The Anglican Group for the Ordination of Women to the Historic Ministry of the Church existed from 1930 to 1978. [1] By research, education, publicity, and memorials to the church, it pushed the Church of England and the whole Anglican Communion to admit women to the historic three-fold ministry (bishops, priests, and deacons). By the time the organization disbanded in 1978, women had been ordained priests in four provinces of the Anglican Communion.
Between the 1920 and 1930 Lambeth Conferences, the League of the Church Militant pushed for the ordination of women. However, it had been associated with the suffrage cause as a successor to the Church League for Women's Suffrage, so it broke up shortly before the 1930 Conference. It was replaced by the Anglican Group for the Ordination of Women (AGOW). [2]
The Anglican Group for the Ordination of Women to the Historic Ministry founding vice-presidents were the Bishop of Lichfield John Kempthorne and the Dean of Canterbury Dick Sheppard. Its council included several “prominent Anglican clergy” and “prominent women” the Headmistress of Roedean School, the actress Dame Sybil Thorndike, its first secretary was Mrs. Ronald Best. [3]
“Membership of the organisation was open to all baptised Anglicans over the age of 18 and it was financed by donation rather than by subscription. Business and policy making was in the hands of the Annual General Meeting, where the annual report was received and officers and the Executive Committee elected (the first annual meeting was held March 1933).” [1]
The overall purpose of AGOW was "to secure the admission of women to the Ministry", [4] and "to secure effective expression the Christian principle of spiritual equality between men and women by urging upon the Church of England the admission of women to the threefold ministry of bishops, priests, and deacons." [5]
Its immediate and more specific task was to prepare material for the upcoming 1930 Lambeth Conference. [2]
In preparation for the Lambeth Conference of the Anglican Communion's Bishops in the summer of 1930 the Archbishop of Canterbury Cosmo Gordon Lang requested that the church be provided material "which would compel the serious consideration of [the ordination of women] in a manner worthy of its importance" and give means of contact with “women who believe themselves called to the ministry”. [1]
The Anglican Group for the Ordination of Women to the Historic Ministry of the Church was at this point an ad hoc group established to provide the evidence Archbishop Lang had requested. [6] The group adopted a resolution for the 1930 Conference:
Resolution: That this Council reaffirms its conviction that the full ministry of religion should be open to both sexes, and, further, it urges upon the Archbishops and Bishops of the Established Church of England the importance of dealing with this matter at the forthcoming Lambeth Conference. [7]
However, the AGOW's position was rejected by the Conference. To the contrary, the Conference "took a step backwards in the matter of women’s ordination." It reversed its 1920 position by declaring that deaconesses were not female deacons but laywomen.” [8] This resolution stated that a Deaconess was not "identical in character and perhaps also in status with the Third Order of the Ministry" and removed of the term "Holy" from the Order of Deaconesses. [9]
Given the new situation, what had been an ad hoc group was re-established as an ongoing organisation after the Conference. It held its first meeting in March 1933. [10] Its new purposes were stated as follows: [6]
(1) upholding “the Christian principle of spiritual equality between men and women”;
(2) drawing attention to “the growing need for the admission of women to the...ministry of the Church” and
(3) bringing together and supporting “those women who believe themselves to be called to holy orders”.
The ordination of women in the Church of England was the group's only concern during its whole existence. It also worked with the Society for the Ministry of Women in the Church. This was a non-denominational organization concerned for the ministry of women in the church as a whole. [1]
During the rest of the 1930s, the group's position having been rejected by the 1930 Lambeth Conference, the group limited its public activities to “intermittent public meetings.” However, it continued to research the issue of women's ordination. For example, the group “conducted two research surveys among its missionaries worldwide to investigate the feasibility of ordaining deaconesses to the priesthood in response to the needs on the mission field.” It was found that in China the missionaries were “overwhelming in favor” of it. [11]
The group suspended all activities during the Second World War. [6] During the war, on January 25, 1944, Florence Li Tim-Oi was ordained an Anglican priest in China, accomplishing for the first time what the group had been advocating. [12]
After the war of the Anglican Group for the Ordination of Women to the Historic Ministry of the Church held a meeting in 1946. However, as an organisation, the group seems to have “lost its impetus” as evidenced by the fact that it held only three general meetings between 1949 and 1957. [1]
During the early 1950s, the group engaged in no activity that might begin “a debate on the issue of the ordination of women in the Church of England. Rather, it worked only on “research and education”. [1] In 1952, the AGOW had "approximately 200 men and women members". [4]
In 1955, the AGOW submitted a report to the church that “recommended that women should be allowed to conduct statutory services (though not communion).” However, again, the church rejected the AGOW's recommendation. [1]
As a result of this rejection by the church, the AGOW "began again to campaign directly for women priests." [13] For example, the group began to make its existence known through letters to The Times newspaper. [1]
As part of its direct campaign, the AGOW rewrote its constitution in 1957. Its stated objectives were now as follows: [1]
(1) to secure ordination of women to all orders of the Church of England;
(2) promote equality between men and women in the offices and the affairs of the Anglican Church; (3) assist women in theological study; and
(4) to undertake all lawful activities to promote the previous points.
During the 1960s, the groups efforts focussed on "raising awareness of the issue in the media through contacts with the press and publications": publications such as those listed in the section on Works below. [1] By such efforts the AGOW hoped “to build up an informed public opinion within the Church of England concerning the church's refusal to ordain women to the three-fold ministry." [14]
The objectives of the AGOW began to be realized in 1960 by "the gradual acceptance of female ordination within the Anglican Communion". [15]
Kenneth Woollcombe, Bishop of Oxford, was serving as president of the AGOW as its objectives were being realized. [14] Thus, he presided the organization's disbanding in 1978. [1]
The disbanding of the AGOW came before the Anglican Church of England, that had been its primary objective from which its members came, ordained women. It was not until 12 March 1994, after the necessary legislation had been passed, that the first women priests in the Church of England were ordained. [16]
In the late 1970s, the Movement for the Ordination of Women formed, which has been succeeded by Women and the Church.
In 1987, the AGOW's papers were deposited in the Fawcett Library (now the Women's Library). [10]
Written by or for or published by the Anglican Group for the Ordination of Women to the Historic Ministry of the Church. The following works are listed in the WorldCat.
The Anglican Communion is the third largest Christian communion after the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. Founded in 1867 in London, the communion has more than 85 million members within the Church of England and other autocephalous national and regional churches in full communion. The traditional origins of Anglican doctrine are summarised in the Thirty-nine Articles (1571). The archbishop of Canterbury in England acts as a focus of unity, recognised as primus inter pares, but does not exercise authority in Anglican provinces outside of the Church of England. Most, but not all, member churches of the communion are the historic national or regional Anglican churches.
In certain Christian denominations, holy orders are the ordained ministries of bishop, priest (presbyter), and deacon, and the sacrament or rite by which candidates are ordained to those orders. Churches recognizing these orders include the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, Assyrian, Old Catholic, Independent Catholic and some Lutheran churches. Except for Lutherans and some Anglicans, these churches regard ordination as a sacrament.
A deacon is a member of the diaconate, an office in Christian churches that is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions. Major Christian churches, such as the Catholic Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Eastern Orthodox Church, Lutheranism, Methodism, and Anglicanism view the diaconate as an order of ministry.
The Lambeth Conference is a decennial assembly of bishops of the Anglican Communion convened by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The first such conference took place at Lambeth in 1867.
Forward in Faith (FiF) is an organisation operating in the Church of England and the Scottish Episcopal Church. It represents a traditionalist strand of Anglo-Catholicism and is characterised by its opposition to the ordination of women to the priesthood and episcopate. It also takes a traditionalist line on other matters of doctrine. Credo Cymru is its counterpart in Wales. Forward in Faith North America (FIFNA) operates in the U.S.
The Church of South India (CSI) is a united Protestant Church in India. It is the result of union of a number of Protestant denominations in South India that occurred after the independence of India.
Valid but irregular is a term used in Christian churches which have a concept of Holy Orders, such as the Anglican churches, to sacramental actions by someone who is able, due to their already being ordained to the appropriate orders, to carry out the action but does not have the required authority to do so. The term is analogous to that of "valid but illicit" used in the Roman Catholic Church.
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The Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral, frequently referred to as the Lambeth Quadrilateral or the Lambeth-Chicago Quadrilateral, is a four-point articulation of Anglican identity, often cited as encapsulating the fundamentals of the Anglican Communion's doctrine and as a reference point for ecumenical discussion with other Christian denominations. The four points are:
The Community of St. Andrew (CSA) is an Anglican religious order of professed sisters in holy orders or who otherwise serve in diaconal ministry. The community was founded in 1861 by Elizabeth Ferard, with the encouragement of Bishop Tait of London. It is based in the Diocese of London of the Church of England.
The Anglican ministry is both the leadership and agency of Christian service in the Anglican Communion. "Ministry" commonly refers to the office of ordained clergy: the threefold order of bishops, priests and deacons. More accurately, Anglican ministry includes many laypeople who devote themselves to the ministry of the church, either individually or in lower/assisting offices such as lector, acolyte, sub-deacon, Eucharistic minister, cantor, musicians, parish secretary or assistant, warden, vestry member, etc. Ultimately, all baptized members of the church are considered to partake in the ministry of the Body of Christ.
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Anglican–Roman Catholic dialogue is the historical communication between the Anglican Communion and the Roman Catholic Church, through their ecumenical relations. These were notably shaped subsequent to the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965).
The ordination of women in the Anglican Communion has been increasingly common in certain provinces since the 1970s. Several provinces, however, and certain dioceses within otherwise ordaining provinces, continue to ordain only men. Disputes over the ordination of women have contributed to the establishment and growth of progressive tendencies, such as the Anglican realignment and Continuing Anglican movements.
The Movement for the Ordination of Women (MOW) was the name used by organisations in England and Australia that campaigned for the ordination of women as deacons, priests and bishops in the Anglican Communion.
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