Antoinette Galvin

Last updated
Antoinette Broe Galvin
Alma materUniversity of Maryland
Scientific career
InstitutionsUniversity of New Hampshire
Thesis Charge states of heavy ions in the energy range in the order of 30-130 keV/Q observed in upstream events associated with the earth's bow shock  (1982)

Antoinette (Toni) Galvin is space physicist at the University of New Hampshire. She is known for her research on the solar wind.

Contents

Education and career

Galvin earned her B.S. in physics from Purdue University, and has an M.S. and a Ph.D. [1] in physics from the University of Maryland. [2] Galvin was a research faculty member of the University of Maryland before moving to the University of New Hampshire in 1997. [3] As of 2011, Galvin is a research professor in physics and astronomy at the University of New Hampshire and the director of the New Hampshire NASA Space Grant program and the New Hampshire NASA EPSCoR program. [3]

In 2019, Galvin was named a fellow of the American Geophysical Union, who cited her "for exceptional contributions to our understanding of the properties of the solar wind, its solar sources, and its structure in the heliosphere." [4]

Research

Galvin is a space physicist whose research is on heliophysics, the science of the sun. Galvin's early research included working on the Ultra-Low Energy Charge Analyzer (ULECA) instrumentation for two of the NASA-ESA International Sun-Earth Explorer spacecraft (ISEE-1 and ISEE-3) with which she examined the ions upstream of Earth's bow shock [5] and used changes in the charge state of heavy ions to track the solar wind ionization temperature. [6] Galvin has also examined heavy ions in the comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner. [7] Galvin worked on the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) instrumentation for the Ulysses spacecraft that was a shared venture between NASA and the European Space Agency. [8] Ulysses enabled Galvin and colleagues to identify interstellar hydrogen [9] and to identify events associated with coronal mass ejections, also known as solar explosions. [10]

Galvin also worked on the Mass Time-of-Flight (MTOF) and Proton Monitor (PM) instrumentation on the NASA-ESA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) mission and on the development of a supra-thermal ion experiment that flew on the NASA-Japan Geotail mission. Galvin was the lead for the Suprathermal Ion Composition Spectrometer (STICS) on the NASA Wind spacecraft. Galvin is the principal investigator for the PLasma and SupraThermal Ion Composition (PLASTIC) instruments on the two Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory STEREO spacecraft. [11] [12] In 2009, data from PLASTIC provided the solar wind measurements for the first three-dimensional images of a coronal mass ejection from the sun. [13] In 2012, Galvin and colleagues observed an extreme storm which will help establish the conditions that lead to the prediction of sun storms and thereby reduce their impact on communications on Earth. [14] [13] On the Solar Orbiter platform, Galvin is the lead for the group that developed the time of flight section of the Heavy Ion Sensor on the Solar Wind Analyser platform. [15] [16] She is a team member of the HelioSwarm NASA MIDEX mission, currently under development.

Selected publications

Awards and honors

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stellar corona</span> Outermost layer of a stars atmosphere

A corona is the outermost layer of a star's atmosphere. It is a hot but relatively dim region of plasma populated by intermittent coronal structures known as solar prominences or filaments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar wind</span> Stream of charged particles from the Sun

The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the Sun's outermost atmospheric layer, the corona. This plasma mostly consists of electrons, protons and alpha particles with kinetic energy between 0.5 and 10 keV. The composition of the solar wind plasma also includes a mixture of particle species found in the solar plasma: trace amounts of heavy ions and atomic nuclei of elements such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, neon, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, and iron. There are also rarer traces of some other nuclei and isotopes such as phosphorus, titanium, chromium, and nickel's isotopes 58Ni, 60Ni, and 62Ni. Superimposed with the solar-wind plasma is the interplanetary magnetic field. The solar wind varies in density, temperature and speed over time and over solar latitude and longitude. Its particles can escape the Sun's gravity because of their high energy resulting from the high temperature of the corona, which in turn is a result of the coronal magnetic field. The boundary separating the corona from the solar wind is called the Alfvén surface.

<i>Ulysses</i> (spacecraft) 1990 robotic space probe; studied the Sun from a near-polar orbit

Ulysses was a robotic space probe whose primary mission was to orbit the Sun and study it at all latitudes. It was launched in 1990 and made three "fast latitude scans" of the Sun in 1994/1995, 2000/2001, and 2007/2008. In addition, the probe studied several comets. Ulysses was a joint venture of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), under leadership of ESA with participation from Canada's National Research Council. The last day for mission operations on Ulysses was 30 June 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Comet Hyakutake</span> Comet that passed close to Earth in 1996

Comet Hyakutake is a comet discovered on 31 January 1996. It was dubbed the Great Comet of 1996; its passage to within 0.1 AU (15 Gm) of the Earth on 25 March was one of the closest cometary approaches of the previous 200 years. Reaching an apparent visual magnitude of zero and spanning nearly 80°, Hyakutake appeared very bright in the night sky and was widely seen around the world. The comet temporarily upstaged the much anticipated Comet Hale–Bopp, which was approaching the inner Solar System at the time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronal mass ejection</span> Ejecta from the Suns corona

A coronal mass ejection (CME) is a significant ejection of plasma mass from the Sun's corona into the heliosphere. CMEs are often associated with solar flares and other forms of solar activity, but a broadly accepted theoretical understanding of these relationships has not been established.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfvén wave</span> Low-frequency plasma wave

In plasma physics, an Alfvén wave, named after Hannes Alfvén, is a type of plasma wave in which ions oscillate in response to a restoring force provided by an effective tension on the magnetic field lines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Advanced Composition Explorer</span> NASA satellite of the Explorer program

Advanced Composition Explorer is a NASA Explorer program satellite and space exploration mission to study matter comprising energetic particles from the solar wind, the interplanetary medium, and other sources.

<i>Wind</i> (spacecraft) NASA probe to study solar wind, at L1 since 1995

The Global Geospace Science (GGS) Wind satellite is a NASA science spacecraft designed to study radio waves and plasma that occur in the solar wind and in the Earth's magnetosphere. It was launched on 1 November 1994, at 09:31:00 UTC, from launch pad LC-17B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) in Merritt Island, Florida, aboard a McDonnell Douglas Delta II 7925-10 rocket. Wind was designed and manufactured by Martin Marietta Astro Space Division in East Windsor Township, New Jersey. The satellite is a spin-stabilized cylindrical satellite with a diameter of 2.4 m and a height of 1.8 m.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STEREO</span> Solar observation mission (2006–present)

STEREO is a solar observation mission. Two nearly identical spacecraft were launched in 2006 into orbits around the Sun that cause them to respectively pull farther ahead of and fall gradually behind the Earth. This enabled stereoscopic imaging of the Sun and solar phenomena, such as coronal mass ejections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronal hole</span> Cool, tenuous region of the Suns corona

Coronal holes are regions of the Sun's corona that emit low levels of ultraviolet and X-ray radiation compared to their surroundings. They are composed of relatively cool and tenuous plasma permeated by magnetic fields that are open to interplanetary space. Compared to the corona's usual closed magnetic field that arches between regions of opposite magnetic polarity, the open magnetic field of a coronal hole allows solar wind to escape into space at a much quicker rate. This results in decreased temperature and density of the plasma at the site of a coronal hole, as well as an increased speed in the average solar wind measured in interplanetary space.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Van Allen Probes</span> NASA Earth magnetosphere investigator satellites

The Van Allen Probes, formerly known as the Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP), were two robotic spacecraft that were used to study the Van Allen radiation belts that surround Earth. NASA conducted the Van Allen Probes mission as part of the Living With a Star program. Understanding the radiation belt environment and its variability has practical applications in the areas of spacecraft operations, spacecraft system design, mission planning and astronaut safety. The probes were launched on 30 August 2012 and operated for seven years. Both spacecraft were deactivated in 2019 when they ran out of fuel. They are expected to deorbit during the 2030s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MAVEN</span> NASA Mars orbiter (2013–Present)

MAVEN is a NASA spacecraft orbiting Mars to study the loss of that planet's atmospheric gases to space, providing insight into the history of the planet's climate and water. The name is an acronym for "Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution" while the word maven also denotes "a person who has special knowledge or experience; an expert". MAVEN was launched on an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, on 18 November 2013 UTC and went into orbit around Mars on 22 September 2014 UTC. The mission is the first by NASA to study the Mars atmosphere. The probe is analyzing the planet's upper atmosphere and ionosphere to examine how and at what rate the solar wind is stripping away volatile compounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Comet tail</span> Dust or gases blown off a comet by solar wind in the inner solar system, leaving a visible trail

A comet tail and coma are visible features of a comet when they are illuminated by the Sun and may become visible from Earth when a comet passes through the inner Solar System. As a comet approaches the inner Solar System, solar radiation causes the volatile materials within the comet to vaporize and stream out of the nucleus, carrying dust away with them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heliophysics Science Division</span>

The Heliophysics Science Division of the Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA) conducts research on the Sun, its extended Solar System environment, and interactions of Earth, other planets, small bodies, and interstellar gas with the heliosphere. Division research also encompasses geospace—Earth's uppermost atmosphere, the ionosphere, and the magnetosphere—and the changing environmental conditions throughout the coupled heliosphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pickup ion</span>

In solar physics, heliospheric pickup ions are created when neutral particles inside the heliosphere are ionized by either solar ultraviolet radiation, charge exchange with solar wind protons or electron impact ionization. Pickup ions are generally characterized by their single charge state, a typical velocity that ranges between 0 km/s and twice the solar wind velocity (~800 km/s), a composition that reflects their neutral seed population and their spatial distribution in the heliosphere. The neutral seed population of these ions can either be of interstellar origin or of lunar-, cometary, or inner-source origin. Just after the ionization, the singly charged ions are picked up by the magnetized solar wind plasma and develop strong anisotropic and toroidal velocity distribution functions, which gradually transform into a more isotropic state. After their creation, pickup ions move with the solar wind radially outwards from the Sun.

Lynn Kistler is a physicist known for her research on the magnetosphere that protects Earth from radiation from space.

Margaret Ann ("Peggy") Shea is a space scientist known for research on the connections between cosmic radiation and Earth's magnetic field.

Susan Lepri is an American space scientist and is currently Professor of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering at the University of Michigan. She led development of portions of the Heavy Ion Sensor (HIS) which was launched onboard the European Space Agency's Solar Orbiter mission in February 2020. She has been director of the University of Michigan Space Physics Research Laboratory (SPRL) since 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfvén surface</span> Boundary between solar corona and wind

The Alfvén surface is the boundary separating a star's corona from the stellar wind defined as where the coronal plasma's Alfvén speed and the large-scale stellar wind speed are equal. It is named after Hannes Alfvén, and is also called Alfvén critical surface, Alfvén point, or Alfvén radius. In 2018, the Parker Solar Probe became the first spacecraft that crossed Alfvén surface of the Sun.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnetic switchback</span>

Magnetic switchbacks are sudden reversals in the magnetic field of the solar wind. They can also be described as traveling disturbances in the solar wind that caused the magnetic field to bend back on itself. They were first observed by the NASA-ESA mission Ulysses, the first spacecraft to fly over the Sun's poles. NASA's Parker Solar Probe and NASA/ESA Solar Orbiter both observed switchbacks.

References

  1. ↑ Galvin, Antoinette Broe (1982). "Charge states of heavy ions in the energy range in the order of 30-130 keV/Q observed in upstream events associated with the earth's bow shock". University Microfilms. Bibcode:1982PhDT.........3G. OCLC   946012050.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ↑ "Galvin, Antoinette". findscholars.unh.edu. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  3. 1 2 "NHSGC Director Toni Galvin". www.nhsgc.unh.edu. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
  4. 1 2 "Galvin". Honors Program. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  5. ↑ Ipavich, F. M.; Galvin, A. B.; Gloeckler, G.; Scholer, M.; Hovestadt, D. (1981). "A statistical survey of ions observed upstream of the Earth's bow shock: Energy spectra, composition, and spatial variation". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 86 (A6): 4337–4342. Bibcode:1981JGR....86.4337I. doi:10.1029/JA086iA06p04337. ISSN   2156-2202.
  6. ↑ Galvin, A. B.; Ipavich, F. M.; Gloeckler, G.; Hovestadt, D.; Klecker, B.; Scholer, M. (1984). "Solar wind ionization temperatures inferred from the charge state composition of diffuse particle events". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 89 (A5): 2655–2671. Bibcode:1984JGR....89.2655G. doi:10.1029/JA089iA05p02655. ISSN   2156-2202.
  7. ↑ Ipavich, F. M.; Galvin, A. B.; Gloeckler, G.; Hovestadt, D.; Klecker, B.; Scholer, M. (1986-04-18). "Comet Giacobini-Zinner: In Situ Observations of Energetic Heavy Ions". Science. 232 (4748): 366–369. Bibcode:1986Sci...232..366I. doi:10.1126/science.232.4748.366. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   17792146. S2CID   22856104.
  8. ↑ "Ulysses Offers New Insights on Conditions over Sun's Poles". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). October 26, 1995. Archived from the original on 2021-07-31. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
  9. ↑ Gloeckler, G.; Galvin, A. B.; Ipavich, F. M.; Geiss, J.; Balsiger, H.; von Steiger, R.; Fisk, L. A.; Ogilvie, K. W.; Wilken, B. (1993-07-02). "Detection of Interstellar Pick-Up Hydrogen in the Solar System". Science. 261 (5117): 70–73. Bibcode:1993Sci...261...70G. doi:10.1126/science.261.5117.70. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   17750548. S2CID   46167186.
  10. ↑ Galvin, A.B.; Gloeckler, G.; Ipavich, F.M.; Shafer, C.M.; Geiss, J.; Ogilvie, K. (1993-06-01). "Solar wind composition measurements by the Ulysses SWICS experiment during transient solar wind flows". Advances in Space Research. 13 (6): 75–78. doi:10.1016/0273-1177(93)90393-P. ISSN   0273-1177.
  11. ↑ "STEREO - Team". stereo-ssc.nascom.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
  12. ↑ "UNH space scientists deliver twin instruments to NASA". phys.org. June 6, 2006. Archived from the original on 2021-07-31. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
  13. 1 2 Atkinson, Nancy (2009-04-14). "The Anatomy of a Solar Explosion in 3-D". Universe Today. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
  14. ↑ Liu, Ying D.; Luhmann, Janet G.; Kajdič, Primož; Kilpua, Emilia K. J.; Lugaz, Noé; Nitta, Nariaki V.; Möstl, Christian; Lavraud, Benoit; Bale, Stuart D.; Farrugia, Charles J.; Galvin, Antoinette B. (2014-03-18). "Observations of an extreme storm in interplanetary space caused by successive coronal mass ejections". Nature Communications. 5 (1): 3481. arXiv: 1405.6088 . Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.3481L. doi:10.1038/ncomms4481. ISSN   2041-1723. PMID   24642508. S2CID   11999567.
  15. ↑ "University of New Hampshire Heading Back to The Sun on Solar Orbiter". UNH Today. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  16. ↑ Owen, C. J.; et al. (October 2020). "The Solar Orbiter Solar Wind Analyser (SWA) suite". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 642: A16. Bibcode:2020A&A...642A..16O. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201937259 . S2CID   224966409.
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