rotunda", [58] and in 1981 an illustrated book about coral reefs [59] based on the CBC-TV series The Nature of Things (on which Emery was also scientific consultant for several episodes), [60] which included many of his original photographs. [61] He was the scientific advisor for many underwater documentaries including on The Last Frontier, a 100 program TV series produced and directed by John Stoneman and Mako Films that aired on CTV from 1987 to 1990. [62] Several of these programs featured Emery's research, notably the October 1987 show on the impact of sound on aquatic life forms, the February 1990 show about color perception underwater, and the May 1990 show about plankton's role in the coral reef. Emery is the author of 31 Vimeo videos (for example, "Traditional Knowledge on the Mackenzie River 2012") [63] and one channel (Stable Climate Group).

Less science-oriented but still focused on the denizens of the marine world, Emery was also technical consultant for the undersea-life sections of the movie The Neptune Factor (1973, Canadian studio Kino Lorber, directed by Daniel Petrie and starring Ernest Borgnine among others). [64] [65] In 2011, Emery published a science fiction novel, "Symbiont," based still on biology, albeit an alien one. [66]

Honours, decorations, awards and distinctions

President:

Board of Governors:

Scientific Editor:

Governor or member:

Recipient:

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "GulfBase".
  2. ↑ "About Us". KIVU.com. 2019. Retrieved 9 Jun 2019.
  3. 1 2 "Founders". stableclimate.org. 2019. Retrieved 9 Jun 2019.
  4. ↑ "Alan Emery Art". unsplash.com. Retrieved 9 Jun 2019.
  5. ↑ "Alan Emery Vimeos". vimeo.com. Retrieved 9 Jun 2019.
  6. ↑ University of Toronto (1962). Torontonensis. p. 190.
  7. ↑ Emery, Alan R. (1968a). "Preliminary Observations on Coral Reef Plankton". Limnology and Oceanography. 13 (2): 293–303. Bibcode:1968LimOc..13..293E. doi: 10.4319/lo.1968.13.2.0293 .
  8. ↑ Emery, Alan R. (1968). "Comparative Ecology of Damselfishes (Pisces: Pomacentridae) at Alligator Reef, Florida Keys. PhD Dissertation. University of Miami. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing 6902676".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ↑ Emery, Alan R. (1970a). "Microspathodon frontatus, a new species of pomacentrid fish from islands in the Gulf of Guinea, Africa". The R/V Pillsbury Deep-Sea Biological Expedition to the Gulf of Guinea, 1964-1965. Studies in Tropical Oceanography No.4 (Part 2): 293–303.
  10. ↑ "History of the Collection". 15 May 2017.
  11. ↑ Randall, John E. & Emery, Alan R. (1983). "A new labrid fish of the genus Cirrhilabrus from the Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean". Journal of Aquariculture and Aquatic Sciences. 3 (2). In GBIF Backbone Taxonomy: 21–24.
  12. ↑ Emery, Alan R. (1972a). "A Brief Introduction to the Relationship of Nuclear Powered Generating Stations and the Environment" (PDF). Research Information Paper (Fisheries) (39). Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources: 1–22.
  13. ↑ Emery, Alan R. (1972b). "A review of the literature of oil pollution with particular reference to the Canadian Great Lakes". Research Information Paper (Fisheries) (40). Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. OCLC   8618678.
  14. ↑ Emery, Alan R. (1973). "Sediments of deep Canadian shield lakes: observations of gross structure and biological significance". Science. 181 (4100): 655–657. Bibcode:1973Sci...181..655E. doi:10.1126/science.181.4100.655. PMID   17736979. S2CID   34036208.
  15. ↑ Emery, Alan R. (1970b). "Sublimnos:"Volkswagen" of underwater habitats". Science. 168 (3927): 62–64. Bibcode:1970Sci...168...62E. doi:10.1126/science.168.3927.62-d.
  16. ↑ Emery, Alan R. (1971). "Sublimnos: researchers go underwater at Tobermory". Rotunda. 4 (2): 20–27.
  17. ↑ Emery, Alan R. (1970c). "Fish and crayfish mortalities due to an internal seiche in Georgian Bay, Lake Huron". J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 27 (6): 1165–1168. doi:10.1139/f70-136.
  18. ↑ Emery, Alan R.; Berst, A.H. & K. Kodaira (1972). "Under-ice observations of wintering sites of leopard frogs". Copeia. 1972 (1): 123–126. doi:10.2307/1442788. ISBN   9780226239446. JSTOR   1442788.
  19. ↑ Emery, Alan R. (1978). "The basis of fish community structure: marine and freshwater comparisons". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 3 (1): 33–47. Bibcode:1978EnvBF...3...33E. doi:10.1007/BF00006307. S2CID   21155614
  20. ↑ Emery, Alan R. & Townes, M.A. (1978). "Big Chute fish rescue". Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review. 17 (2): 9–12.
  21. ↑ "Lecture by Alan Emery February 3, 1977". University of Toronto Bulletin. No. 21. University of Toronto. January 28, 1977. p. 8.
  22. ↑ Emery, Alan R. & Richard Winterbottom (1980). "A technique for fish specimen photography in the field" (PDF). Can. J. Zool. 58 (11): 2158–2162. doi:10.1139/z80-297.
  23. ↑ John Ellerman Foundation, Joint Services Chagos Research Expedition. Retrieved: 30 April 2021.
  24. 1 2 Winterbottom, Richard & Emery, Alan R. (1981). "A new genus and two new species of gobiid fishes (Perciformes) from the Chagos Archipelago, Central Indian Ocean". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 6 (2): 139–149. Bibcode:1981EnvBF...6..139W. doi:10.1007/BF00002777. S2CID   24512300.
  25. ↑ Craig, Matthew Thomas (2008). "The goldrim surgeonfish (Acanthurus nigricans; Acanthuridae) from Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago: first record for the Central Indian Ocean". Zootaxa. 1850: 67. doi:10.5281/zenodo.183400.
  26. ↑ Daly, Ryan; Stevens, Guy M.W. & Clare Keating Daly (2018). "Rapid marine biodiversity assessment records 16 new marine fish species for Seychelles, West Indian Ocean". Marine Biodiversity Records. 11 (1): 6. Bibcode:2018MBdR...11....6D. doi: 10.1186/s41200-018-0141-6 . S2CID   4956513.
  27. ↑ Emery, Alan R. & Richard Winterbottom (1983). "Lagoonal Fish and Fisheries of Dravuni, Great Astrolabe Reef, Fiji, South Pacific". Marine Studies Programme Technical Report, Series 1991. 3. University of South Pacific. ISSN   1018-2896. He commented in the acknowledgements of the report on that work, "The villagers of Dravuni made our stay on their island a delightful and memorable experience, and their friendliness and hospitality was one of the highlights of our trip." (pg. 22)
  28. ↑ "New Directors Named for Four Museums" . Ottawa Citizen Newspaper. July 28, 1983. p. 2.
  29. ↑ "Museum near $5M goal to pay for mineral collection" . Ottawa Citizen. June 7, 1989. p. 27.
  30. ↑ MacMillan, Viola (2001). From the Ground Up: An Autobiography. ECW Press.
  31. 1 2 Gosselin, Michel (1997). Le Musée canadien de la Nature: 150 ans d'histoire muséale (Travail Dirigé MSL-6700-2) (in French). Université du Québec à Montréal. Figure 10B.
  32. ↑ "Museum Notes and Announcements". Rocks & Minerals. 67 (4): 269–271. 1992. Bibcode:1992RoMin..67..269.. doi:10.1080/00357529.1992.9926494.
  33. ↑ Coutts, S. (1986). "Victoria Memorial Museum". 16. Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office: 121–154.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  34. ↑ Withrow, Richard C.W.; P. Bovey; R. Doré; J. Edwards; P. Soucy & P. Swann (1986). "Rapport et recommendations du Groupe de travail chargé d'examiner la politique musólogique fédérale" (vii). Ministère des Communications Canada. We recommend that the National Museums Act of 1968 be repealed, that the Corporation of National Museums be dismantled and that a new law confers the four main federal museums administrative autonomy.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  35. 1 2 Public accounts of Canada, 1991, v.3 by Canada Dept. of Finance. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, prepared by the Receiver General for Canada, digitized by Library and Archives Canada - Bibliothèque et Archives Canada https://archive.org/stream/v3publicacc1991canauoft/v3publicacc1991canauoft_djvu.txt
  36. ↑ B.J. del Conte (May 30, 1990). "Raisa Gorbachev pets rat snake". UPI Archives.
  37. ↑ Mulroney, Brian (2007). Brian Mulroney Memoirs. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Ltd.
  38. ↑ Kelly Egan (March 7, 1986). "Museum of Natural Sciences seeks move to LeBreton Flats" . Ottawa Citizen. p. 49.
  39. ↑ Janet McFarland and Louise Crosby (November 24, 1986). "$30-million aquarium proposed for Ottawa" . Ottawa Citizen. Front Page.
  40. ↑ "Cambridge Seven Architectural Group, company website".
  41. ↑ The Ottawa Citizen detailed the plans as including "a 150,000-square-foot aquarium built into a ravine filled with gushing water ... four glass pedestrian bridges ... will span the man-made waterway ... a market area that would offer retail, food services and entertainment and a small bridge over the aqueduct of boutiques ..."
  42. ↑ Jack Aubry (February 26, 1990). "LeBreton gets aquarium" . Ottawa Citizen. p. 19.
  43. ↑ Carrie Buchanan (January 3, 1990). "Wetlands cost may hit $10M" . Ottawa Citizen. p. 69.
  44. ↑ Kanavas, Sophia (2015). LeBreton Flats: Redeveloping Former Brownfield Land in Canada's Capital. A Study of Urban Design Qualities and Best Practice (MA Urban Planning). Ryerson University.
  45. ↑ "Timeline for Diana Princess of Wales". Biography Online. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  46. ↑ "Royal Couple Finds Canada Hectic" . San Bernardino County Sun. October 31, 1991.
  47. ↑ "Canadian Museum of Nature Historical Timeline".
  48. ↑ Emery, Alan R. (1993). "Musée canadien de la Nature/Canadian Museum of Nature, Annual Report 1993": 19.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    "The Museéum recognizes its desperate accommodation situation..." cited in Lynch-Stewart, Pauline. 2000. Canadian Museum of Nature Aylmer Consolidation Facility: Important Lessons about Applying the Federal Policy on Wetland Conservation. In Wetland Mitigation in Canada: A Framework for Application. Ed by Kenneth W. Cox and Allison Grose. pgs 16-25. Sustaining Wetlands Issues Paper, No. 2000-1. Secretariat to the North American Wetlands Conservation Council (Canada), Ottawa, Canada. http://nawcc.wetlandnetwork.ca/Weland%20Mitigation%202000-1.pdf
  49. ↑ "Canadian Museum of Nature "About Us"".
  50. ↑ Gosselin, Michel (1997). Le Musée canadien de la Nature: 150 ans d'histoire muséale (Travail Dirigé MSL-6700-2) (in French). Université du Québec à Montréal. p. 74: Construit au coût de $30 millions, cet immeuble est certainement parmi les principaux édiffices à vocation muséale au Québec.
  51. ↑ "KIVU About Us". 14 May 2014.
  52. ↑ Emery (1997). Guidelines for Environmental Assessments and Traditional Knowledge. Ottawa, Canada: CIDA. p. 67. OCLC   692669615.
    Emery, Alan R. and Associates (2000). Integrating Indigenous Knowledge in Project Planning and Implementation. Washington, D.C., Quebec, and Nepean, Ontario: Partnership Publication of the International Labour Organization, the World Bank, the Canadian International Development Agency, and KIVU Nature Inc. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Prem.../IndiKnow-NP-e.pdf; also https://kivu.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/CIDA-Guidelines.pdf. This publication is available in hard copy from: The World Bank, 1818 H. Street N.W. Washington, D.C., USA
    Barnaby, Joanne and Alan R. Emery. 2008. Report of Traditional Knowledge Project. Nuclear Waste Management Organization Publication NWMO DR-2008-03. www.nwmo.ca
  53. ↑ https://www.banffcentre.ca/ “Bridging the Gap: Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Environmental Assessment”: [program binder]. March 12–16, 2000. Record Transfer 81, 2001 Record Transfer 116. Leadership Development fonds. The Paul D. Fleck Library and Archives at Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity. Banff, Alberta, Canada.
  54. ↑ Emery, Alan R. (2001). "The Integrated Museum: A Meaningful Role in Society?". Curator: The Museum Journal. 44 (1): 69–82. doi:10.1111/j.2151-6952.2001.tb00030.x.
  55. ↑ Rie, John and Alan Emery. 2019. The Nuclear Option Is The Real Green Deal. Wall Street Journal February 26, pp. A.17
    Smyer, Michael and Alan Emery. 2019. 2020 Election: A Climate Change Primer: A guide to understanding a top issue for many voters. NextAvenue: Where Grown-ups Keep Growing. https://www.nextavenue.org/2020-election-climate-change-primer/
    Emery, Alan. 2019. Climate Change, Conspiracy Theory, Science, and Policy. Medium September 16, 2019. https://medium.com/@KIVUNature/climate-change-conspiracy-theory-science-and-policy-5b5a7fa43015
    Emery, Alan. 2019. Climate Change is Mega Big: And Yes We Are All Correct To Worry, A Lot. Medium October 16, 2019. https://medium.com/@KIVUNature/climate-change-is-mega-big-5b2627c9b82d
  56. ↑ April 28, 2017 presentation Global Warming Impacts, Interventions, Consequences, Costs, and Implications [April 28, 2017 https://canadiancor.com/global-warming-impacts-interventions-consequences-costs-implications-alan-emery/ presentation 12 April 2017 youtube video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftFvBT6j4ko]
    May 25, 2018 presentation Mapping a safe future for Canada in the face of inevitable severe global warming impacts. Foresight CACOR talk Sept 19th 2018? If global warming is so bad, why aren’t scientists doing something about it. In Ottawa, Army Officers’ Mess 12-2pm
  57. ↑ https://www.sigmaxi.org/news/keyed-in/post/keyed-in/2015/05/12/canada-s-war-on-inconvenient-science Thorstensen, Heather. 2015. Canada's War on "Inconvenient Science". Guest post by Alan Emery. Sigma Xi.
  58. ↑ Emery, A. (1973). "Moon Pool:Nan-Matal revisted". Rotunda. 6 (2): 2–10.;Emery, A. & Winterbottom, R. (1979). "A dying paradise: expedition to the Chagos Archipelago in the central Indian Ocean". Rotunda. 12 (4): 2–10.
    Winterbottom, R. & Emery, A. (1981). "The discovery of the world's shortest vertebrate". Rotunda. 14 (4): 2–3.
    Winterbottom, R. & Emery, A. (1983). "Beneath the blue lagoons: an ichthyological expedition to Fiji". Rotunda. 16 (3): 18–27.
  59. ↑ Emery, Alan R. (1981). The Coral Reef. Toronto, Ontario: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. p. 112. ISBN   9780887940934.
  60. ↑ Emery, A. (1981). The Coral Reef, CBC: Canada: 3
  61. ↑ Emery, Alan (1981). WorldCat. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. ISBN   9780887940934. OCLC   9846688.
  62. ↑ "The Last Frontier, details". and "The Last Frontier, episode guide".
  63. ↑ "Traditional Knowledge on the Mackenzie River 2012". 13 November 2011. 217 watches
  64. ↑ "Royal Ontario Museum ichthyologist Alan Emery made actors of sea animals". Calgary Herald. February 10, 1973. pp. 78–79.
  65. ↑ "The Neptune Factor". IMDb.
  66. ↑ Emery, Alan R. (2011). Symbiont. ISBN   978-0-9877552-1-6.
  67. ↑ "RCIScience".
    "RCIScience Presidents".
  68. ↑ Emery, Alan R. (Rapporteur) 1996. Interlinking the Economy, the Communities, and the Environment, for Integrated Land Use Planning and Energy Policy at Government Level. In: World Conservation Congress October 1996. Major Conservation Issues of the 1990s. Results of the World Conservation Congress Workshops. IUCN-World Conservation Union. Retrieved from https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/WCC-1st-004.pdf
  69. ↑ "Front Matter". Copeia. 3: 809–810. 1984.
  70. ↑ "Order GOBIIFORMES: Family GOBIIDAE (R-z)". 5 May 2020.
  71. ↑ Allen, G.R. & Randall, J.E. (1974). "Five new species and a new genus of damselfishes (family Pomacentridae) from the South Pacific Ocean". Trop. Fish Hobby. 22: 36–49.
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