American Saddlebred

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American Saddlebred
American Saddlebred3.jpg
An American Saddlebred and rider in saddle seat tack and attire.
Other namesSaddlebred, American Saddle Horse, American Saddler
Country of originUnited States
Traits
Weight
  • 900 to 1,000 lb (410 to 450 kg)
Height
  • 15 to 16  hands (60 to 64 inches, 152 to 163 cm)
ColorAny color permissible
Distinguishing featuresHigh stepping with exaggerated action
Breed standards

The American Saddlebred is a horse breed from the United States. Descended from riding-type horses bred at the time of the American Revolution, the American Saddlebred includes the Narragansett Pacer, Canadian Pacer, Morgan and Thoroughbred among its ancestors. Developed into its modern type in Kentucky, it was once known as the "Kentucky Saddler", and used extensively as an officer's mount in the American Civil War. In 1891, a breed registry was formed in the United States. Throughout the 20th century, the breed's popularity continued to grow in the United States, and exports began to South Africa and Great Britain. Since the formation of the US registry, almost 250,000 American Saddlebreds have been registered, and can now be found around the world, with separate breed registries established in Great Britain, Australia, continental Europe, and southern Africa.

Contents

Averaging 15 to 16  hands (60 to 64 inches, 152 to 163 cm) in height, Saddlebreds are known for their sense of presence and style, as well as for their spirited, yet gentle, temperament. They may be of any color, including pinto patterns, which have been acknowledged in the breed since the late 1800s. They are considered a gaited breed, as some Saddlebreds are bred and trained to perform four-beat ambling gaits, one being a "slow gait" that historically was one of three possible ambling patterns, and the much faster rack.

Since the mid-1800s, the breed has played a prominent part in the US horse show industry, and is called the "peacock of the horse world". They have attracted the attention of numerous celebrities, who have become breeders and exhibitors, and purebred and partbred American Saddlebreds have appeared in several films, especially during the Golden Age of Hollywood. Saddlebreds are mainly known for their performance in the show ring, but can also be seen in competition in several other English riding disciplines and combined driving, as well as being used as a pleasure riding horse. American Saddlebreds often compete in five primary divisions: Five-Gaited, Three-Gaited, Fine Harness, Park and Pleasure. In these divisions they are judged on performance, manners, presence, quality and conformation.

Characteristics

High-stepping action is typical of the Saddlebred, as seen in this "five-gaited" horse, performing the rack. Courageous Lord.jpg
High-stepping action is typical of the Saddlebred, as seen in this "five-gaited" horse, performing the rack.

American Saddlebreds stand 15 to 17  hands (60 to 68 inches, 152 to 173 cm) high, [1] averaging 15 to 16  hands (60 to 64 inches, 152 to 163 cm), [2] and weigh between 1,000 and 1,200 pounds (450 and 540 kg). Members of the breed have well-shaped heads with a straight profile, long, slim, arched necks, well-defined withers, sloping shoulders, correct leg conformation, and strong level backs with well-sprung ribs. The croup is level with a high-carried tail. [3] Enthusiasts consider them to be spirited, yet gentle, animals. [1] Any color is acceptable, but most common are chestnut, bay, brown and black. Some are gray, roan, palomino and pinto. [3] The first-known pinto Saddlebred was a stallion foaled in 1882. In 1884 and 1891, two additional pintos, both mares, were foaled. These three horses were recorded as "spotted", but many other pinto Saddlebreds with minimal markings were recorded only by their base color, without making note of their markings. This practice continued into the 1930s, at which time breeders came to be more accepting of "colored" horses and began recording markings and registering horses as pinto. [4] The Saddlebred has been called the "world's most beautiful horse" by admirers, and is known as the "peacock of the horse world". [5] The United States Equestrian Federation (USEF) describes the Saddlebred as follows: "He carries himself with an attitude that is elusive of description—some call it "class", presence, quality, style, or charm. This superior air distinguishes his every movement." [3]

Saddlebreds are popularly known as show horses, with horses being shown saddle seat in both three-gaited and five-gaited classes. The former are the three common gaits seen in most breeds, the walk, trot and canter. The latter includes the three regular gaits, plus two four-beat ambling gaits known as the slow gait and the rack. [1] The slow gait is a four-beat gait in which the lateral pairs of legs leave the ground together, but strike the ground at different times, the hind foot connecting slightly before the forefoot. In the show ring, the gait should be performed with restraint and precision. Historically, the slow gait could be either the running walk, the stepping pace, or the fox trot. [6] The modern five-gaited Saddlebred typically performs a stepping pace. [1]

The rack is also a lateral four-beat gait, but with equal intervals between each footfall. In the show ring, the gait is performed with speed and action, appearing unrestrained. [7]

Health concerns

Lordosis, also known as swayback, low back or soft back, has been found to have a hereditary basis in Saddlebreds and a recessive mode of inheritance. The precise mutation has not yet been located, but researchers believe it to be somewhere on horse chromosome 20. Researching this condition may help more than just the Saddlebred breed as it may "serve as a model for investigating congenital skeletal deformities in horses and other species." [8] Horses with lordosis are generally healthy and unaffected by the condition, and are eligible to compete in many divisions, but a swayback must be penalized as a fault at shows, in addition to other conformation flaws. [3] Due to the high head position common in the show ring, Saddlebreds can have impairments to the upper respiratory system, but it is rare. [7]

History

The Saddlebred has origins in the Galloway and Hobby horses of the British Isles, animals sometimes called palfreys, which had ambling gaits and were brought to the United States by early settlers. These animals were further refined in America to become a now-extinct breed called the Narragansett Pacer, [9] a riding and driving breed known for its ambling and pacing gaits. [1] When colonists imported Thoroughbreds to America, beginning in 1706, they were crossed with the Narragansett Pacer, which, combined with massive exports, ultimately led to the extinction of the Narragansett as a purebred breed. To preserve important bloodlines, Canadian Pacers were introduced instead. By the time of the American Revolution, a distinct type of riding horse had developed with the size and quality of the Thoroughbred, but the ambling gaits and stamina of the Pacer breeds. [9] This animal was called the American Horse. [1] Its existence was first documented in a 1776 letter when an American diplomat wrote to the Continental Congress asking for one to be sent to France as a gift for Marie Antoinette. [9]

19th century

Other breeds which played a role in the development of the Saddlebred in the 19th century include the Morgan, Standardbred and Hackney. [10] The Canadian Pacer had a particularly significant impact. The breed, originally of French origin, was also influential in the development of the Standardbred and Tennessee Walking Horse. [1] The most influential Canadian Pacer on Saddlebred lines was Tom Hall, a blue roan stallion foaled in 1806. After being imported to the United States from Canada, he was registered as an American Saddlebred and became the foundation stallion of several Saddlebred lines. [5]

Yearlings at a farm in Kentucky Saddlebred Long Yearlings at Willowbank Farm in Simpsonville, Ky (8081515138).jpg
Yearlings at a farm in Kentucky

The American Horse was further refined in Kentucky, where the addition of more Thoroughbred blood created a taller and better-looking horse that became known as the Kentucky Saddler. [10] There were originally seventeen foundation stallions listed by the breed registry, but by 1908 the registry decided to list only one and the remainder were identified as "Noted Deceased Sires." [5] Today, two foundation sires of the breed are recognized, both Thoroughbred crosses. The first was Denmark, son of an imported Thoroughbred, [10] who for many years was the only recognized foundation stallion. [1] His son, Gaines' Denmark, was in the pedigrees of over 60 percent of the horses registered in the first three volumes of the breed's studbook. [10] A second foundation sire was recognized in 1991, Harrison Chief. This sire was a descendent of the Thoroughbred Messenger, who is also considered a foundation stallion for the Standardbred breed. [10]

During the American Civil War, American Saddlebreds were commonly used by the military, and known for their bravery and endurance. Many officers used them as mounts, and included in their numbers are General Lee's Traveller, General Grant's Cincinnati, [1] General Sherman's Lexington, [11] and General Jackson's Little Sorrell. [1] Other generals who used them during the conflict include John Hunt Morgan and Basil W. Duke during his time with Morgan's Raiders. Kentucky Saddlers were used during brutal marches with the latter group, and the historical record suggests that they held up better than horses of other breeds. [5]

The American Saddlebred Horse Association was formed in 1891, then called the National Saddle Horse Breeders Association (NSHBA). Private individuals had produced studbooks for other breeds, such as the Morgan, as early as 1857, but the NSHBA was the first national association for an American-developed breed of horse. [10] [12] A member of Morgan's Raiders, General John Breckinridge Castleman, was instrumental in forming the NSHBA. [13] In 1899, the organization name was changed to the American Saddle Horse Breeders Association, clarifying the breed's name as the "American Saddle Horse," not simply "Saddle Horse." [10]

20th century to present

American Saddlebred mare, circa 1906 Gypsyqueensaddlebredalpha.jpg
American Saddlebred mare, circa 1906

After World War I, the American Saddlebred began to be exported to South Africa, and it is now the most popular non-racing breed in that country. [14] Saddlebred horse show standards continued to evolve through the 1920s, as the popularity of the breed grew. The Saddlebred industry slowed during World War II, but began to grow again post-war, with Mexico, Missouri earning the title "Saddle Horse Capital of the World". [15] Exports continued, and though attempts to begin a South African breed registry had started in 1935, it was not until 1949 that the Saddle Horse Breeders' Society of South Africa was formed. [16] The 1950s saw continued growth of the Saddlebred breed, and The Lemon Drop Kid, a fine harness horse, became the first, and only, Saddlebred to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated . [15] In the late 1950s, the Saddle Horse Capital became centered in Shelby County, Kentucky, largely due to the success of breeders Charles and Helen Crabtree, [15] the latter a renowned equitation coach. Although individual Saddlebreds had been exported to Great Britain throughout the breed's history, the first breeding groups were transported there in 1966. For the next three decades, enthusiasts worked to establish a breeding and showing platform for the breed in the UK. [4]

In 1980, the name of the American Saddle Horse Breeder's Association was changed to the American Saddlebred Horse Association (ASHA), [10] membership was opened to non-breeders, and the group began to focus on breed promotion. In 1985, the ASHA became the first breed registry to have their headquarters at the Kentucky Horse Park in Lexington, Kentucky. [14] A decade later, in 1995, the United Saddlebred Association – UK was formed to register Saddlebreds in Great Britain, and acts as the British affiliate of the ASHA. [4] Since the founding of the American registry, almost 250,000 horses have been accepted, with almost 3,000 new foals registered annually. It is the oldest still-functioning breed registry in the US. Most common in the eastern US, the breed is also found throughout North America, Europe, Australia, and in South Africa. [1]

Located at the Kentucky Horse Park is the American Saddlebred Museum, which curates a large collection of Saddlebred-related items and artwork, as well as a 2,500-volume library of breed-related works. [17] There are many magazines which focus on the American Saddlebred: "Show Horse Magazine", "Bluegrass Horseman", "The National Horseman", "Saddle and Bridle", and "Show Horse International". [18] [19]

Show ring history

As a show horse, Saddlebreds were exhibited in Kentucky as early as 1816, [10] and were a prominent part of the first national horse show in the United States, held at the St. Louis Fair in 1856. [14] The Kentucky State Fair began running a World Championship show in 1917, offering a $10,000 prize for the champion five-gaited horse. [15] Also in 1917, the American Horse Shows Association, now the United States Equestrian Federation, formed and began to standardize show formats and rules. In 1957, the American Saddlebred Pleasure Horse Association was formed to regulate English pleasure classes. [15] Today, the most prestigious award in the breed industry is the American Saddlebred "Triple Crown": winning the five-gaited championships at the Lexington Junior League Horse Show, the Kentucky State Fair World's Championship Horse Show, and American Royal horse show; a feat that has only been accomplished by six horses. [20]

The breed's show history also paralleled major historical developments. Heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis, who owned and exhibited Saddlebreds into the 1940s, organized the first "All-Negro" horse show in Utica, Michigan, allowing greater opportunities for African-American people to exhibit horses at a time when there was significant racial segregation in the United States. [13] Gas shortages in the 1970s and 1980s put pressure on the recreational dollar, and saw the growth of single breed shows at the expense of the multi-breed traditional horse show. [15] At the beginning of the 21st century, the number of women showing Saddlebreds increased, with female competitors winning several world championships. [20]

Uses

A Saddlebred in harness 2009 Shelbyville Horse Show (3867465037).jpg
A Saddlebred in harness

Today, the Saddlebred is exhibited in the United States in multiple divisions, including assorted in-hand classes; ridden in saddle seat classes for three- and five-gaited horses in both Park and pleasure classes, hunter country pleasure, and western pleasure; plus pleasure driving, fine harness, roadster harness classes. [3] In five-gaited competition, they are shown with a full tail, often augmented with an artificial switch, and a full mane. Three-gaited horses are shown with a shaved off "roached" mane and a full tail. The trend of the three-gaited horse being presented with the hair at the top of their tails, an area called the dock, trimmed short, has fallen out of style over the past several decades. [21] While use of a set tail in certain types of competition was common, [21] today, tail sets are generally not allowed on the show grounds for horses in the Pleasure divisions, and horses with unset tails are not penalized in any division. Gingering is prohibited. [3]

Outside of breed-specific shows, the Saddlebred is also promoted as suitable for competitive trail riding, endurance riding, dressage, combined driving, eventing, and show jumping. [22] Some Saddlebreds are also suitable for fox hunting, cutting and roping. Because they are so closely affiliated with their traditional show ring competition, they are sometimes mistaken for warmbloods or Thoroughbred crosses when participating in other equine events. [21] They are also suitable family horses used for trail and pleasure riding and ranch work. [1]

Film and celebrity affiliation

William Shatner on the cover of American Saddlebred magazine 1994ASHA-Article-Cover.jpg
William Shatner on the cover of American Saddlebred magazine

Many film and television horses of the Golden Age of Hollywood were also Saddlebreds, including the horses used in lead roles in My Friend Flicka , National Velvet , Fury [23] and one version of Black Beauty . [21] A part-Saddlebred played the lead role in the TV series Mr. Ed, [24] and a Saddlebred was used in a prominent role in Giant . [21] In the 1990s, William Shatner, an actor and Saddlebred breeder, rode one of his own horses, a mare named Great Belles of Fire, in his role as James T. Kirk in Star Trek Generations . [21] Numerous other celebrities besides Shatner [25] have been owners and exhibitors of the breed, including Clark Gable, [23] Will Rogers, Joe Louis, [13] and Carson Kressley. [26]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Morgan horse</span> Breed of horse

The Morgan horse is one of the earliest horse breeds developed in the United States. Tracing back to the foundation sire Figure, later named Justin Morgan after his best-known owner, Morgans served many roles in 19th-century American history, being used as coach horses and for harness racing, as general riding animals, and as cavalry horses during the American Civil War on both sides of the conflict. Morgans have influenced other major American breeds, including the American Quarter Horse, Tennessee Walking Horse and the Standardbred. During the 19th and 20th centuries, they were exported to other countries, including England, where a Morgan stallion influenced the breeding of the Hackney horse. In 1907, the US Department of Agriculture established the US Morgan Horse Farm near Middlebury, Vermont for the purpose of perpetuating and improving the Morgan breed; the farm was later transferred to the University of Vermont. The first breed registry was established in 1909, and since then many organizations in the US, Europe and Oceania have developed. There were estimated to be over 175,000 Morgan horses worldwide in 2005.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tennessee Walking Horse</span> American horse breed noted for a smooth gait

The Tennessee Walking Horse or Tennessee Walker is a breed of gaited horse known for its unique four-beat running-walk and flashy movement. It was originally developed as a riding horse on farms and plantations in the American South. It is a popular riding horse due to its calm disposition, smooth gaits and sure-footedness. The Tennessee Walking Horse is often seen in the show ring, but is also popular as a pleasure and trail riding horse using both English and Western equipment. Tennessee Walkers are also seen in movies, television, and other entertainment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Narragansett Pacer</span> First horse breed developed in the US

The Narragansett Pacer was one of the first recorded horse breeds developed in the United States. It emerged in the 1700s, and is believed to have been bred from a mix of English and Spanish breeds. The Pacer was associated with Rhode Island. The last known Pacer is thought to have died around 1880. The Pacer was known as a sure-footed, dependable breed, although not flashy or always good-looking. Pacers were used for racing and general riding. They provided the foundation for several other American breeds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rocky Mountain Horse</span> American breed of horse

The Rocky Mountain Horse is a horse breed developed in the state of Kentucky in the United States. Despite its name, it originated not in the Rocky Mountains, but instead in the Appalachian Mountains. A foundation stallion, brought from the western United States to eastern Kentucky around 1890, began the Rocky Mountain type in the late 19th century. In the mid-20th century, a stallion named Old Tobe, owned by a prominent breeder, was used to develop the modern type; today most Rocky Mountain Horses trace back to this stallion. In 1986, the Rocky Mountain Horse Association was formed and by 2005 has registered over 12,000 horses. The breed is known for its preferred "chocolate" coat color and flaxen mane and tail, the result of the relatively rare silver dapple gene acting on a black coat, seen in much of the population. It also exhibits a four-beat ambling gait known as the "single-foot". Originally developed as a multi-purpose riding, driving and light draft horse, today it is used mainly for trail riding and working cattle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ambling gait</span> Horse gait

An ambling gait or amble is any of several four-beat intermediate horse gaits, all of which are faster than a walk but usually slower than a canter and always slower than a gallop. Horses that amble are sometimes referred to as "gaited", particularly in the United States. Ambling gaits are smoother for a rider than either the two-beat trot or pace and most can be sustained for relatively long periods, making them particularly desirable for trail riding and other tasks where a rider must spend long periods in the saddle. Historically, horses able to amble were highly desired for riding long distances on poor roads. Once roads improved and carriage travel became popular, their use declined in Europe but continued in popularity in the Americas, particularly in areas where plantation agriculture was practiced and the inspection of fields and crops necessitated long daily rides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saddle seat</span> Style of horse riding

Saddle seat is a style of horse riding within the category of English riding that is designed to show off the high action of certain horse breeds. The style developed into its modern form in the United States, and is also seen in Canada and South Africa. To a much lesser extent, it is ridden with American horse breeds in Europe and Australia.

The Racking Horse is a horse breed derived from the Tennessee Walking Horse, recognized by the USDA in 1971. It is known for a distinctive singlefoot gait. In 1971, the Racking Horse Breeders' Association of America, headquartered in Decatur, Alabama, was formed as the breed registry. Its goal is to preserve the breed in a natural state with little or no artificial devices that enhance gait. The horse's tail is naturally raised without nicking or tail sets. Some classes allow special shoes that enhance action, and a relatively newer class allows the use of chains, six ounces and under as action devices. The practice of soring, illegal under the Horse Protection Act of 1970, is also seen within the Racking Horse world. Since the breed's inception, about 80,000 Racking Horses have been registered, with the largest populations located in the US states of Alabama and Tennessee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spotted Saddle Horse</span> American breed of horse

The Spotted Saddle Horse is a horse breed from the United States that was developed by crossing Spanish-American type gaited pinto ponies with gaited horse breeds, such as the Tennessee Walking Horse. The result was a colorful, smooth-gaited horse, used in the show ring and for pleasure and trail riding. Two registries have been created for the breed, one in 1979 and the other in 1985. The two have similar registration requirements, although one has an open stud book and the other is slightly more strict with regard to parentage requirements, having a semi-closed stud book. The Spotted Saddle Horse is a light riding horse, always pinto in color. Solid-colored foals from registered parents may be registered for identification purposes, so their pinto-colored foals have documented parentage. They always perform an ambling gait, rather than a trot, in addition to the gaits of walk and canter, performed by all breeds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse</span> Breed of horse

The Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse is a horse breed from the U.S. state of Kentucky. Developed as an all-around farm and riding horse in eastern Kentucky, it is related to the Tennessee Walking Horse and other gaited breeds. In 1989 the Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse Association (KMSHA) was formed, and in 2002, the subsidiary Spotted Mountain Horse Association (SMHA) was developed to register Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horses with excessive white markings and pinto patterns. Conformation standards are the same for the two groups of horses, with the main difference being the color requirements. The KMSHA studbook is now closed to horses from unregistered parents, although it cross-registers with several other registries, while the SMHA studbook remains open.

The Virginia Highlander is a small breed of horse with a four-beat ambling gait. It stands between 13 and 14 hands high. Coat colors include roan, chestnut, black and gray, and the occasional white. Breed characteristics include a good temperament and a natural singlefoot gait.

The Pinto Horse Association of America (PtHA) registers horses, utility horses, ponies and miniature horses of various pedigrees with certain kinds of pinto coat colors. The word pinto is Spanish for "paint." In general terms, pinto can apply to any horse marked with unpigmented pink-skinned, white-haired areas on its coat. The Pinto Horse Association of America provides the owners and riders of pintos with a show circuit and a breed organization. The primary requirement for PtHA registration is coat color; the pinto is not a true breed, but a color breed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black Allan (horse)</span> Foundation sire of the Tennessee Walking Horse

Black Allan or Allan F-1 (1886–1910) was the foundation sire of the Tennessee Walking Horse. He was out of a Morgan and Thoroughbred cross mare named Maggie Marshall, a descendant of Figure and the Thoroughbred racing stallion Messenger; and sired by Allandorf, a Standardbred stallion descended from Hambletonian 10, also of the Messenger line.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mountain Pleasure Horse</span> Breed of horse

The Mountain Pleasure Horse is a breed of gaited horse that was developed in the Appalachian Mountains of Eastern Kentucky. This breed reflects the primitive Appalachian gaited horse type and genetic testing shows them to share ancestry with earlier breeds developed in the region, including the American Saddlebred, the Tennessee Walking Horse and the Rocky Mountain Horse. Some Mountain Pleasure Horse bloodlines are traceable for over 180 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Saddlebred Horse and Breeders Association</span> Horse breed registry

The American Saddlebred Horse and Breeders Association is a breed registry for the American Saddlebred horse. Founded in 1891, it is headquartered at the Kentucky Horse Park in Lexington, Kentucky.

Denmark was Thoroughbred stallion who became a major foundation sire of the American Saddlebred horse breed. Over 60% of all the horses in the first three volumes of the Saddlebred studbook trace back to him. Denmark sired the stallion Gaines' Denmark, an influential sire of the breed, out of the "Stevenson mare", a part-bred mare by Cockspur - a descendant of Janus and Sir Archy - out of a Canadian Horse dam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaines' Denmark</span> American horse (born 1851)

Gaines' Denmark was one of the most influential stallions in the development of the American Saddlebred.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Five-gaited</span>

Five-gaited horses are notable for their ability to perform five distinct horse gaits instead of simply the three gaits, walk, trot and canter or gallop common to most horses. Individual animals with this ability are often seen in the American Saddlebred horse breed, though the Icelandic horse also has five-gaited individuals, though with a different set of gaits than the Saddlebred.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mary Gaylord McClean</span> American horse breeder, horse owner and exhibitor, businesswoman and philanthropist

Mary Gaylord McClean is an American horse breeder, horse owner and exhibitor, businesswoman and philanthropist. McClean owns and shows American Saddlebred horses and Hackney ponies, on which she has won multiple Championships. Many of her philanthropic ventures are horse-related.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. Storey Publishing. pp. 68–70. ISBN   1580176135.
  2. ↑ "About Saddlebreds". United States Equestrian Federation. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "2013 United States Equestrian Federation Rule Book - Saddlebred Horse Division" (PDF). United States Equestrian Federation. pp. Rule SB102. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 19, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 "History of the Saddlebred in the UK". United Saddlebred Association – UK. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 23–25. ISBN   9780806138848.
  6. ↑ Bailey, Liberty Hyde (1908). Cyclopedia of American Agriculture: Animals. Cyclopedia of American Agriculture: A Popular Survey of Agricultural Conditions, Practices and Ideals in the United States and Canada. Vol. III. Macmillan. p. 492.
  7. 1 2 Behling, Hugh B. (1999). "Considerations of the American Saddlebred Horse for Purchase Examination" (PDF). AAEP Proceedings. 45: 19–21.
  8. ↑ Oke, Stacey (December 20, 2010). "Genetics of Swayback in Saddlebred Horses Examined". The Horse. Retrieved December 21, 2010.
  9. 1 2 3 "Breed History 500's-1700's". American Saddlebred Horse Association. Archived from the original on June 29, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Breed History 1800s". American Saddlebred Horse Association. Archived from the original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
  11. ↑ Millard, James Kemper (2007). Kentucky's Saddlebred heritage. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub. p. 23. ISBN   9780738544403.
  12. ↑ Curler, Elizabeth A (1993). "History of the American Morgan Horse Register: 1894-1994". American Morgan Horse Association. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 Kemper, James Millard (2007). Kentucky's Saddlebred Heritage. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 84–85. ISBN   978-0738544403.
  14. 1 2 3 "American Saddlebred". International Museum of the Horse. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Breed History 1900s". American Saddlebred Horse Association. Archived from the original on September 20, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
  16. ↑ "Society History". Saddle Horse Breeders' Society of South Africa. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
  17. ↑ "About the American Saddlebred Museum". American Saddlebred Museum. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
  18. ↑ "About Us". Saddle and Bridle. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
  19. ↑ "History of The National Horseman". The National Horseman. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
  20. 1 2 "Breed History 2000s". American Saddlebred Horse Association. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Harris, Moira C.; Langrish, Bob (2006). America's Horses: A Celebration of the Horse Breeds Born in the U.S.A. Globe Pequo. pp. 42–43. ISBN   9781592288939.
  22. ↑ "Breed Other Disciplines". American Saddlebred Horse Association. 1999–2013. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
  23. 1 2 "Celebrities, Saddlebreds and Personalities From the Silver Screen, Cinema and History at Kentucky Horse Park". Equine Chronicle (Press release). January 14, 2011. Archived from the original on February 28, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
  24. ↑ "Mr. Ed makes hay with Hollywood Remake". The Guardian. October 5, 2011. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
  25. ↑ "Celebrity Equestrians: William Shatner". horsenation.com. June 12, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  26. ↑ "ASHA Individual Award winners announced; Aikman, Stonecroft Farm, Rowland, Kressley, Durant, Courts and Harris to receive honors at American Saddlebred Ball in February". Saddlebred News. American Saddlebred Horse Association. Archived from the original on October 8, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2007.
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