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An automaton is a relatively self-operating machine, or a machine or control mechanism designed to automatically follow a predetermined sequence of operations, or respond to predetermined instructions. Some automata, such as bellstrikers in mechanical clocks, are designed to give the illusion to the casual observer that they are operating under their own power. Since long ago, the term is commonly associated with automated puppets that resemble moving humans or animals, built to impress and/or to entertain people.
The Federal Government established the Santa Fe Indian School (SFIS) in 1890 to educate Native American children from tribes throughout the Southwestern United States. The purpose of creating SFIS was an attempt to assimilate the Native American children into the wider United States culture and economy. In 1975, the All Indian Pueblo Council (AIPC) was formed. It was the first Indian organization to utilize the laws in place to contract an education for their children. Eventually, the AIPC was able to leverage complete control of the school and curriculum. In 2001, with the passing of the SFIS Act, the school took ownership of the land. The school resides on the form of a trust, which is held by the nineteen Pueblo Governors of New Mexico. These acts allow for complete educational sovereignty of the school, by the Pueblo.
Julian Wehr (1898–1970) was known as the "American Master of Animated Books". Around 9 million copies of Wehr's books were sold in the United States and Great Britain, and were translated and sold in France, Germany, and Spain during the 1940s and 1950s.
The term pop-up book is often applied to any book with three-dimensional pages, although properly the umbrella term movable book covers pop-ups, transformations, tunnel books, volvelles, flaps, pull-tabs, pop-outs, pull-downs, and more, each of which performs in a different manner. Also included, because they employ the same techniques, are three-dimensional greeting cards.
Paul O. Zelinsky is an American illustrator and writer best known for illustrating children's picture books. He won the 1998 Caldecott Medal for U.S. picture book illustration, recognizing Rapunzel. His most popular work is The Wheels on the Bus, a best-selling movable book.
The Invention of Hugo Cabret is a historical fiction book written and illustrated by Brian Selznick and published by Scholastic. It takes place in France as a young boy finds his purpose. The hardcover edition was released on January 30, 2007, and the paperback edition was released on June 2, 2008. With 284 pictures between the book's 533 pages, the book depends as much on its pictures as it does on the words. Selznick himself has described the book as "not exactly a novel, not quite a picture book, not really a graphic novel, or a flip book or a movie, but a combination of all these things". The book won the 2008 Caldecott Medal, the first novel to do so, as the Caldecott Medal is for picture books.
Hugo is a 2011 American adventure drama film directed and produced by Martin Scorsese, and adapted for the screen by John Logan. Based on Brian Selznick's 2007 book The Invention of Hugo Cabret, it tells the story of a boy who lives alone in the Gare Montparnasse railway station in Paris in the 1930s, only to become embroiled in a mystery surrounding his late father's automaton and the pioneering filmmaker Georges Méliès.
Rives is an American poet, storyteller, and author. He appeared on Seasons 3-6 of HBO's Def Poetry Jam and was a member of Team Hollywood, which won the 2004 National Poetry Slam. His best-known poems include "Kite," about waking up alone in a new lover's apartment, and "Mockingbird," which he performs differently every time, incorporating the words of other poets and speakers in the program.
Matthew Christian Reinhart is an American writer and illustrator of children's pop-up books and picture books. His most recent books include Frozen: a Pop-up Adventure and Lego Pop-up: A Journey to the Lego Universe.
Waldo Henley Hunt was a prolific producer of pop-up books, having nearly singlehandedly revived the genre in the post-war era.
Vic Duppa-Whyte was a British paper engineer and author for pop-up books.
Maillardet's automaton is an automaton built in London circa 1800 by a Swiss mechanician, Henri Maillardet. It is currently part of the collections at The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia.
Tonita Peña born as Quah Ah but also used the name Tonita Vigil Peña and María Antonia Tonita Peña. Peña was a renowned Pueblo artist, specializing in pen and ink on paper embellished with watercolor. She was a well-known and influential Native American artist and art teacher of the early 1920s and 1930s.
Ernest Nister (1841–1906) was a publisher and printer of movable books for children and paper ephemera such as greeting cards, post cards, and calendars. He was born in Darmstadt, Germany and later had an office in London. He refined the techniques used in the design of "magic windows," "dissolving picture," and pop-up books, publishing them from his firm based in Nuremberg, a toy-making center of the nineteenth century.
Ib Penick (1930–1998), a native of Denmark, was known as "the creative mind behind the resurgence of pop-up children's books in the 1960s and 1970s. In his career, Penick designed more than 130 children's books, including Star Wars: a Pop-up Book, which sold more than a million copies. Penick related to one reporter, "...there are only about 100 folds and tricks to [his paper engineering] trade. It's like playing a piano. You have only a certain number of keys, but it's the combinations that make the difference."
The Movable Book Society (MBS) is a nonprofit organization which provides a forum for artists, book sellers, book producers, collectors, curators, and others to share enthusiasm and exchange information about pop-up and movable books. The Society has nearly 450 members worldwide.
Colette Fu is a photographer, book artist and paper engineer based in Philadelphia, PA who makes pop-up books from her photographs. She teaches pop-up courses and community workshops with marginalized populations at various art centers, universities and institutions internationally. Her large-scale, three-dimensional pop-up books feature photographic images which extend towards the viewer for many layers. During an artist residency in Shanghai, Fu designed China's largest pop-up book. Pop-up and flap books originally illustrated sociological ideas and scientific principles; she constructs her own books on how our selves relate to society today. In 2008, Fu was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to create a pop-up book of the 25 ethnic minority groups residing in Yunnan Province, China, from where the artist's mother's family descends. 25 of 55 minority tribes of China reside in Yunnan and comprise less than 9% of the nation's population, with the Han representing the majority. She uses her artistic skills to spread knowledge and provide a brief portrait of their existence.
Bruce Foster is an American paper engineer and graphic designer who specializes in pop-up books. Called a "paper magic master", he has created more than 40 pop-up books for both children and adults, in addition to the pop-up designs that appeared in the 2007 film Enchanted.
Sally Blakemore is a paper engineer and pop-up book packager based in Santa Fe, New Mexico. She is best known for NASCAR Pop-up: A Guide to the Sport, which includes two dozen pop-ups and a 12-second sound chip. Blakemore also heads Arty Projects Studio, a pop-up and novelty book packaging company.
Edward "Ed" Hutchins is known as "one of the most inventive book artists" and proprietor of Editions, a small press publisher of artists' book multiples, since 1989.
References
- ↑ "Convention Roundup". Movable stationery; newsletter of the Movable Book Society. v.6 (2): 1. May 1998. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ↑ Zelinsky, Paul O. (September 2003). "Behind the Tabs". Riverbank Review: 22.
- ↑ Rubin, Ellen G. K. (November 2002). "MBS Grows Up". Movable stationery; newsletter of the Movable Book Society. v. 10 (4): 13. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ↑ Pena, Adie (November 2001). "Pop-up Royalty". Movable stationery; newsletter of the Movable Book Society. v. 9 (4). Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ↑ "Benjamin Franklin Fiesta". Santa Fe New Mexican. 17 January 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ↑ "Benjamin Franklin Fiesta". Santa Fe New Mexican. 17 January 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ↑ "Maillardet's Automaton: The Franklin Institute Science Museum". www.fi.edu. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ↑ "Franklin Institute's Maillardet Automaton Demo 11/04/07". 26 March 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ↑ "FAU Book Exhibition Pops in Three Dimensions - Boca Magazine". Boca Magazine. 11 May 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ↑ "Pop-Up! Illustration in 3D". Brandywine Conservancy and Museum of Art. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ↑ "(Bowdoin, Library, Harold M. Goralnick Pop-up Book Collection)". library.bowdoin.edu. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ↑ "Smithsonian Institution Libraries Unveils "Paper Engineering: Fold, Pull, Pop and Turn" | Newsdesk". newsdesk.si.edu. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
- ↑ "PAST EXHIBITIONS:San Francisco Center for the Book". sfcb.org. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ↑ Pena, Adie (August 2001). "The Baron of Santa Fe". Movable Stationery; newsletter of the Movable Book Society. v. 9 (3): 3, 14–15. Retrieved 28 December 2016.