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| Alboury Ndiaye | |
|---|---|
| Buurba | |
| Reign | 1875-1890 |
| Predecessor | Sanor Ndiaye |
| Born | c. 1848 |
| Died | 1901 Dosso, Niger |
| Issue | Mansour Bouna Alboury Ndiaye |
| House | Ndiaye |
| Father | Biram Penda Diémé Ndioté Ndiaye |
| Mother | Seynabou Diop |
| Religion | Islam |
Alboury Ndiaye (also spelled Albury Njay) was the last Buurba of an independent Jolof Kingdom, and was famous for his determined resistance to the French conquest of Senegal.
Alboury Ndiaye was born in about 1848, the same year that bergel (minister) Makura Niang, who had been ruling Jolof from behind the scenes for decades, died, leaving a chaotic power vacuum that lasted into the 1870s. [1] In 1851 his father Biram Penda Diémé Ndioté Ndiaye was killed at the battle of Nguenenen, and his mother Seynabou Diop fled with him to her native Ndiambour province in Cayor. [2] There, he was raised and trained in warfare alongside his older cousin Lat Jor. He was still a child in 1855 when France began actively expanding their colonial footprint in Senegambia. [3]
In the 1860s he joined Lat Jor in converting to Islam under the leadership of marabout Maba Diakhou Ba. Their forces briefly occupied Jolof in 1865, forcing the reigning buurba to flee rather than convert. [4] Alboury married one of Maba's daughters. [5]
In 1870 another Islamic reformer, Shaikh Amadou Ba of the Imamate of Futa Toro, again tried to convince the buurba to convert first with letters and then with an army. Ultimately he succeeded in cowing the political leadership of the kingdom, Islamizing the state, and he settled there with his numerous followers. [6] Having been in Cayor with Lat Jor (now Damel) at the time, Alboury became one of the leaders of the resistance. By 1873, he was the only prominent Jolof prince who had yet to make his peace with Amadou. [7]
As Amadou was preoccupied with conflict in Futa Toro, Alboury raided in Jolof and attempted to foment discontent. In May 1874 a major rebellion broke out in Jolof but was put down with difficulty. An alliance of Alboury, Lat Jor, and two Futanke chieftains fought a major battle with Amadou at Coki but were defeated and scattered. The marabout's rising power alarmed the French, who joined the alliance. Amadou Ba was then defeated and killed in the battle of Samba Sadio on February 11, 1875. [8] [3] Alboury Ndiaye then became buurba in all but name, with an elder uncle as a figurehead. [9]
Ndiaye re-established firm royal control in Jolof, ended the frequent raiding, promoted trade and agricultural production, and continued the Islamization of the country. [10] Where previous ceddo (animist) rulers had seen Islam as a threat, Alboury embraced it. He also fortified the capital at Yang-Yang with a tata. [11] When Amadou Ba's cousin Bara Ba tried to retake Jolof, his army was unable to penetrate the fortifications and Alboury drove them off. He returned in 1881 along with a rival claimant to the throne of Jolof, but Alboury and Lat Jor defeated and killed them at the battle of Jame Njay. [12]
He supported his cousin Lat Jor in a dispute with the French over the construction of a railroad, and helped him raid into Waalo and Cayor after the French had deposed him. This created a tense stalemate, temporarily resolved by a favorable treaty in 1885. [13]
In 1886 the new French-backed Damel of Cayor invaded Jolof, but Alboury soundly defeated him at the battle of Gile. The French bribed him to prevent him taking all of Cayor in the aftermath. [14] In 1887 he attempted to use his significant resources to support allies in Rip and the Kingdom of Sine, but their French-backed opponents were victorious. [15] By 1890 Jolof was the only remaining independent kingdom in northern Senegambia.
In the face of seemingly unstoppable French encroachment, Alboury Ndiaye established diplomatic relations with Ahmadu Tall of the Segou Empire (the successor of El-Hajj Oumar Tall) and made plans to evacuate much of the population eastwards. To prevent this, a column led by Alfred Dodds marched on Yang-Yang in May 1890, and Ndiaye moved eastwards across the Ferlo Desert to Futa Toro. Dodds installed a puppet buurba and officially established a protectorate over Jolof, ending its independence. [16]
Abdul Bokar Kan hosted Ndiaye and his troops in Futa Toro for a time as he tried to gather his forces, but in July the French shelled the town of Kaedi in a bid to force him out. [17] Most of the Jolof-Jolof wanted to return home, and the other Futanke chiefs were worried about further French reprisals. With around 40 followers and his family, Alboury went to Nioro du Sahel to join Ahmadu, arriving in October 1890. There he led Ahmadu's army against the French in battle on January 3, 1891, holding them off long enough for the caliph to escape. [18] Alboury attempted to lead a group of Senegalese emigrants back to their homeland but they were intercepted by Dodds before they could cross the Senegal river. He rejoined Ahmadu and they moved east with a small band, trying to re-establish themselves before the French caught up. He ultimately was killed in battle against the French in Dosso, Niger in 1901. [19]
Alboury Ndiaye's son Bouna Alboury Ndiaye was captured by the French and later became titural buurba of Jolof as well a as a prominent religious and political leader in Senegal. The home stadium of ASEC Ndiambour in the city of Louga is known as Stade Alboury Ndiaye.
The Kingdom of Saloum was a Serer/Wolof kingdom in present-day Senegal. Its kings may have been of Mandinka/Kaabu origin. The capital of Saloum was the city of Kahone. It was a sister to the kingdom of Sine. Their history, geography and culture were intricately linked and it was common to refer to them as the Sine-Saloum.
Cayor was from 1549 to 1876 the largest and most powerful kingdom that split off from the Jolof Empire in what is now Senegal. Cayor was located in northern and central Senegal, southeast of Waalo, west of the kingdom of Jolof, and north of Baol and the Kingdom of Sine.
Baol or Bawol was a kingdom in what is now central Senegal. Founded in the 11th century, it was a vassal of the Jolof Empire before becoming independent in the mid-16th century. The ruler bore the title of Teigne and reigned from the capital in Lambaye. The kingdom encompassed a strip of land extending east from the ocean and included the towns of Touba, Diourbel, and Mbacke. It was directly south of the Kingdom of Cayor and north of the Kingdom of Sine.
Waalo was a kingdom on the lower Senegal River in West Africa, in what is now Senegal and Mauritania. It included parts of the valley proper and areas north and south, extending to the Atlantic Ocean. To the north were Moorish emirates; to the south was the kingdom of Cayor; to the east was Jolof.
The Jolof Empire, also known as Great Jolof, or the WolofEmpire, was a Wolof and Sereer confederacy state that ruled parts of West Africa, most precisely modern-day Senegal, Mali, Gambia and Mauritania from around the 12th century to 1549. Following the 1549 battle of Danki, its vassal states were fully or de facto independent; in this period it is known as the Jolof Kingdom.
Damel was the title of the ruler of the Wolof kingdom of Cayor in what is now northwest Senegal, West Africa.
Lat Jor Ngoné Latir Jop was a nineteenth-century damel (king) of Cayor, a Wolof state that is today in Sénégal. He is today a national hero of Senegal for his resistance to French colonialism.
Mamadu Diakhou Bâ, also known as Maba Jahou Bah, Ma Ba Diakhu, Ma Ba Diakho Ba, Ma Ba Jaaxu, Mabba Jaxu Ba, was a Muslim leader in West Africa during the 19th century. He was a disciple of the Tijaniyya Sufi brotherhood and became the Almami of Saloum.
Dece Fu Njogu was the last Lamane and first Damel of Cayor.
The Kingdom of Sine was a post-classical Serer kingdom along the north bank of the Saloum River delta in modern Senegal. The inhabitants are called Siin-Siin or Sine-Sine.
Koki, also spelled Coki, is a town in Senegal, the capital of an eponymous arrondissement in the Louga Region.
The Kingdom of Jolof, also known as Wolof and Wollof, was a West African rump state located in what is today the nation of Senegal. For nearly two hundred years, the Wolof rulers of the Jolof Empire collected tribute from vassal kings states who voluntarily agreed to the confederacy. At the 1549 Battle of Danki, however, the Buurba Jolof was defeated by the lord of Kayor, resulting in the rapid disintegration of the empire. Jolof survived as a rump state, unable to access the Atlantic trade between its former vassal territories and the Portuguese.
Maad a Signig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof was the King of Sine in modern-day Senegal. Maad a Sinig means king of Sine. He ruled from 1853 until his death on 23 August 1871. He was the son of Maad Souka Ndela Joof and Lingeer Gnilane Jogoy Joof. His father – Maad Souka Ndela came from The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof founded by Maad Semou Njekeh Joof in the early 18th century, which was the third and last Royal House of Joof family of Sine and Saloum. His paternal family ruled three Kingdoms : Sine, Kingdom of Saloum and previously the Kingdom of Baol. They descended from Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof the 13th century King of Lâ (Laah) in Baol.
The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune, also known as the Battle of Somb or the Battle of Somb-Tioutioune, occurred on 18 July 1867. It was a religious war between the Serer people and the Muslim Marabouts in 19th-century Senegal and the Gambia, but it also had a political and economic dimension to it: vendetta and empire-building. Fandane, Thiouthioune and Somb were part of the pre-colonial Serer Kingdom of Sine, now part of independent Senegal.
Teigne was the title of the monarch of the pre-colonial Kingdom of Baol, now part of present-day Senegal.
Linguere Ndoye Demba Joos Fadiou, also known as Ndoye Demba in Senegambian dynastic history, was a Serer princess from the Kingdom of Sine, from the later half of the 14th century to the 15th century. The royal title – "Lingeer" means Queen or Royal Princess. She was given in marriage to the Brak of Waalo – Caaka Mbaar Mbooj. The surname Mbooj is the English spelling in the Gambia, variation include Mboge. In French speaking Senegal, it is spelt Mbodj. Differences in spelling is due to the colonial past of the Gambia and Senegal. France colonized Senegal, whilst Britain colonized the Gambia, thus the division of the two countries. Caaka Mbaar was the second king of Waalo from the Mbooj patrilineage, who ruled in the second half of the 14th century, around 1367. Brak was the title of the kings of Waalo. Lingeer Ndoye Demba was the founder of the Serer Joos Maternal Dynasty of Waalo. In the Wolof Kingdom of Waalo, Lingeer Ndoye Demba is considered the matriarch of the Joos maternal clan. In the Serer Kingdom of Sine, it is her grandmother Lingeer Fatim Beye who is considered to be the matriarch of this maternal dynasty. In the Serer language, the word "Fa-tim" means "the maternal clan of ... ". The Serer surname Beye is also one of the many Serer maternal clans.
The Joos Maternal Dynasty was a Serer maternal dynasty which originated from the Serer pre-colonial Kingdom of Sine in the 14th century and spread to the Wolof Kingdom of Waalo. The matriarch or founder of this maternal dynasty was Lingeer Fatim Beye, a princess and queen originally from the Kingdom of Sine. In Waalo, it was founded by the princess Lingeer Ndoye Demba of Sine. Lingeer Ndoye Demba was the maternal granddaughter of Lingeer Fatim Beye. They both came from the Serer ethnic group. Although the pre-colonial Kingdoms of Sine and Waalo now form part of modern-day Senegal, in pre-colonial Senegambia, present-day Gambia had open-borders with Senegal and share the same historical and cultural heritage. The demarcation of the two countries is purely geographical due to their colonial past, with Britain colonizing the Gambia and France colonizing Senegal. For a background to these events see the History of Senegal, History of the Gambia, Senegambia and Timeline of Serer history.
Abdul Kader Kan was an 18th-century Islamic scholar and military leader, and the first Almaami of the Imamate of Futa Toro, hailing from what is now Senegal.
Amary Ngoné Sobel Fall – was the second Damel of the independent Kingdom of Cayor in modern-day Senegal. He was responsible for breaking Cayor's vassalage under the Jolof Empire at the battle of Danki in 1549, and reigned until 1593.
The Battle of Danki was a conflict fought in 1549 between the Jolof Empire and Cayor, a rebellious vassal. The decisive Aajor victory and the death of the reigning Buurba of the empire signaled the end of Jolof hegemony over Cayor, Baol, Saloum, Sine, Wuli, Niani, and Waalo.