Three U.S. astronauts—Commander Jim Pruett (Richard Crenna), "Buzz" Lloyd (Gene Hackman), and Dr. Clayton "Stoney" Stone (James Franciscus)—are the crew of an experimental space station on an extended-duration mission. About five months into a planned seven-month mission, the crew in general and Lloyd in particular begins exhibiting erratic and substandard performance, and NASA management elects to end the mission early. While oriented for retrofire, the main engine on the spacecraft, dubbed Ironman One, fails. Mission Control determines that Ironman does not have enough fuel remaining to initiate atmospheric entry, nor to redock with the station and wait for rescue. The crew is marooned in orbit.
NASA debates whether a rescue flight can reach the crew before their oxygen runs out. No backup launch vehicles are available at Kennedy Space Center and NASA Director of Manned Spaceflight Charles Keith (Peck) opposes using an experimental U.S. Air Forcelifting body, the X-RV, that would be launched on an Air Force Titan IIIC booster rocket; neither the spacecraft nor the booster is man-rated. Colonel Ted Dougherty (David Janssen), NASA's chief astronaut, opposes Keith, claiming most time-consuming preparation items can be dismissed. The President agrees with Dougherty and tells Keith that failing to try a rescue mission will kill public support for the crewed space program. Despite his initial opposition, Keith accepts the decision, and works furiously on the rescue mission. Dougherty appoints himself as pilot.
The astronauts' wives (Lee Grant, Mariette Hartley, and Nancy Kovack) are brought to the control room and allowed to speak to their husbands, but this exacerbates Lloyd's already-agitated condition. As launch time approaches, a hurricane heading for Cape Canaveral causes the mission to be scrubbed. While Keith addresses the news media at the Cape, a USAF weather officer informs Keith the eye of the storm will pass over the Cape 90 minutes later during a subsequent launch window, permitting enough time to launch a rescue mission.
When the eye of the hurricane passes over the Cape, the X-RV is successfully launched. However, insufficient oxygen remains for all three astronauts to survive until Dougherty arrives. Pruett and his crew debate what to do. Stone argues that they can survive by taking sleeping pills to reduce oxygen consumption, but Pruett overrides him. An agitated Lloyd offers to leave, since he is "using up most of the oxygen anyway," but Pruett overrules him as well. He orders everyone into their spacesuits and exits the ship, ostensibly to attempt repairs.
After Pruett goes on his EVA, Lloyd realizes he is planning is to sacrifice himself and attempts to follow. Stone restrains Lloyd, and they both watch Pruett from the hatch. A hiss of air occurs as a large gash in Pruett's space suit is torn on a metal protrusion from the service module's S-band antenna array. Helpless to stop the leak, Pruett drifts away from the ship as Lloyd and Stone look on. With Pruett gone, Stone takes command and sedates Lloyd.
A Soviet Voskhod spacecraft suddenly appears and its cosmonaut tries to make contact. Since his ship is too small to bring the astronauts aboard, the cosmonaut attempts to bring oxygen to the Apollo spacecraft. Stone and Lloyd, suffering oxygen deprivation, do not understand the cosmonaut's gestures or Keith's instructions from Houston. Lloyd drifts out of the hatch and away from the ship. Dougherty arrives in the X-RV and retrieves Dougherty using a maneuvering pack. The cosmonaut moves into the Apollo and attaches an oxygen tank onto Stone's suit. Dougherty transfers the two surviving Ironman astronauts into the rescue ship. After separating, both the Soviet ship and the X-RV execute retrofire to return to Earth, and the final scene fades out with a view of the abandoned Ironman One adrift in orbit.
John Forsythe (uncredited) as The President (voice only)
Tom Stewart as Houston Capcom
Bill Couch (uncredited) as Soviet cosmonaut
Cast notes:
Martin Caidin, the author of the book on which the movie was based and a technical advisor for the film, makes a brief appearance in the film as a reporter describing the arrival of the X-RV at Cape Canaveral.
Production
An earlier version of the film (based on the 1964 version of the novel) was in preproduction in 1965, with Frank Capra producing and directing, from a screenplay by Walter Newman.
At this stage, NASA's head of public affairs, Julian Scheer, while promoting improved openness in the agency's dealings with the media, nevertheless tried to prevent NASA from providing help to the filmmakers. He wrote in an internal memorandum, "It would be better for the agency's standpoint if this picture was never made" because of the spacecraft failure and threat of death in space it would portray.[4]:145
Capra heavily revised the script while seeking funding from investors, to reduce the budget. Amid concerns about the size of the project, Columbia Pictures' M. J. Frankovich offered Capra $3 million to make the film, prompting him to abandon development. When Marooned was eventually produced with John Sturges as director and Mayo Simon as screenwriter, the budget was $8 million.
Given that Apollo missions were being watched regularly by television audiences, the look of the film being as authentic as possible was very important to the producers. NASA, and its primary contractors such as North American Aviation and Philco-Ford, helped with the design of the film's hardware, including the crew's chairs inside the capsule, the orbiting laboratory—which used an early mock-up of the Skylab concept—the service module,[5] the actual Plantronics headsets worn by the actors in the spacecraft, as well as authentic replicas of actual facilities, such as the Mission Operations Control Room (MOCR) at Johnson Space Center in Houston and the Air Force Launch Control Center (AFLCC) at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Contractors' technicians also worked on the film.
The Apollo Command Module used in making the film was an actual "boilerplate" version of the "Block I" Apollo spacecraft; no Block I ever flew with a crew aboard, mainly due to the Apollo 1 fire exposing over a thousand defects. While the Block II series had a means of rapidly opening the hatch, the Block I did not (a major factor in the Apollo 1 fire), and the interior set was constructed using the boilerplate as a model. To blow the hatch in the movie, Buzz pulls on a handle attached to a hinge.
Astronaut Jim Lovell and his wife Marilyn Lovell referred to the film years later in a special interview. Their recollection is shared as a feature on the DVD release of Apollo 13, a 1995 film directed by Ron Howard. The couple describes a 1969 film—never specifically named—in which an astronaut in an Apollo spacecraft "named Jim" faces mortal peril. The couple says the film gave Lovell's wife nightmares. Her experience inspired a dream sequence in Apollo 13.
Some discrepancies exist between real-life procedures and what is shown in the film. For instance, several scenes show various people communicating directly with the astronauts in space. In actuality, only CAPCOM (an astronaut) and astronauts' wives would have been permitted to communicate with the spacecraft, all others in MOCR and AFLCC would only be able to communicate on the internal network or to their respective backroom teams.[6] Conspicuously absent from the film is any person resembling a flight director. In real life, "Flight" is in charge of a space mission during that director's shift. The filmmakers felt that adding a flight director would distract from the interpersonal dynamic between Keith and Dougherty.[citation needed]
The film was still on release in some US cities during the Apollo 13 mission in April 1970, and exhibitors considered pulling the film from release depending on the outcome of the mission. However, the distributors used the interest in the subject to expand its distribution, putting it back on release in New York theaters.[11]
Reception
The film grossed $43,500 in its first week at the Egyptian Theater on Hollywood Boulevard in Los Angeles, California.[12]
In a review for The New York Times, Howard Thompson applauded the movie as "[l]eanly structured, crisply performed," "beautifully directed," and "admirably intelligent all the way," bemoaning only an intermission that "severs the tension and cripples the dramatic crescendo" and a climax that "seems curiously antiseptic" and lacks "a vital, culminative wallop."[13]
Legacy
During the preliminary discussions for the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, the film was discussed as a means of alleviating Soviet suspicion.[14] One purpose of the mission was to develop and test capabilities for international space rescue.
Film Ventures International released the film under the title Space Travelers and licensed this version for use on the show Mystery Science Theater 3000. It appeared on the first episode of the fourth national season on June 6, 1992.
↑Stone, Robert; Andres, Alan (2019). Chasing the Moon: The People, the Politics, and the Promise That Launched America into the Space Age. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN9781524798123.
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