Antonio Huachaca

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Huachaca went on to live in hiding, without leaving his rebellious attitude. He is detected in 1830 near Huanta and Carhuahurán, again with a threatening attitude. From then on, a reward of $2,000 for his head and that of Mariano Méndez. The Iquichan community members would remain unruly during this time, supporting various leaders. In 1834 they sided with the liberal president Luis José de Orbegoso y Moncada against the conservative Agustín Gamarra, based in Cuzco. [48] The differences between the main political groups were blurred and the caudillos constantly shifted positions as the proposals of the factions changed over time. The nineteenth-century struggles are based on the confrontation of the centralist conservatives, strong in Lima and on the northern coast, although during Gamarra's life they had an important presence in Cuzco, against federalist liberals, with a presence in the southern Andean mountains and especially in Arequipa. although with many supporters in Lima. [49] It should be mentioned that during the decades following Bolivian independence, maritime trade flourished and Cuzco was displaced by Arequipa as the economic center of southern Peru. [50]

On January 3 there was a conservative coup against the liberal government, proclaiming Pedro Pablo Bermúdez Supreme Ruler of Peru, but immediately violent street protests broke out in Lima, forcing the coup plotters to leave the capital and take refuge in the country's interior. On the same day Orbegoso left his refuge in the Real Felipe Fortress and entered Lima victorious. [51]

Gamarra entrenched himself in the interior of the country, counting on the support of the prefects of Puno, Cuzco, Ayacucho and some in the north, as well as most of the army officers. Orbegoso had the support of the civilian population through the support of the popular generals William Miller and Mariano Necochea. After several successes at the head of their montoneras, the Orbegosista generals sought to ally themselves with the inhabitants of Huanta, treating them with deference despite the disdain that the majority felt for the local peasants. [52] This movement would be joined by many men from the city who had not participated, openly at least, in the rebellion of 1825–1828. [53]

In alliance with Orbegoso, the Huanta notables armed 4,000 Indians under the command of the landowner and captain of the local civic militias Juan José Urbina, who had contributed $519 of the $3,262 it cost to mobilize an army larger than that of the monarchical rebellion. [53] Other means of payment had been the indebtedness under promise that the Orbegoso government would pay after its triumph and the appropriation of the ecclesiastical tithes. [54] [55] Urbina had been alderman of the city in 1826 and during the rebellion he was apparently loyal to the Republic, however, he enjoyed strong support among the entire monarchical population. [53] He cleverly managed to unify under his command, and through two "acts", the "montoneros de las punas" and the notables of the region, making them forget their ideological, social or ethnic differences for a time. [56] He had been named by Huachaca, Choque and Mendéz "Commander General of the Army" in Uchuraccay on March 8; two days later municipal authorities and "notable neighbors" of Huanta met in Luricocha and recognized him as "Commander in Chief." [57] Of the latter group, the majority had not supported, openly at least, the royalist rebellion of 1825–1828. [53] During the civil war, General Domingo Tristán, the new prefect of Ayacucho, who a few years ago had violently repressed the Iquichanos in that rebellion—in fact, he despised them [58] —now wrote proclamations to encourage them to fight on his behalf. He asked Miller for help, who was familiar with the montoneros of Huanta despite having fought against them, [59] and through personal letters asked Huachaca to fight against Gamarra and Bermúdez. [lower-alpha 8]

Guerrilla operations began immediately against the pro-Gamarra garrisons that occupied Huamanga and Huanta in the middle of the month, taking advantage of the absence of the prefect, General José María Frías y Lastra, the Tiger of Piura, to evict them. [53] [55] The two defeats given to Gamarra were decisive, and in May the civil war ended with the victory of the Orbegosistas, [61] after the battle of Huaylacucho on April 17. [52] During the conflict, Urbina's army carried out operations outside the province of Huanta, in Huamanga and Huancavelica. [53] At the end of the year, Orbegoso, already president, traveled to Huanta. During his visit he was entertained with celebrations by the city's "notables", however, when he wanted to meet with Huachaca they informed him that he had left. The president regretted it and affirmed that he promised to educate one of the caudillo's children [61] (on the other hand, in 1831, when Gamarra visited the city, the municipal authorities refused to receive him and they were considered acts of "civil disobedience"). [62] Modern historians affirm that Orbegoso wanted to establish a client-type relationship with Huachaca, but the latter did not want to. Finally, he promised to educate one of his children to gain his loyalty, since he could not offer a semi-illiterate and Quechua-speaking muleteer a high position in the public administration or the army. [61] The offer entered into the logic of the hierarchical relations of Peruvian society and to a certain extent insulting, since it meant that Huachaca could not educate his descendants well. [63] The truth is that the majority of the Hispano-American intelligentsia (except for the Cuzco one) kept the hope of being able to symbolically whiten the lower strata of the population of their countries through education, the press and civilizing literature. [50] As for Urbina, a notable and wealthy neighbor, in October he was appointed attorney-in-fact for the province, in charge of determining provincial taxes, all on the recommendation of Prefect Domingo Tristán. [63] The Liberal government would stay in power for a couple more years.

Support for the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation

There was a pause against the government between 1828 and 1838, when the Iquichians adhered to the idea of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, seen as "the continuation of the empire by other means". [64] Huachaca himself participated in the wars of the Confederacy between 1836 and 1839, and in 1838 he became Justice of the Peace and Governor of Carhuaucran District and Supreme Chief of the Republic of Iquicha, [lower-alpha 9] but when the Confederation was defeated by the Restoration Army of Peru in March 1839, the Iquichans were once again in arms against a Creole restoration, now supported by foreign bayonets. For this reason, the Catholic Army once again besieges Huanta, which was occupied by the Chilean “Cazadores” battalion. Faced with this serious situation, the prefect of Ayacucho, Colonel Lopera, sent reinforcements to the Chilean “Valdivia” battalion, which ended the siege and began an expedition in the highlands against the “indiada”. [28]

In June 1839, the Battle of Campamento-Oroco took place, where General Huachaca surprised the expeditionaries and, in the midst of a storm, forced them to a disastrous retreat. The republican contingent, to avenge the humiliation inflicted: "[...] carried out a real slaughter of men —without distinguishing the elderly, children or women— and of cattle." [65] Some 2,000 people died as a result. [66]

In this context, on November 15, 1839, the general commander of the Peruvian government Manuel Lopera led an agreement with the Iquicha forces to find a negotiated solution to the conflict, for which the Treaty of Yanallay was signed, in the Yanallay plateau of Huanta; between Lopera and the Iquichan commander Tadeo Choqe, representing the great caudillo General José Antonio Navala Huachaca, who after 18 years of having proclaimed the Independence of Peru, formally committed to lay down their arms forever against the Peruvian government and to respect the laws of the nation. Thus, with a peace treaty, and not with a surrender, the Iquicha War ended. The Iquichan resistance was ending, which was supported by his leader, who left the following consigned in the document:

"Rather, you are the usurpers of Religion, Crown and Homeland [...] What has been obtained from you during your rule? Tyranny, grief, and ruin in a Kingdom that was so generous. What inhabitant, rich or poor, does not complain today? Where is the responsibility for the crimes? We do not carry such a tyranny."

Antonio Huachaca [67]

Death

Huachaca preferred to enter the Apurimac jungle before yielding his monarchism to those he believed to be republican “antichrists”. There he lived until his death in 1848, being buried in the church of his native San José de Iquicha. [68] [69]

See also

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Notes

  1. Also written as Guachaca.
  2. Named by the Spanish as San José de Santillana and today known as San José de Secce. The name San José de Iquicha comes from the local quechua name for the region, Iquicha. [1]
  3. Soregui was reportedly joined in a moment of despair over an infidelity by his wife. [19]
  4. The Ayacucho region and, especially that of Huanta, lived off the coca trade. The rebels also came to organize their own tithe on peasant production to finance the rebellion. [34]
  5. The garrison numbered just over 150 soldiers; [37] The military barracks were set on fire and the soldiers took refuge in the temples. [38]
  6. Also written as Choque.
  7. "The whites most cruel towards the Indians are executed. Numerous Morochucos from Huamanga and Cangallo participated in the defense." [43]
  8. In a letter dated March 4, 1834, dated Lunahuaná, he claimed that Gamarra and Bermúdez threatened the peace of the province with four to five thousand men. [60]
  9. Referred to by himself as "Supreme Chief of the Republic of Iquicha, with insult to the Peruvian government and its laws" [27]
José Antonio Navala Huachaca
Antonio Huachaca.jpg
Supreme Chief of the Republic of Iquicha
In office
1838 August 25, 1839