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Deliberative democracy or discursive democracy is a form of democracy in which deliberation is central to decision-making. Deliberative democracy seeks quality over quantity by limiting decision-makers to a smaller but more representative sample of the population that is given the time and resources to focus on one issue.
Participatory democracy, participant democracy or participative democracy is a form of government in which citizens participate individually and directly in political decisions and policies that affect their lives, rather than through elected representatives. Elements of direct and representative democracy are combined in this model.
A study circle is a small group of people who meet multiple times to discuss an issue. Study circles may be formed to discuss anything from politics to religion to hobbies with a minimum of 7 people to a maximumof 15.these study circles are formed by a study circle organiser, and are led by a study circle leader. Study circle doesn't have a teacher. They are differentiated from clubs by their focus on exploring an issue or topic rather than on activities or socializing. When they emerged in the early twentieth century they were based on a democratic approach to self-education and were often linked to social movements concerned with temperance or working class emancipation.
E-democracy, also known as digital democracy or Internet democracy, uses information and communication technology (ICT) in political and governance processes. The term is credited to digital activist Steven Clift. By using 21st-century ICT, e-democracy seeks to enhance democracy, including aspects like civic technology and E-government. Proponents argue that by promoting transparency in decision-making processes, e-democracy can empower all citizens to observe and understand the proceedings. Also, if they possess overlooked data, perspectives, or opinions, they can contribute meaningfully. This contribution extends beyond mere informal disconnected debate; it facilitates citizen engagement in the proposal, development, and actual creation of a country's laws. In this way, e-democracy has the potential to incorporate crowdsourced analysis more directly into the policy-making process.
A deliberative opinion poll, sometimes called a deliberative poll, is a form of opinion poll taken before and after significant deliberation. Professor James S. Fishkin of Stanford University first described the concept in 1988. The typical deliberative opinion poll takes a random, representative sample of citizens and engages them in deliberation on current issues or proposed policy changes through small-group discussions and conversations with competing experts to create more informed and reflective public opinion. Deliberative polls have been run around the world, including recent experiments to conduct discussions virtually in the United States, Hong Kong, Chile, Canada and Japan.
Participatory action research (PAR) is an approach to action research emphasizing participation and action by members of communities affected by that research. It seeks to understand the world by trying to change it, collaboratively and following reflection. PAR emphasizes collective inquiry and experimentation grounded in experience and social history. Within a PAR process, "communities of inquiry and action evolve and address questions and issues that are significant for those who participate as co-researchers". PAR contrasts with mainstream research methods, which emphasize controlled experimentation, statistical analysis, and reproducibility of findings.
Civic engagement or civic participation is any individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern. Civic engagement includes communities working together or individuals working alone in both political and non-political actions to protect public values or make a change in a community. The goal of civic engagement is to address public concerns and promote the quality of the community.
The National Issues Forums (NIF) is a US-based non partisan, nationwide network of civic, educational, and other organizations and individuals whose common interest is to promote public deliberation in America. NIF sponsors public forums and training institutions for public deliberation." Everyday citizens get to deliberate on various issues through NIF forums. Some of the issues discussed include civil rights, education, energy, government, etc. "Think, Deliberate, Act" is the slogan on the NIF.
Public engagement or public participation is a term that has recently been used to describe "the practice of involving members of the public in the agenda-setting, decision-making, and policy-forming activities of organizations/institutions responsible for policy development." It is focused on the participatory actions of the public to aid in policy making based in their values.
Public consultation, public comment, or simply consultation, is a process by which members of the public are asked for input on public issues. This can occur in public meetings open to all in written form, as well as in deliberative groups. Surveys and deliberative groups can be conducted with self-selected citizens or with statistically representative samples of the population which enables the identification of majority opinion. Its main goals are to improve public involvement and influence, as well as the transparency and efficiency of government projects, laws, or regulations.
Radical democracy is a type of democracy that advocates the radical extension of equality and liberty. Radical democracy is concerned with a radical extension of equality and freedom, following the idea that democracy is an unfinished, inclusive, continuous and reflexive process.
CaliforniaSpeaks was a statewide nonpartisan deliberative forum on health care reform that took place on August 11, 2007. More than 2,000 Californians gathered in "town meetings" at eight locations, including Eureka, Fresno, Los Angeles, Oakland, Riverside, Sacramento, San Diego, and San Luis Obispo. It was organized by the nonprofit AmericaSpeaks, and was funded by The California Endowment, The California Wellness Foundation, and the Blue Shield of California Foundation. In 2007, it was described as "one of the world's biggest ever public engagement processes" by a UK public participation charity. A 2015 article in the journal Political Communication has described it as a "natural experiment" in structured deliberation.
Carolyn J. Lukensmeyer is an American activist who is a leader in the field of deliberative democracy, a public servant and social entrepreneur. She is Executive Director Emerita of The National Institute for Civil Discourse. In 1995, she founded AmericaSpeaks, a non-partisan non-profit organization that strengthens citizen voice in decision making. Carolyn was chief of staff to Governor Celeste of Ohio from 1986 to 1991. She was Consultant to the White House Chief of Staff for nine months during the Clinton years.
In governance, sortition is the selection of public officials or jurors using a random representative sample. This minimizes factionalism, since those selected to serve can prioritize deliberating on the policy decisions in front of them instead of campaigning.
Environmental politics designate both the politics about the environment and an academic field of study focused on three core components:
Archon Fung, is the Winthrop Laflin McCormack Professor of Citizenship and Democracy at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government and co-founder of the Transparency Policy Project. Fung served as an assistant professor of public policy at the Kennedy School from July 1999–June 2004, then as an associate professor of public policy at the Kennedy School from July 2004–October 2007, and finally as a professor of public policy from October 2007–March 2009 before being named as the Ford Foundation Chair of Democracy and Citizenship in March 2009. In 2015, he was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board.
A citizens' assembly is a group of people selected by lottery from the general population to deliberate on important public questions so as to exert an influence. Other names and variations include citizens' jury, citizens' panel, people's panel, mini-publics,people's jury, policy jury, consensus conference and citizens' convention.
Jane Jebb Mansbridge is an American political scientist. She is the Charles F. Adams Professor of Political Leadership and Democratic Values in the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.
The Jane Mansbridge bibliography includes books, book chapters and journal articles by Jane Mansbridge, the Charles F. Adams Professor of Political Leadership and Democratic Values, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
Oral democracy is a talk-based form of government and political system in which citizens of a determined community have the opportunity to deliberate, through direct oral engagement and mass participation, in the civic and political matters of their community. Additionally, oral democracy represents a form of direct democracy, which has the purpose of empowering citizens by creating open spaces that promote an organized process of discussion, debate, and dialogue that aims to reach consensus and to impact policy decision-making. Political institutions based on this idea of direct democracy seek to decrease the possibilities of state capture from elites by holding them accountable, to encourage civic participation and collective action, and to improve the efficiency and adaptability of development interventions and public policy implementation.
References
- 1 2 3 Polletta, Francesca (May 20, 2021). "Four Publics, Partners, and the Promise of Dialogue". Inventing Ties That Bind. University of Chicago Press; Chicago Scholarship Online. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226734347.003.0004.
- 1 2 Lukensmeyer, Carolyn J.; Brigham, Steven (March 2005). "Taking Democracy to Scale: Large Scale Interventions-for Citizens". The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. 41 (1): 47–60. doi:10.1177/0021886304272656.
- ↑ Šaradín, P.; Soukop, M.; Zapletalová, M.; Zogata-Kusz, A.; Ganowicz, E. (2023). "Democratic Innovations in Three Countries". Challenging Citizens: Democratic Innovations at the Local Level. Central and Eastern European Perspectives on International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-43674-1_4.
- 1 2 Encyclopedia of Management Theory. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. 2013. p. 425. ISBN 9781412997829.
- ↑ Lees-Marshment, Jennifer (2015). "Collecting Public Input". The Ministry of Public Input. Palgrave Studies in Political Leadership. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 87–113. doi:10.1057/9781137017789_4.
- ↑ Lees-Marshment, Jennifer (2015). The Ministry of Public Input. Palgrave Studies in Political Leadership. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 114–138. doi:10.1057/9781137017789_5.
- ↑ Gross, Thomas (2014). "[REVIEW] Bringing Citizen Voices to the Table: A Guide for Public Managers". Gestalt Review. 18 (1): 65–69 – via EBSCOHost.
- ↑ "AmericaSpeaks Closes Down | Participedia". Archived from the original on 2017-05-23. Retrieved 2014-02-11.
- ↑ Levy, Dena; Orr, Susan (January 2014). "Balancing the Books: Analyzing the Impact of a Federal Budget Deliberative Simulation on Student Learning and Opinion". Journal of Political Science Education. 10 (1): 62–80 – via EBSCOHost.
- ↑ D'Agostino, Maria J.; Kloby, Katherine (2011). "Building Community Capacity to Engage Government: Reflections of Nonprofit Leaders on Post-Katrina New Orleans". Administration & Society. 43 (7). doi:10.1177/0095399711413733.
- ↑ Ramasubramanian, L (2010). "Chicagoland's Search for Common Ground". Geographic Information Science and Public Participation. Advances in Geographic Information Science. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75401-5_7.
- ↑ Gastil, John; Knobloch, Katherine R. (2020). "A Political Life Transformed". Hope for Democracy: How Citizens Can Bring Reason Back into Politics. Oxford Academic. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190084523.003.0002.