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In linguistics,syntax is the study of how words and morphemes combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences. Central concerns of syntax include word order,grammatical relations,hierarchical sentence structure (constituency),agreement,the nature of crosslinguistic variation,and the relationship between form and meaning (semantics). There are numerous approaches to syntax that differ in their central assumptions and goals.
In linguistic typology,split ergativity is a feature of certain languages where some constructions use ergative syntax and morphology,but other constructions show another pattern,usually nominative–accusative. The conditions in which ergative constructions are used vary among different languages.
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. No direct record of Proto-Indo-European exists;its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages.
In linguistics,morphosyntactic alignment is the grammatical relationship between arguments—specifically,between the two arguments of transitive verbs like the dog chased the cat,and the single argument of intransitive verbs like the cat ran away. English has a subject, which merges the more active argument of transitive verbs with the argument of intransitive verbs,leaving the object distinct;other languages may have different strategies,or,rarely,make no distinction at all. Distinctions may be made morphologically,syntactically,or both.
In linguistic typology,ergative–absolutive alignment is a type of morphosyntactic alignment in which the single argument ("subject") of an intransitive verb behaves like the object of a transitive verb,and differently from the agent ("subject") of a transitive verb. Examples include Basque,Georgian,Mayan,Tibetan,and certain Indo-European languages. It has also been attributed to the Semitic modern Aramaic languages. Ergative languages are classified into two groups:those that are morphologically ergative but syntactically behave as accusative and those that,on top of being ergative morphologically,also show ergativity in syntax. No language has been recorded in which both the morphological and syntactical ergative are present. Languages that belong to the former group are more numerous than those to the latter. Dyirbal is said to be the only representative of syntactic ergativity,yet it displays accusative alignment with certain pronouns.
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A dummy pronoun,also known as an expletive pronoun,is a deictic pronoun that fulfills a syntactical requirement without providing a contextually explicit meaning of its referent. As such,it is an example of exophora.
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Hindustani,the lingua franca of Northern India and Pakistan,has two standardised registers:Hindi and Urdu. Grammatical differences between the two standards are minor but each uses its own script:Hindi uses Devanagari while Urdu uses an extended form of the Perso-Arabic script,typically in the Nastaʿlīq style.
In linguistics,switch-reference (SR) describes any clause-level morpheme that signals whether certain prominent arguments in 'adjacent' clauses are coreferential. In most cases,it marks whether the subject of the verb in one clause is coreferent with that of the previous clause,or of a subordinate clause to the matrix (main) clause that is dominating it.
Hans Henrich Hock is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics and Sanskrit at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
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Saaroa or Lhaʼalua is a Southern Tsouic language spoken by the Saaroa (Hla'alua) people,an indigenous people of Taiwan. It is a Formosan language of the Austronesian family.
Transitivity is a linguistics property that relates to whether a verb,participle,or gerund denotes a transitive object. It is closely related to valency,which considers other arguments in addition to transitive objects.
Niina Ning Zhang is a theoretical linguist specializing in Mandarin Chinese syntax and semantics.
Peter E. Hook is professor emeritus in the Department of Asian Languages and Cultures at the University of Michigan.
Ayesha Kidwai is an Indian theoretical linguist. She is a professor at the Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi,and an awardee of the Infosys Prize for Humanities in 2013.
Elena Bashir is an American linguist and senior lecturer in the Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations of the Humanities Division of the University of Chicago. She studies languages of Pakistan and the broader northwestern part of South Asia,and has published extensive linguistic work on the Dardic languages,Hindko,Saraiki,Balochi,Brahui,Wakhi and Hindustani,among other languages of the region. Bashir also teaches Urdu.
In linguistics,the syntax–semantics interface is the interaction between syntax and semantics. Its study encompasses phenomena that pertain to both syntax and semantics,with the goal of explaining correlations between form and meaning. Specific topics include scope,binding,and lexical semantic properties such as verbal aspect and nominal individuation,semantic macroroles,and unaccusativity.
Tara Mohanan is a linguist and co-founder of ThinQ,an educational organisation. She is known for work on Hindi,Malayalam,and other South Asian languages in the fields of semantics,syntax,morphology,and phonology. Her husband is linguist K. P. Mohanan.
References
- ↑ "Obituary, Alice Davison". Legacy.com .
- ↑ "Graduate Alumni (1951-present) | Department of Linguistics". linguistics.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-04-06. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
- ↑ Davison, Alice (1973). Performative Verbs, Adverbs and Felicity Conditions: an Inquiry Into the Nature of Performative Verbs. University of Chicago, Department of Linguistics.
- 1 2 3 "In memoriam, Alice Davison". University of Iowa Department of Linguistics. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
- ↑ Hock, Hans Henrich (2017-01-26). "In memoriam Alice Davison and James W. Gair". Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. 4 (2): 357–360. doi:10.1515/jsall-2017-0019. ISSN 2196-0771. S2CID 188207753.
- ↑ Hock, Hans Henrich. "A brief history of SALA". SALA Conference. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
- ↑ "SALA 34 Home page".
