The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest-ranking judicial body in the United States. Established by Article III of the Constitution,the detailed structure of the court was laid down by the 1st United States Congress in 1789. Congress specified the Court's original and appellate jurisdiction,created 13 judicial districts,and fixed the initial size of the Supreme Court. The number of justices on the Supreme Court changed six times before settling at the present total of nine in 1869. As of June 2022,a total of 116 justices have served on the Supreme Court since 1789. Justices have life tenure,and so they serve until they die in office,resign or retire,or are impeached and removed from office.
Jennifer Mulhern Granholm is an American politician. Since 2021,she has served as the 16th United States Secretary of Energy. A member of the Democratic Party,she previously served as the Attorney General of Michigan from 1999 to 2003 and as the 47th Governor of Michigan from 2003 to 2011,as the first woman to hold both offices.
Speculation abounded over potential nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States by President George W. Bush since before his presidency.
The appointment of federal judges for United States federal courts is done via nomination by the President of the United States and confirmation by the United States Senate. The tables below provide the composition of all Article III courts which include the Supreme Court and the Courts of Appeals at the end of each four year presidential term,as well as the current compositions of the District Courts and the Court of International Trade,categorizing the judges by the presidential term during which they were first appointed to their seats.
The 1946 New York state election was held on November 5,1946,to elect the governor,the lieutenant governor,the state comptroller,the attorney general,a U.S. Senator,the chief judge and an associate judge of the New York Court of Appeals,as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.
President Barack Obama made two successful appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States. The first was Judge Sonia Sotomayor to fill the vacancy created by the retirement of Justice David H. Souter. Sotomayor was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 6,2009,by a vote of 68–31. The second appointment was that of Solicitor General Elena Kagan to replace the retired John Paul Stevens. Kagan was confirmed by the Senate on August 5,2010,by a vote of 63–37.
David Davis was an American politician and jurist who was a U.S. senator from Illinois and associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. He also served as Abraham Lincoln's campaign manager at the 1860 Republican National Convention,engineering Lincoln's successful nomination for president by that party.
The 1940 New York state election was held on November 5,1940,to elect three judges of the New York Court of Appeals,a U.S. Senator and two U.S Representatives-at-large,as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.
The 1960 New York state election was held on November 8,1960,to elect two judges of the New York Court of Appeals,as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.
The nomination and confirmation of justices to the Supreme Court of the United States involves several steps,the framework for which is set forth in the United States Constitution. Specifically,Article II,Section 2,Clause 2,provides that the president of the United States nominates a justice and that the United States Senate provides advice and consent before the person is formally appointed to the Court. It also empowers a president to temporarily,under certain circumstances,fill a Supreme Court vacancy by means of a recess appointment. The Constitution does not set any qualifications for service as a justice,thus the president may nominate any individual to serve on the Court.
On May 10,2010,President Barack Obama announced his selection of Elena Kagan for Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States,to replace retiring Justice John Paul Stevens. Kagan's nomination was confirmed by a 63–37 vote of the United States Senate on August 5,2010. When nominated,Kagan was Solicitor General of the United States,a position to which Obama had appointed her in March 2009. Kagan was the first Supreme Court nominee since Sandra Day O'Connor in 1981 to not be a sitting circuit court judge and the most recent such nominee as of 2023. She was the first Supreme Court nominee since William Rehnquist and Lewis F. Powell Jr. in 1971 to not be a sitting judge on any court.
Mary Beth Kelly is a lawyer and former justice of the Michigan Supreme Court. She was elected on November 2,2010 and took office on January 1,2011 for an eight-year term that ended on January 1,2019. On August 17,2015,she announced her resignation from the Supreme Court effective October 1,2015,to return to private practice at Bodman PLC in Detroit.
Noma D. Gurich is an American attorney and jurist who is serving as an associate justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court. Gurich was appointed the State's highest court by Governor Brad Henry in 2010 and assumed office on February 15,2011. Gurich was appointed to the Court following the death of long-time Justice Marian P. Opala. Gurich is the third woman in state history after Alma Wilson and Yvonne Kauger to be appointed to the Supreme Court.
Four justices of the seven-member North Carolina Supreme Court and four judges of the 15-member North Carolina Court of Appeals were elected by North Carolina voters on November 4,2014,concurrently with other state elections. Terms for seats on each court are eight years.
On March 16,2016,President Barack Obama nominated Merrick Garland for Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to succeed Antonin Scalia,who had died one month earlier. At the time of his nomination,Garland was the chief judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
The 2016 Wisconsin Fall General Election was held in the U.S. state of Wisconsin on November 8,2016. One of Wisconsin's U.S. Senate seats and all eight seats in the United States House of Representatives were up for election,as well as half of the Wisconsin Senate seats and all 99 Wisconsin State Assembly seats. Voters also chose ten electors to represent them in the Electoral College,which then participated in selecting the 45th president of the United States. The 2016 Fall Partisan Primary was held on August 9,2016.
Elizabeth Ann "Beth" Tripp Clement is an American lawyer who serves as the chief justice of Michigan since 2022. She has served as an associate justice of the Michigan Supreme Court since 2017,after being appointed by Governor Rick Snyder.
Three justices of the seven-member North Carolina Supreme Court and five judges of the 15-member North Carolina Court of Appeals were elected by North Carolina voters on November 3,2020,concurrently with other state elections. Terms for seats on each court are eight years. These elections were conducted on a partisan basis.
