Hugo (film)

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Hugo
Hugo Poster.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Martin Scorsese
Screenplay by
Based on The Invention of Hugo Cabret
by Brian Selznick
Produced by
Starring
Cinematography Robert Richardson
Edited by Thelma Schoonmaker
Music by Howard Shore
Production
companies
Distributed by Paramount Pictures
Release dates
  • October 10, 2011 (2011-10-10)(NYFF)
  • November 23, 2011 (2011-11-23)(United States)
Running time
126 minutes [1]
CountryUnited States [1] [2] [3]
LanguageEnglish
Budget$150–170 million [4]
Box office$185.8 million [5]

Hugo is a 2011 American adventure drama film [5] directed and produced by Martin Scorsese, and adapted for the screen by John Logan. Based on Brian Selznick's 2007 book The Invention of Hugo Cabret , it tells the story of a boy who lives alone in the Gare Montparnasse railway station in Paris in the 1930s, only to become embroiled in a mystery surrounding his late father's automaton and the pioneering filmmaker Georges Méliès.

Contents

Hugo is Scorsese's first film shot in 3D, about which the filmmaker remarked, "I found 3D to be really interesting, because the actors were more upfront emotionally. Their slightest move, their slightest intention is picked up much more precisely." [6] The film was released in the United States on November 23, 2011. [7]

Hugo received 11 Academy Award nominations (including Best Picture), more than any other film that year, winning a leading five awards: Best Cinematography, Best Art Direction, Best Sound Mixing, Best Sound Editing, and Best Visual Effects. [8] It was also nominated for eight BAFTAs, including Best Director, and winning two, and was nominated for three Golden Globes, including Scorsese's third win for Best Director. Despite receiving considerable acclaim from critics, the film was a financial disappointment, grossing only $185 million against its estimated $150 million budget.

Plot

In 1931 Paris, 12-year-old Hugo Cabret lives with his widowed father, a clockmaker who works at a museum. Hugo's father finds a broken automaton – a mechanical man created to write with a pen. He and Hugo try to repair it, documenting their work in a notebook. Following his father’s death in a fire, Hugo goes to live with his alcoholic uncle Claude, who maintains the clocks at Gare Montparnasse. When Claude goes missing, Hugo continues maintaining the clocks, fearing that the Station Inspector Gustave Dasté will send him away if Claude's absence is discovered. Hugo attempts to repair the automaton with stolen parts, believing it contains a message from his father, but the machine requires a heart-shaped key.

One day, Hugo is caught stealing parts from a toy store, and the owner, Georges, takes his notebook, threatening to destroy it. Georges' goddaughter Isabelle suggests that Hugo confront Georges and demand it back. Georges proposes that Hugo work at his toy store as recompense, and after some time he might return the notebook. Hugo accepts and commences work, in addition to his job maintaining the clocks. Isabelle and Hugo become fast friends, and Hugo is astonished to see she wears a heart-shaped key, given to her by Georges. Hugo shows her the automaton, which they activate with the key. It draws a scene from A Trip to the Moon , once described to Hugo by his father. Isabelle identifies the drawing's signature as that of "Georges Méliès" – her godfather. She sneaks Hugo into her home, where they find a hidden cache of drawings, but they are discovered by Georges, who bans Hugo from his house.

Several days later, at the Film Academy Library, Hugo and Isabelle find a book about the history of cinema that praises Méliès' contributions. They meet the book's author, René Tabard, a film expert who is surprised to hear Méliès is alive, as he disappeared after World War I along with the copies of his films. Excited at the chance to meet Méliès again, René agrees to meet Isabelle and Hugo at Georges' home to show his copy of A Trip to the Moon.

Finding the heart-shaped key on the station railway tracks, Hugo drops down to the track to retrieve it, and is run over by an out-of-control train that smashes through the station. He wakes up from the nightmare, but hears an ominous ticking emanating from himself, and discovers he has been turned into the automaton. Hugo wakes up again: it was only another nightmare.

At Georges' home, his wife Jeanne allows them in after René recognises her as Jeanne d'Alcy, an actress in many of Méliès' films. They play the film, waking Georges, who is finally convinced to cherish his accomplishments rather than regret his lost dreams. Georges recounts that, as a stage magician, he was fascinated by motion pictures and used film to create imaginative works through his Star Film Company. Forced into bankruptcy after the war, he closed his studio and sold or destroyed his films. He laments that even an automaton he built and donated to a museum was lost in a fire; Hugo realizes it is the one he has repaired.

Hugo races to the station to retrieve the automaton but is caught by Dasté, who has learned of Claude's death. Dasté threatens to take Hugo to the orphanage to torment him. Hugo runs away and manages to evade Dasté by hiding on the outer face of the clock tower, precariously balancing hundreds of feet above the ground. After climbing back down, Hugo races to escape the station but drops the automaton on the tracks. He jumps down to retrieve it and is almost run over by a train, but Dasté saves him and the automaton. Georges arrives and tells Dasté, "This boy belongs to me."

Sometime later, Georges is named a professor at the Film Academy, and is paid tribute through a showcase of his films recovered by René. Hugo and his new family celebrate at the apartment, and Isabelle begins to write down Hugo's own story.

Cast

Michael Pitt, Martin Scorsese, and Brian Selznick have cameo roles.

Production

Pre-production

GK Films acquired the screen rights to The Invention of Hugo Cabret shortly after the book was published in 2007. Initially, Chris Wedge was signed in to direct the adaptation and John Logan was contracted to write the screenplay. [9] The film was initially titled Hugo Cabret. Several actors were hired, including Ben Kingsley, Sacha Baron Cohen, Asa Butterfield, Chloë Grace Moretz, and Helen McCrory. Jude Law, Ray Winstone, Christopher Lee, Frances de la Tour, and Richard Griffiths later joined the project. Hugo was originally budgeted at $100 million, but ran over with a final budget between $156 million and $170 million. [10] In February 2012, Graham King summed up his experience of producing Hugo: "Let's just say that it hasn't been an easy few months for me—there's been a lot of Ambien involved".

Filming

Principal photography began in London on June 29, 2010; the first shooting location was at the Shepperton Studios. [11] The Nene Valley Railway near Peterborough also lent their original Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits rolling stock to the studio. [12] [13]

In August 2010, production moved to Paris for two weeks. Locations included the Sainte-Geneviève Library, the Sorbonne (where a lecture hall was converted into a 1930s cinema hall) in the 5th arrondissement, and the Théâtre de l'Athénée and its surrounding area in the 9th. High school Lycée Louis-le-Grand served as the film's base of operations in Paris; its cafeteria served 700 meals a day for the cast and crew. [14]

Music

The film's soundtrack includes an Oscar-nominated original score composed by Howard Shore, and also makes prominent use of the Danse macabre by Camille Saint-Saëns and Gnossienne No. 1 by Erik Satie. Additional music was provided uncredited by French pianist and composer Jean-Michel Bernard. [15] The singer Zaz performs on track 20, "Cœur volant".

Release

The film premiered at the NYFF on October 10, 2011, was theatrically released on November 23, 2011, by Paramount Pictures, and was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 28, 2012, by Paramount Home Media Distribution. Hugo has grossed $34.3 million in home video revenue. [16]

The film had its UK premiere at the Royal Film Performance, an event held in aid of the Film & TV Charity, on November 28, 2011, at the ODEON Leicester Square. It was attended by the Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall. [17] X Factor girlband Little Mix also attended the premiere.

Historical references

Henri Maillardet automaton, London, England, c. 1810 - Franklin Institute - DSC06656.jpg
Automates-Jaquet-Droz-p1030493.jpg
Maillardet's automaton (left) and the Jaquet-Droz automaton "the writer" (right) were inspirations for the design of the automaton in the film.

The backstory and primary features of Georges Méliès' life as depicted in the film are largely accurate: He became interested in film after seeing a demonstration of the Lumière brothers' camera; [18] he was a magician and toymaker; he experimented with automata; he owned a theatre (Théâtre Robert-Houdin); he was forced into bankruptcy; his film stock was reportedly melted down for its celluloid; he became a toy salesman at the Montparnasse station, and he was eventually awarded the Légion d'honneur medal after a period of terrible neglect. Many of the early silent films shown in the movie are Méliès' actual works, such as Le voyage dans la lune (1902). However, the film does not mention Méliès' two children, his brother Gaston (who worked with Méliès during his film-making career), or his first wife Eugénie, who was married to Méliès during the time he made films (and who died in 1913). The film shows Méliès married to Jeanne d'Alcy during their filmmaking period, when in reality they did not marry until 1925.

The automaton's design was inspired by the Maillardet's automaton made by the Swiss watchmaker Henri Maillardet, which Selznick had seen in the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, [19] as well as the Jaquet-Droz automaton "the writer". [20] A portion of the scene with Harold Lloyd in Safety Last! (1923), hanging from the clock, is shown when the main characters sneak into a movie theater. Later, Hugo, like Lloyd in Safety Last!, hangs from the hands of a large clock on a clock tower to escape from a pursuer.

Scenes in Hugo recreate viewings of silent films such as Méliès' A Trip to the Moon and the Lumière brothers' L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat .

Several viewings of the 1895 film L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat are portrayed, depicting the shocked reaction of the audience—although this view is in doubt. [21]

Emil Lager, Ben Addis, and Robert Gill make cameo appearances as the father of Gypsy jazz guitar, Django Reinhardt, the Spanish surrealist painter Salvador Dalí, and the Irish writer James Joyce, respectively. The names of all three characters appear towards the end of the film's cast credit list. [22]

The book that Monsieur Labisse gives Hugo as a gift, Robin Hood le proscrit (Robin Hood the outlaw), was written by Alexandre Dumas in 1864 as a French translation of an 1838 work by Pierce Egan the Younger in England. The book is symbolic, as Hugo must avoid the "righteous" law enforcement (Inspector Gustave) to live in the station and later to restore the automaton both to a functioning status and to its rightful owner. The particular copy given to Hugo looks like the 1917 English-language edition (David McKay publisher, Philadelphia, United States) with cover and interior illustrations by N.C. Wyeth, but with "Le Proscrit" added to the cover by the prop department. The film also depicts the Montparnasse derailment, when at 4:00 pm on 22 October 1895, the Granville–Paris Express overran the buffer stop at its Gare Montparnasse terminus.

In their confrontation with the Station Inspector, Isabelle claims she named her cat after the famous poet Christina Rossetti, as Isabelle then begins to recite the first lines of Rossetti's poem "A Birthday". [23] Near the end of the film, Georges is in a discussion about the origins of filmmaking, and he and Jeanne mention the "cave pictographs in Niaux". This is a reference to the Cave of Niaux archeological site, which features ancient wall paintings that are thought to have been made 17,000 to 11,000 years ago. [24]

Reception

Box office

Hugo earned $15.4 million over its Thanksgiving weekend debut. It went on to earn US$73,864,507 domestically and $111,905,653 overseas, for a worldwide gross of $185,770,160. [5] Despite praise from critics, Hugo was cited as one of the year's notable box-office flops. Its perceived failure was due to competition with Disney's The Muppets and Summit's Breaking Dawn Part 1 . [25] The film was estimated to have had a net loss of $100 million. [26] Producer Graham King said that the film's box-office results were painful. "There's no finger-pointing—I'm the producer and I take the responsibility," he said. "Budget-wise, there just wasn't enough prep time and no one really realized how complicated doing a 3D film was going to be. I went through three line-producers because no one knew exactly what was going on. Do I still think it's a masterpiece that will be talked about in 20 years? Yes. But once the schedule started getting out of whack, things just spiraled and spiraled and that's when the avalanche began." [27]

Critical reception

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 93% based on 230 reviews, with an average rating of 8.30/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Hugo is an extravagant, elegant fantasy with an innocence lacking in many modern kids' movies, and one that emanates an unabashed love for the magic of cinema." [28] Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 83 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". [29] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. [30]

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four stars, saying that the film "is unlike any other film Martin Scorsese has ever made, and yet possibly the closest to his heart: a big-budget, family epic in 3-D, and in some ways, a mirror of his own life. We feel a great artist has been given command of the tools and resources he needs to make a movie about—movies." [31] Peter Rainer of The Christian Science Monitor gave it a "B+" grade and termed it as "an odd mixture: a deeply personal impersonal movie" and concluded that "Hugo is a mixed bag but one well worth rummaging through." [32] Christy Lemire said that the film had an "abundant love of the power of film; being a hardcore cinephile (like Scorsese) might add a layer of enjoyment, but it certainly isn't a prerequisite for walking in the door" besides being "slightly repetitive and overlong". [33] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune give it three stars and described it as "rich and stimulating even when it wanders," explaining "every locale in Scorsese's vision of 1931 Paris looks and feels like another planet. The filmmaker embraces storybook artifice as wholeheartedly as he relays the tale's lessons in the importance of film preservation." [34] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal said that Hugo "visually ... is a marvel, but dramatically it's a clockwork lemon". [35]

Hugo was selected for the Royal Film Performance 2011 with a screening at the Odeon, Leicester Square, in London on 28 November 2011 in the presence of the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall in support of the Cinema and Television Benevolent Fund. [36] Richard Corliss of Time named it one of the Top 10 Best Movies of 2011, saying that "Scorsese's love poem, rendered gorgeously in 3-D, restores both the reputation of an early pioneer and the glory of movie history—the birth of a popular art form given new life through a master's application of the coolest new techniques". [37] James Cameron called Hugo "a masterpiece" and that the film "had the best use of 3D [he] had seen," surpassing even his own acclaimed films. [38]

Top-ten lists

The film appeared on the following critics' lists of the top-ten films of 2011:

CriticPublicationRank
David Denby The New Yorker 1st [39]
Sean HobbitFreelance1st
Elizabeth Weitzman New York Daily News 1st
Harry Knowles Ain't It Cool News 1st [40]
Shawn Levy The Oregonian (Portland)1st [41]
Glenn Kenny MSN Movies 2nd
Peter Hartlaub San Francisco Chronicle 2nd [42]
Richard Corliss Time 2nd [43]
Roger Ebert Chicago Sun-Times 4th [44]
Lisa Schwarzbaum Entertainment Weekly 4th [45]
Peter Paras E! Online 5th
— MTV 5th [46]
Todd McCarthy The Hollywood Reporter 6th [47]
Peter Travers Rolling Stone 6th [48]
— TV Guide 7th [49]
J. Hoberman The Village Voice 8th [50]
Noel Murray The A.V. Club 9th [51]
Mark Kermode BBC Radio 5 Live 9th [52]
Kim MorganMSN Movies9th [53]
Keith PhippsA.V. Club9th [51]
Sean AxmakerMSN Movies10th [54]
Glenn Heath Jr. Slant Magazine 10th [55]
Jeff Simon The Buffalo News — [56]
Manohla Dargis The New York Times —
Phillip French The Observer —

Accolades

List of awards and nominations
Award / Film FestivalDate of CeremonyCategoryRecipient(s)Result
Academy Awards [57] [58] February 26, 2012 Best Picture Graham King and Martin Scorsese Nominated
Best Director Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Adapted Screenplay John Logan Nominated
Best Art Direction Art Direction: Dante Ferretti;
Set Decoration: Francesca Lo Schiavo 		Won
Best Cinematography Robert Richardson Won
Best Costume Design Sandy Powell Nominated
Best Film Editing Thelma Schoonmaker Nominated
Best Original Score Howard Shore Nominated
Best Sound Editing Philip Stockton and Eugene Gearty Won
Best Sound Mixing Tom Fleischman and John Midgley Won
Best Visual Effects Robert Legato, Joss Williams, Ben Grossmann, and Alex HenningWon
Argentine Academy of Cinematography Arts and Sciences Awards [59] December 5, 2012Best Foreign FilmGraham King, Timothy Headington, Martin Scorsese, and Johnny Depp Won
Alliance of Women Film Journalists [60] [61] January 10, 2012Best PictureGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best DirectorMartin ScorseseNominated
Best Adapted ScreenplayJohn LoganNominated
Best CinematographyRobert RichardsonNominated
Best EditingThelma SchoonmakerWon
American Society of Cinematographers [62] February 12, 2012 Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in a Feature Film Robert RichardsonNominated
Art Directors Guild [63] February 4, 2012Period FilmDante FerrettiWon
Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards [64] January 27, 2012 Best Film – International Graham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Direction – International Martin ScorseseNominated
Boston Society of Film Critics Award December 11, 2011 Best Director Martin ScorseseWon
Best Film Graham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Cinematography Robert Richardson2nd Place
Best EditingThelma Schoonmaker2nd Place
British Academy Film Awards [65] [66] February 12, 2012 Best Director Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Cinematography Robert RichardsonNominated
Best Original ScoreHoward ShoreNominated
Best Sound Philip Stockton, Eugene Gearty, Tom Fleischman, and John Midgley Won
Best Editing Thelma SchoonmakerNominated
Best Production Design Dante Ferretti and Francesca Lo SchiavoWon
Best Costume Design Sandy PowellNominated
Best Makeup and Hair Morag Ross and Jan Archibald Nominated
Critics' Choice Awards January 12, 2012 Best PictureGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best DirectorMartin ScorseseNominated
Best Young Actor/Actress Asa Butterfield Nominated
Best Adapted ScreenplayJohn LoganNominated
Best CinematographyRobert RichardsonNominated
Best EditingThelma SchoonmakerNominated
Best Production Design/Art Direction Dante Ferretti and Francesca Lo Schiavo Won
Best ScoreHoward ShoreNominated
Best Costume DesignSandy PowellNominated
Best Visual EffectsRobert LegatoNominated
Best SoundPhilip Stockton, Eugene Gearty, Tom Fleischman, and John MidgleyNominated
Chicago Film Critics Association [67] [68] January 7, 2012 Best Film Graham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Director Martin ScorseseNominated
Best CinematographyRobert RichardsonNominated
Best Original Score Howard ShoreNominated
David di Donatello Awards [69] May 4, 2012 Best Foreign Film HugoNominated
Detroit Film Critics Society [70] December 16, 2011 Best Film Graham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Director Martin ScorseseNominated
Florida Film Critics Circle Awards [71] December 19, 2011 Best Director Martin ScorseseWon
Best Film Graham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Production Design/Art DirectionDante Ferretti and Francesca Lo SchiavoWon
Golden Globe Awards [72] [73] January 15, 2012 Best Director Martin ScorseseWon
Best Motion Picture – Drama Graham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Original Score Howard ShoreNominated
Golden Trailer Awards [74] May 31, 2012Best Animation/Family"Imagine"Nominated
Best Animation/Family TV SpotHugoNominated
Grammy Awards [75] February 10, 2013 Best Score Soundtrack For Visual Media Howard ShoreNominated
Hugo Awards September 2, 2012 Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form Martin Scorsese and John LoganNominated
Indiana Film Critics AssociationBest FilmGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Musical ScoreHoward ShoreNominated
Las Vegas Film Critics SocietyDecember 13, 2011Best FilmGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Family FilmHugoWon
Best Film EditingThelma SchoonmakerWon
Best Youth in FilmAsa ButterfieldWon
National Board of Review [76] Best Film Graham King and Martin ScorseseWon
Best Director Martin ScorseseWon
New York Film Critics Circle Award November 29, 2011 Best Director Martin Scorsese2nd Place
Best Film Graham King and Martin Scorsese3rd Place
Online Film Critics Society Awards January 2, 2012Best PictureGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best DirectorMartin ScorseseNominated
Best CinematographyRobert RichardsonNominated
Phoenix Film Critics SocietyDecember 27, 2011Best PictureGraham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best DirectorMartin ScorseseNominated
Best Adapted ScreenplayJohn LoganNominated
Best CinematographyRobert RichardsonNominated
Best Production DesignDante FerrettiWon
Best Costume DesignSandy PowellNominated
Best Visual EffectsRobert LegatoWon
Best Live Action Family FilmHugoNominated
Ray Bradbury Award May 18, 2013 Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic PresentationMartin Scorsese and John LoganNominated
Satellite Awards December 19, 2011 Best Film Graham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Director Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Art Direction and Production Design Dante Ferretti and Francesca Lo SchiavoNominated
Best Cinematography Robert RichardsonNominated
Best Visual Effects Robert LegatoWon
San Diego Film Critics Society Awards December 14, 2011Best Production DesignDante FerrettiWon
Best Film Graham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Director Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Adapted Screenplay John LoganNominated
Best Cinematography Robert RichardsonNominated
Best Editing Thelma SchoonmakerNominated
Best ScoreHoward ShoreNominated
Saturn Awards [77] June 20, 2012 Best Fantasy Film HugoNominated
Best Actor Ben Kingsley Nominated
Best Performance by a Younger Actor Asa ButterfieldNominated
Chloë Grace Moretz Nominated
Best Director Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Writing John LoganNominated
Best Music Howard ShoreNominated
Best Costume Sandy PowellNominated
Best Production DesignDante FerrettiWon
Best Editing Thelma SchoonmakerNominated
Visual Effects Society Awards [78] February 7, 2012 Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Feature Motion Picture Ben Grossmann, Alex Henning, Rob Legato, Karen MurphyWon
Outstanding Models in a Feature Motion PictureScott Beverly for "Train Crash"Nominated
Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Live Action Feature Motion PictureMartin Chamney, Rob Legato, Adam Watkins, Fabio ZanglaWon
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards [79] December 5, 2011 Best Director Martin ScorseseWon
Best Art DirectionDante FerrettiWon
Best Film Graham King and Martin ScorseseNominated
Best Acting EnsembleHugoNominated
Best Adapted Screenplay John LoganNominated
Best CinematographyRobert RichardsonNominated
Best Score Howard ShoreNominated
World Soundtrack Academy October 20, 2012 Best Original Score of the Year Howard ShoreNominated
Soundtrack Composer of the Year Nominated
Young Artist Awards [80] May 6, 2012 Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actor Asa Butterfield Nominated
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actress Chloë Grace Moretz Won

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<i>The Wolf of Wall Street</i> (2013 film) 2013 film by Martin Scorsese

The Wolf of Wall Street is a 2013 American epic biographical black comedy crime film co-produced and directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Terence Winter, based on Jordan Belfort's 2007 memoir of the same name. It recounts Belfort's career as a stockbroker in New York City and how his firm, Stratton Oakmont, engaged in rampant corruption and fraud on Wall Street, leading to his downfall. The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio as Belfort; Jonah Hill as his business partner and friend Donnie Azoff; Margot Robbie as his second wife, Naomi Lapaglia; Matthew McConaughey as his mentor and former boss Mark Hanna; and Kyle Chandler as FBI agent Patrick Denham. It is DiCaprio's fifth collaboration with Scorsese.

<i>Silence</i> (2016 film) 2016 film directed by Martin Scorsese

Silence is a 2016 epic historical drama film directed by Martin Scorsese from a screenplay by Jay Cocks and Scorsese, based on the 1966 novel of the same name by Shūsaku Endō, marking the third filmed adaptation of the novel. The film stars Andrew Garfield, Adam Driver, Tadanobu Asano, Ciarán Hinds and Liam Neeson. The plot follows two 17th-century Jesuit priests who travel from Portugal to Edo period Japan via Macau to locate their missing mentor and spread Catholic Christianity. The story is set in a time when it was common for the faith's Japanese adherents to hide from the persecution that resulted from the suppression of Christianity in Japan after the Shimabara Rebellion (1637–1638) against the Tokugawa shogunate. These are now called the Kakure Kirishitan, or "hidden Christians".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Georges Méliès in culture</span>

The life and works of the French filmmaker Georges Méliès (1861–1938), including his famous short film A Trip to the Moon, have been referenced many times in creative works, including the following examples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio</span> Collaborations between the director and actor

Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio are frequent collaborators in cinema, with DiCaprio appearing in six feature films and one short film made by Scorsese since 2002. The films explore a variety of genres, including historical epic, crime, thriller, biopic, comedy and western. Several have been listed on many critics' year-end top ten and best-of-decade lists.

<i>Hugo</i> (soundtrack) 2011 film score by Howard Shore

The original score to the 2011 Martin Scorsese-directed historical drama film Hugo featured music composed by Scorsese's norm collaborator Howard Shore. It was released by his own label Howe Records on November 15, 2011 under the title Hugo (Original Score) and has 21 tracks from the selections of his score running for nearly an-hour, unlike the initial score which lasted for one-hour and seventeen minutes, being the extensive score he composed for Scorsese's films. The full score would be later unveiled as a part of For Your Consideration for the 2011–2012 film awards season. It also featured an original song "Cœur volant" performed by French singer-songwriter Zaz, that was used in the end credits.

References

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