Anxiety threshold

Last updated May 30, 2024

An anxiety threshold is the level of anxiety that, when reached, can affect a person's performance. Anxiety is an emotion, similar to fear, that can be created by insecurities in one's abilities, concerns for the future, such as financial or situational circumstances, or past memories of frightening experiences. Anxiety can affect all age groups and if fears are irrational, it may cause mental disorders.^[1] An individual's anxiety threshold can be measured by the amount of anxiety consistently manifested from situation to situation.^[2]

Sub-threshold anxiety traits can be mild, atypical, or masked and therefore present a negative result for tests such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). These sub-threshold symptoms are therefore often overlooked as early signs of more serious anxiety disorders.^[3] Social anxiety disorder is one of the most frequent anxiety disorders. Both threshold and sub-threshold social anxiety disorders are associated with a higher risk for many other disorders.^[4] Anxiety sensitivity is a characteristic that can be described as the fear of anxiety. Anxiety sensitivity is an integral factor in the development and maintenance of anxiety.^[5] A panic attack can be induced when an anxiety threshold is reached.

Statistics

Anxiety disorders are the most common mental illness in the U.S., affecting 40 million adults in the United States age 18 and older, or 18.1% of the population every year. According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America, anxiety disorders are highly treatable but only 36.9% of people receive treatment.^[6] Anxiety doesn't limit itself to adults, as 25.1% of children age 13-18 are affected by it. Anxiety in children and teens can lead to being distracted easily, missing out on social events, and substance abuse. According to the World Health Organization(WHO), 1 in 13 people in the entire world are affected by anxiety.^[1] Typically, those who suffer from Anxiety orders also suffer from Depression, vice versa. Out of the people that have been diagnosed with Depression, almost 50% have also been diagnosed with some sort of Anxiety Disorder. Everyone with Anxiety disorders has an anxiety threshold, but not everyone reaches it.^[7]

Symptoms

There are 3 key symptoms to look out for that someone may be reaching their anxiety threshold:^[8]

Physical

Panic attacks, hot and cold flashes, racing heart, tightening of the chest, quick breathing, restlessness, or feeling tense, wound up and edgy, irritability, restlessness, difficulty concentrating, and a snowball effect of fear and worry over time.^[9] Some other physical symptoms can range from feeling shaky or dizzy to that feeling of butterflies in your stomach, as well as having aches in your back and neck regions.^[10] When a panic attack ensues, a rush of intense anxiety and fear along with frightening thoughts and physical feelings occur. This can cause to person to have thoughts that include, "I'm going to die.", "I'm having a heart-attack.", "This isn't going to stop.", and "I can't breathe." In that moment, it can be terrifying for the person experiencing these thoughts and feelings and it can feel like an eternity for the person going through it, but it's important to recognize that they will pass. Panic attack are usually short and last about 10 minutes.^[10]

Psychological

Excessive fear, constant worry, catastrophizing, or obsessive thinking. These fears can take over and make things seem as though they are out of control, this is the same for the constant worry. Sometimes these worries may seem irrational or they don't make sense and they may take over and cause problems with concentrating.^[10]

Behavioral

Avoidance of situations that cause anxiety, which can have an impact on study, work or social life. Other signs are withdrawing from friends and family, not being able to control worries about things not in their control, the inability to relax or get to sleep quickly, and getting irritated quickly.^[10]

Performance

Performance is a huge factor affected by anxiety thresholds and their treatments. There are many different ways that an individual can experience performance changes.^[11]

There can be problems with medication that cause adverse side effects. This can include things like drowsiness and fatigue to blurred vision and hand tremors. There are many more side effects to medication that can affect performance including dry mouth/thirst and slowed response times.^[11]
Can cause problems in blocking out sensory stimuli that can interfere in the ability to focus on tasks. It can become overwhelming with loud noise and crowds.^[11]
Concentration becomes difficult to sustain. Increased restlessness and a shortened attention span can affect the ability to understand or remember what others say. Individuals become easily distracted as well.^[11]
Maintaining stamina: difficulty sustaining enough energy to spend a whole day of classes on campus; combating drowsiness due to medications.
Handling time pressures and multiple tasks: difficulty managing assignments, prioritizing tasks, and meeting deadlines. Inability to multi-task work.
Interacting with others: difficulty getting along, fitting in, contributing to group work, and reading social cues.
Fear of authority figures: difficulty approaching instructors or teaching assistants.
Responding to negative feedback: difficulty understanding and correctly interpreting criticism or poor grades. May not be able to separate person from task (personalization or defensiveness due to low self-esteem).
Responding to change: difficulty coping with unexpected changes in coursework, such as changes in the assignments, due dates, or instructors. Limited ability to tolerate interruptions.
Severe test anxiety: such that the individual is rendered emotionally and physically unable to take the exam.

Causes

There are many different things that can cause someone to reach their anxiety threshold. Emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by excessive and prolonged stress can all be contributing factors. In addition, anxiety threshold occurs when feeling overwhelmed, emotionally drained, and unable to meet constant demands. As the stress continues, people may begin to lose the interest and motivation that led them to take on a certain role in the first place.^[12]

Media
Genetics
Work
School
Illness
Drug Abuse
Toxic Relationships
Emotional Trauma
Medication Side Effect
Respiratory Disorders
Stress ^[12]
Heart disease
Diabetes
Thyroid problems
Irritable bowel syndrome or chronic pain
Tumors that can cause fight-or-flight hormone responses ^[13]
Past or childhood experiences: emotional and physical abuse, neglect, loss of a parent, or being bullied and socially excluded
Not meeting expectations from yourself or others
Your current life situation: exhaustion, stress building up, loss of work, bills, debt, pressure to perform at work, and possibility of losing a loved one ^[14]

Management

A wide variety of treatment options are available for Anxiety Disorders. A few include, but are not limited to; Therapy, Medication, Complementary and Alternative Treatment, and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.

Medications

Anti-Depressants ^{[ medical citation needed ]}
Buspirone ^{[ medical citation needed ]}
Benzodiazepines ^[15]

Home Remedies

Lifestyle can make a big difference in how people feel and think. Here are a few things people have tried to decrease anxiety throughout their everyday life:^[16]

Be physically active. Having a routine to follow can help stay active throughout the week. Staying active throughout the week can be a great way to relieve stress and improve mood. This exercise doesn't need to be strenuous. It can start out easy and slowly increase in intensity.^[16] It's best to get at least two and a half hours of moderate exercise in each week or one hour and 15 mins of intense activity each week.^[6] Moderate exercise could include anything that is not high intensity like brisk walking.^[6] Intense exercise could include things like swimming laps or jogging.^[6] It can also be a combination of both, but that isn't needed if trying to manage anxiety.^[6]
Get enough sleep. This means waking up and feeling rested. Sometimes people will experience problems with sleeping, if this is the case, consult your doctor.^[16]
Do things that help you relax. There are many techniques that can help reach relaxation. Things like meditation or yoga are just some of the techniques used.^[16]
Eating healthy. This has some evidence to reduced anxiety. Eating healthy involves focusing on the main food groups like fruits and vegetables as well as protein and whole grains.^[16]
Avoid drugs and alcohol. Consuming these can cause adverse reactions that affect anxiety.^[16]
Avoid smoking or caffeine. Caffeine is found in things like coffee and soda. Smoking and caffeine can have a negative effect on anxiety.^[16]
Journaling. Journaling allows a person to write down all of their thoughts, worries, and feelings in a safe space. Studies have shown show that journaling can help individuals understand their true self more clearly and assist them in gaining control of confusing emotions.^[17]
Sunlight. The sun does great things for your overall well-being. Some ways that the sun helps your physical and mental health are; increased Vitamin-D, improved mood, higher quality sleep, stronger bones, and lowered blood pressure. All of these examples can decrease anxiety symptoms.^[18]
Try to understand that things are not always in your control and that's okay. Try to take another perspective to see if what is causing the anxiety is really something that needs to be worried about.^[6]
Stay positive. If you catch yourself thinking negatively try to focus on things you are grateful for or that you find beautiful. Try to change those negative thoughts to positive thoughts.^[6]
Be open to humor. Having a bit of laughter in life can help a lot when managing anxiety.^[6]
Figure out what is causing your anxiety in certain moments. Like mentioned before, keeping a journal can help. In this journal, write down the things that are causing you to feel anxious. Over time, look for a pattern to what makes you anxious.^[6]
Involve yourself. Being involved in the community can create a sense of unity. It also create a space for support, which can then give release from stress.^[6]
Have someone to talk to. Having people in life that are trusted and loving can help when dealing with anxiety. Let them know what is happening in life that causes these feelings of anxiety and what they can do to help. If this isn't enough, seek professional help from a therapist or doctor.^[6]

Measures of anxiety

There are 2 sub-scales used to measure anxiety; the State Anxiety Scale, and the Trait Anxiety Scale. The S-Anxiety Scale evaluates the current state of anxiety, while the T-Anxiety Scale evaluates aspects of "anxiety proneness", including general states of calmness, confidence and security. Both of these scales are measured on a 1-4 scale, the S-Anxiety scale being not at all-moderately and T-Anxiety scale being almost never-almost always. These scales are used to measure triggers of anxiety and levels of anxiety experienced. Results vary per person, as each individual experiences anxiety in different ways.^[19]

Types of Anxiety

Disorders Where Anxiety is Present

Related Research Articles

Anxiety is an emotion which is characterised by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil and includes feelings of dread over anticipated events. Anxiety is different from fear in that fear is defined as the emotional response to a present threat, whereas anxiety is the anticipation of a future one. It is often accompanied by nervous behavior such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints, and rumination.

Anxiety disorders are a cluster of mental disorders characterized by significant and uncontrollable feelings of anxiety and fear such that a person's social, occupational, and personal functions are significantly impaired. Anxiety may cause physical and cognitive symptoms, such as restlessness, irritability, easy fatigue, difficulty concentrating, increased heart rate, chest pain, abdominal pain, and a variety of other symptoms that may vary based on the individual.

Agoraphobia is a mental and behavioral disorder, specifically an anxiety disorder characterized by symptoms of anxiety in situations where the person perceives their environment to be unsafe with no easy way to escape. These situations can include public transit, shopping centers, crowds and queues, or simply being outside their home on their own. Being in these situations may result in a panic attack. Those affected will go to great lengths to avoid these situations. In severe cases, people may become completely unable to leave their homes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panic attack</span> Period of intense fear

Panic attacks are sudden periods of intense fear and discomfort that may include palpitations, sweating, chest pain or chest discomfort, shortness of breath, trembling, dizziness, numbness, confusion, or a feeling of impending doom or of losing control. Typically, symptoms reach a peak within ten minutes of onset, and last for roughly 30 minutes, but the duration can vary from seconds to hours. Although they can be extremely frightening and distressing, panic attacks themselves are not physically dangerous.

Hypochondriasis or hypochondria is a condition in which a person is excessively and unduly worried about having a serious illness. Hypochondria is an old concept whose meaning has repeatedly changed over its lifespan. It has been claimed that this debilitating condition results from an inaccurate perception of the condition of body or mind despite the absence of an actual medical diagnosis. An individual with hypochondriasis is known as a hypochondriac. Hypochondriacs become unduly alarmed about any physical or psychological symptoms they detect, no matter how minor the symptom may be, and are convinced that they have, or are about to be diagnosed with, a serious illness.

Ergophobia is described as an extreme and debilitating fear associated with work, a fear of finding or losing employment, or fear of specific tasks in the workplace. The term ergophobia comes from the Greek "ergon" (work) and "phobos" (fear).

Emetophobia is a phobia that causes overwhelming, intense anxiety pertaining to vomit. This specific phobia can also include subcategories of what causes the anxiety, including a fear of vomiting or seeing others vomit. Emetophobes might also avoid the mentions of "barfing", vomiting, "throwing up", or "puking."

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a mental and behavioral disorder, specifically an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry about events or activities. Worry often interferes with daily functioning, and individuals with GAD are often overly concerned about everyday matters such as health, finances, death, family, relationship concerns, or work difficulties. Symptoms may include excessive worry, restlessness, trouble sleeping, exhaustion, irritability, sweating, and trembling.

Adjustment disorder is a maladaptive response to a psychosocial stressor. It is classified as a mental disorder. The maladaptive response usually involves otherwise normal emotional and behavioral reactions that manifest more intensely than usual, causing marked distress, preoccupation with the stressor and its consequences, and functional impairment.

A wallflower is someone with an introverted personality type who will attend parties and social gatherings, but will usually distance themselves from the crowd and actively avoid being in the limelight. They are also social around friends but not strangers, though once around friends, the strangers become less impactful. The name itself derives from the eponymous plant's unusual growth pattern against a wall as a stake or in cracks and gaps in stone walls. "Wallflowers" might literally stand against a wall and simply observe others at a social gathering, rather than mingle.

Test anxiety is a combination of physiological over-arousal, tension and somatic symptoms, along with worry, dread, fear of failure, and catastrophizing, that occur before or during test situations. It is a psychological condition in which people experience extreme stress, anxiety, and discomfort during and/or before taking a test. This anxiety creates significant barriers to learning and performance. Research suggests that high levels of emotional distress have a direct correlation to reduced academic performance and higher overall student drop-out rates. Test anxiety can have broader consequences, negatively affecting a student's social, emotional and behavioural development, as well as their feelings about themselves and school.

Social anxiety is the anxiety and fear specifically linked to being in social settings. Some categories of disorders associated with social anxiety include anxiety disorders, mood disorders, autism spectrum disorders, eating disorders, and substance use disorders. Individuals with higher levels of social anxiety often avert their gazes, show fewer facial expressions, and show difficulty with initiating and maintaining a conversation. Social anxiety commonly manifests itself in the teenage years and can be persistent throughout life; however, people who experience problems in their daily functioning for an extended period of time can develop social anxiety disorder. Trait social anxiety, the stable tendency to experience this anxiety, can be distinguished from state anxiety, the momentary response to a particular social stimulus. Half of the individuals with any social fears meet the criteria for social anxiety disorder. Age, culture, and gender impact the severity of this disorder. The function of social anxiety is to increase arousal and attention to social interactions, inhibit unwanted social behavior, and motivate preparation for future social situations.

Racing thoughts refers to the rapid thought patterns that often occur in manic, hypomanic, or mixed episodes. While racing thoughts are most commonly described in people with bipolar disorder and sleep apnea, they are also common with anxiety disorders, OCD, and other psychiatric disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Racing thoughts are also associated with sleep deprivation, hyperthyroidism and the use of amphetamines.

Nomophobia is a word for the fear of, or anxiety caused by, not having a working mobile phone. It has been considered a symptom or syndrome of problematic digital media use in mental health, the definitions of which are not standardized for technical and genetical reasons.

Mixed anxiety–depressive disorder (MADD) is a diagnostic category that defines patients who have both anxiety and depressive symptoms of limited and equal intensity accompanied by at least some autonomic nervous system features. Autonomic features are involuntary physical symptoms usually caused by an overactive nervous system, such as panic attacks or intestinal distress. The World Health Organization's ICD-10 describes Mixed anxiety and depressive disorder: "...when symptoms of anxiety and depression are both present, but neither is clearly predominant, and neither type of symptom is present to the extent that justifies a diagnosis if considered separately. When both anxiety and depressive symptoms are present and severe enough to justify individual diagnoses, both diagnoses should be recorded and this category should not be used."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panic disorder</span> Anxiety disorder characterized by reoccurring unexpected panic attacks

Panic disorder is a mental and behavioral disorder, specifically an anxiety disorder characterized by reoccurring unexpected panic attacks. Panic attacks are sudden periods of intense fear that may include palpitations, sweating, shaking, shortness of breath, numbness, or a feeling that something terrible is going to happen. The maximum degree of symptoms occurs within minutes. There may be ongoing worries about having further attacks and avoidance of places where attacks have occurred in the past.

Autophobia, also called monophobia, isolophobia, or eremophobia, is the specific phobia or a morbid fear or dread of oneself or of being alone, isolated, abandoned, and ignored. This specific phobia is associated with the idea of being alone, often causing severe anxiety.

Safety behaviors are coping behaviors used to reduce anxiety and fear when the user feels threatened. An example of a safety behavior in social anxiety is to think of excuses to escape a potentially uncomfortable situation. These safety behaviors, although useful for reducing anxiety in the short term, might become maladaptive over the long term by prolonging anxiety and fear of nonthreatening situations. This problem is commonly experienced in anxiety disorders. Treatments such as exposure and response prevention focus on eliminating safety behaviors due to the detrimental role safety behaviors have in mental disorders. There is a disputed claim that safety behaviors can be beneficial to use during the early stages of treatment.

Mental health in education is the impact that mental health has on educational performance. Mental health often viewed as an adult issue, but in fact, almost half of adolescents in the United States are affected by mental disorders, and about 20% of these are categorized as “severe.” Mental health issues can pose a huge problem for students in terms of academic and social success in school. Education systems around the world treat this topic differently, both directly through official policies and indirectly through cultural views on mental health and well-being. These curriculums are in place to effectively identify mental health disorders and treat it using therapy, medication, or other tools of alleviation. Students' mental health and well-being is very much supported by schools. Schools try to promote mental health awareness and resources. Schools can help these students with interventions, support groups, and therapies. These resources can help reduce the negative impact on mental health. Schools can create mandatory classes based on mental health that can help them see signs of mental health disorders.

Paternal depression is a psychological disorder derived from parental depression. Paternal depression affects the mood of men; fathers and caregivers in particular. 'Father' may refer to the biological father, foster parent, social parent, step-parent or simply the carer of the child. This mood disorder exhibits symptoms similar to postpartum depression (PPD) including anxiety, insomnia, irritability, consistent breakdown and crying episodes, and low energy. This may negatively impact family relationships and the upbringing of children. Parents diagnosed with parental depression often experience increased stress and anxiety levels during early pregnancy, labor and postpartum. Those with parental depression may have developed it early on but some are diagnosed later on from when the child is a toddler up until a young adult.

References

1 2 "Anxiety and anxiety disorders" . Retrieved 2 October 2011.
↑ Heath DH (May 1956). "Individual anxiety thresholds and their effect on intellectual performance". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 52 (3): 403–8. doi:10.1037/h0042585. PMID 13318851.
↑ Haller H, Cramer H, Lauche R, Gass F, Dobos GJ (May 2014). "The prevalence and burden of subthreshold generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review". BMC Psychiatry. 14: 128. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-14-128 . PMC 4048364 . PMID 24886240.
↑ Fehm L, Beesdo K, Jacobi F, Fiedler A (April 2008). "Social anxiety disorder above and below the diagnostic threshold: prevalence, comorbidity and impairment in the general population". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 43 (4): 257–65. doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0299-4. PMID 18084686. S2CID 14812590.
↑ Allan NP, Korte KJ, Capron DW, Raines AM, Schmidt NB (December 2014). "Factor mixture modeling of anxiety sensitivity: a three-class structure". Psychological Assessment. 26 (4): 1184–95. doi:10.1037/a0037436. PMID 25068913.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Tips to Manage Anxiety and Stress | Anxiety and Depression Association of America, ADAA".
↑ "Facts & Statistics | Anxiety and Depression Association of America, ADAA". adaa.org. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
↑ beyondblue. "beyondblue". www.beyondblue.org.au. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
↑ “11 Facts About Anxiety.” DoSomething.org, www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-anxiety.
1 2 3 4 "What is Anxiety & the Effects on Mental Health | headspace".
1 2 3 4 "What are some of the functional limitations related to mental illness? | DO-IT". www.washington.edu. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
1 2 "Anxiety disorders - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
↑ “Anxiety Disorders.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 4 May 2018, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anxiety/symptoms-causes/syc-20350961.
↑ "What causes anxiety problems".
↑ "Generalized anxiety disorder - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Generalized anxiety disorder - Diagnosis and treatment". www.mayoclinic.org. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
↑ Team, Providence Health, et al. “10 Natural Remedies for Anxiety That Really Work.” Expert Tips and Advice for Living Your Healthiest Life, 16 Feb. 2020, blog.providence.org/archive/10-natural-remedies-for-anxiety-that-really-work-2.
↑ “5 Ways the Sun Impacts Your Mental and Physical Health: Tri-City Medical Center.” Tri, 29 Dec. 2018, www.tricitymed.org/2018/08/5-ways-the-sun-impacts-your-mental-and-physical-health/.
↑ Julian LJ (November 2011). "Measures of anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A)". Arthritis Care & Research. 63 Suppl 11 (11): S467-72. doi:10.1002/acr.20561. PMC 3879951 . PMID 22588767.
1 2 beyondblue. "beyondblue". www.beyondblue.org.au. Retrieved 2018-08-10.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[Encyclopedia_of_Mental_Disorders2-1] 1 2 "Anxiety and anxiety disorders" . Retrieved 2 October 2011.

[pmid13318851-2] Heath DH (May 1956). "Individual anxiety thresholds and their effect on intellectual performance". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 52 (3): 403–8. doi:10.1037/h0042585. PMID 13318851.

[pmid24886240-3] Haller H, Cramer H, Lauche R, Gass F, Dobos GJ (May 2014). "The prevalence and burden of subthreshold generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review". BMC Psychiatry. 14: 128. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-14-128 . PMC 4048364 . PMID 24886240.

[pmid18084686-4] Fehm L, Beesdo K, Jacobi F, Fiedler A (April 2008). "Social anxiety disorder above and below the diagnostic threshold: prevalence, comorbidity and impairment in the general population". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 43 (4): 257–65. doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0299-4. PMID 18084686. S2CID 14812590.

[pmid25068913-5] Allan NP, Korte KJ, Capron DW, Raines AM, Schmidt NB (December 2014). "Factor mixture modeling of anxiety sensitivity: a three-class structure". Psychological Assessment. 26 (4): 1184–95. doi:10.1037/a0037436. PMID 25068913.

[:2-6] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Tips to Manage Anxiety and Stress | Anxiety and Depression Association of America, ADAA".

[7] "Facts & Statistics | Anxiety and Depression Association of America, ADAA". adaa.org. Retrieved 2018-07-31.

[8] yondblue. "beyondblue". www.beyondblue.org.au. Retrieved 2018-08-10.

[9] “11 Facts About Anxiety.” DoSomething.org, www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-anxiety.

[:3-10] 1 2 3 4 "What is Anxiety & the Effects on Mental Health | headspace".

[:5-11] 1 2 3 4 "What are some of the functional limitations related to mental illness? | DO-IT". www.washington.edu. Retrieved 2018-07-31.

[:0-12] 1 2 "Anxiety disorders - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2018-08-10.

[13] “Anxiety Disorders.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 4 May 2018, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anxiety/symptoms-causes/syc-20350961.

[14] "What causes anxiety problems".

[15] "Generalized anxiety disorder - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2018-08-10.

[:4-16] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Generalized anxiety disorder - Diagnosis and treatment". www.mayoclinic.org. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2018-08-10.

[17] Team, Providence Health, et al. “10 Natural Remedies for Anxiety That Really Work.” Expert Tips and Advice for Living Your Healthiest Life, 16 Feb. 2020, blog.providence.org/archive/10-natural-remedies-for-anxiety-that-really-work-2.

[18] “5 Ways the Sun Impacts Your Mental and Physical Health: Tri-City Medical Center.” Tri, 29 Dec. 2018, www.tricitymed.org/2018/08/5-ways-the-sun-impacts-your-mental-and-physical-health/.

[19] Julian LJ (November 2011). "Measures of anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A)". Arthritis Care & Research. 63 Suppl 11 (11): S467-72. doi:10.1002/acr.20561. PMC 3879951 . PMID 22588767.

[:1-20] 1 2 beyondblue. "beyondblue". www.beyondblue.org.au. Retrieved 2018-08-10.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]