Alexander Vasilyevich Filipenko (Russian :Алекса́ндрВаси́льевичФилипе́нко;born 31 May 1950) is a Russian politician,the former governor of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. [2]
Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia,with a population estimated at over 13 million residents within the city limits,over 19.1 million residents in the urban area,and over 21.5 million residents in its metropolitan area. The city covers an area of 2,511 square kilometers (970 sq mi),while the urban area covers 5,891 square kilometers (2,275 sq mi),and the metropolitan area covers over 26,000 square kilometers (10,000 sq mi). Moscow is among the world's largest cities,being the most populous city in its entirety in Europe,the largest urban and metropolitan area in Europe,and the largest city by land area on the European continent.
Russia,or the Russian Federation,is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the largest country in the world by area,extending across eleven time zones and sharing land borders with fourteen countries. It is the world's ninth-most populous country and Europe's most populous country. Russia is a highly urbanised country including 16 population centres with over a million inhabitants. Its capital and largest city is Moscow. Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city and its cultural capital.
Russian is an East Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages,and is the native language of the Russians. It was the de facto and de jure official language of the former Soviet Union. Russian has remained an official language of the Russian Federation,Belarus,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,and Tajikistan,and is still commonly used as a lingua franca in Ukraine,Moldova,the Caucasus,Central Asia,and to a lesser extent in the Baltic states and Israel.
The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia,starting in 1917. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and adopt a socialist form of government following two successive revolutions and a civil war. It can also be seen as the precursor for the other revolutions that occurred in the aftermath of World War I,such as the German Revolution of 1918–1919. The Russian Revolution was one of the key events of the 20th century.
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR),commonly known as the Soviet Union,was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. During its existence,it was the largest country by area,extending across eleven time zones and sharing borders with twelve countries,and the third-most populous country. An overall successor to the Russian Empire,it was nominally organized as a federal union of national republics,the largest and most populous of which was the Russian SFSR. In practice,its government and economy were highly centralized. As a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union,it was a flagship communist state. Its capital and largest city was Moscow.
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia,which borders it to the east and northeast. It also borders Belarus to the north;Poland and Slovakia to the west;Hungary,Romania and Moldova to the southwest;with a coastline along the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov to the south and southeast. Kyiv is the nation's capital and largest city,followed by Kharkiv,Dnipro,and Odesa. Ukraine's official language is Ukrainian.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who has served as President of Russia since 2012,having previously served from 2000 to 2008. Putin also served as Prime Minister of Russia from 1999 to 2000 and again from 2008 to 2012. At 24 years,10 months and 30 days,he is the longest-serving Russian or Soviet leader since the 30-year tenure of Joseph Stalin.
Catherine II,most commonly known as Catherine the Great,was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796. She came to power after overthrowing her husband,Peter III. Under her long reign,inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment,Russia experienced a renaissance of culture and sciences,which led to the founding of many new cities,universities,and theatres,along with large-scale immigration from the rest of Europe and the recognition of Russia as one of the great powers of Europe.
Georgia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and West Asia. It is part of the Caucasus region,bounded by the Black Sea to the west,Russia to the north and northeast,Turkey to the southwest,Armenia to the south,and Azerbaijan to the southeast. Georgia covers an area of 69,700 square kilometres (26,900 sq mi). It has a population of 3.7 million,of which over a third live in the capital and largest city,Tbilisi. Georgians,who are native to the region,constitute a majority of the country's population and are its titular nation.
Dagestan,officially the Republic of Dagestan,is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe,along the Caspian Sea. It is located north of the Greater Caucasus,and is a part of the North Caucasian Federal District. The republic is the southernmost tip of Russia,sharing land borders with the countries of Azerbaijan and Georgia to the south and southwest,the Russian republics of Chechnya and Kalmykia to the west and north,and with Stavropol Krai to the northwest. Makhachkala is the republic's capital and largest city;other major cities are Derbent,Kizlyar,Izberbash,Kaspiysk,and Buynaksk.
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov,better known as Vladimir Lenin,was a Russian revolutionary,politician,and political theorist who was the founder and first head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 until his death in 1924,and of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death. The founder and leader of the Bolsheviks,Lenin led the October Revolution which established the world's first socialist state. His government won the Russian Civil War and consolidated power in a one-party state under the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). Ideologically a Marxist,his developments to the ideology are called Leninism.
Abkhazia,officially the Republic of Abkhazia,is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus,on the eastern coast of the Black Sea,at the intersection of Eastern Europe and West Asia. It covers 8,665 square kilometres (3,346 sq mi) and has a population of around 245,000. Its capital and largest city is Sukhumi.
The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century,it covered about 22,800,000 km2 (8,800,000 sq mi),roughly one-sixth of the world's landmass,making it the third-largest empire in history,behind only the British and Mongol empires. It also colonized North America between 1799 and 1867. The empire's 1897 census,the only one it conducted,found a population of 125.6 million with considerable ethnic,linguistic,religious,and socioeconomic diversity.
Saint Petersburg,formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad,is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the River Neva,at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. The city had a population of 5,601,911 residents as of 2021,with more than 6.4 million people living in the metropolitan area. Saint Petersburg is the fourth-most populous city in Europe,the most populous city on the Baltic Sea,and the world's northernmost city of more than 1 million residents. As the former capital of Imperial Russia,and a historically strategic port,it is governed as a federal city.
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic,previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic,and unofficially as Soviet Russia,was an independent federal socialist state from 1917 to 1922,and afterwards the largest and most populous constituent republic of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991,until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991,the last two years of the existence of the USSR. The Russian SFSR was composed of sixteen smaller constituent units of autonomous republics,five autonomous oblasts,ten autonomous okrugs,six krais and forty oblasts. Russians formed the largest ethnic group. The capital of the Russian SFSR and the USSR as a whole was Moscow and the other major urban centers included Leningrad,Stalingrad,Novosibirsk,Sverdlovsk,Gorky and Kuybyshev. It was the first socialist state in history.
Nicholas II or Nikolai II was the last reigning Emperor of Russia,King of Congress Poland,and Grand Duke of Finland from 1 November 1894 until his abdication on 15 March 1917. He married Alix of Hesse in 1894 and had children Olga (1895),Tatiana (1897),Maria (1899),Anastasia (1901) - collectively known as the OTMA sisters - and the tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich.
The Russo-Ukrainian War began in February 2014. Following Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity,Russia occupied and annexed Crimea from Ukraine and supported pro-Russian separatists fighting the Ukrainian military in the Donbas War. These first eight years of conflict also included naval incidents and cyberwarfare. In February 2022,Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine and began occupying more of the country,starting the biggest conflict in Europe since World War II. The war has resulted in a refugee crisis and tens of thousands of deaths.
Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Zelenskyy is a Ukrainian politician and former entertainer who is serving as the sixth and current president of Ukraine since 2019,most notably during the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine,which has been ongoing since February 2022.
Casualties in the Russo-Ukrainian War include six deaths during the 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation,14,200–14,400 military and civilian deaths during the War in Donbas,and up to 1,000,000 estimated casualties during the Russian invasion of Ukraine till mid-September 2024.
On 24 February 2022,Russia invaded Ukraine in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War,which started in 2014. The invasion,the largest and deadliest conflict in Europe since World War II,has caused hundreds of thousands of military casualties and tens of thousands of Ukrainian civilian casualties. As of 2024,Russian troops occupy about 20% of Ukraine. From a population of 41 million,about 8 million Ukrainians had been internally displaced and more than 8.2 million had fled the country by April 2023,creating Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II.
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